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Background: Glycemic control is the basis for managing diabetes to prevent chronic complications in diabetes. HbaA1c levels reaching ≤7% is an indicator of achieving good glycemic control. The 3J principles (right type, amount, and schedule) in the pillars of meal management are not easy to apply, causing diabetes to have difficulty achieving glycemic targets. Objectives: Analyzing rice portion restriction and pre-meal fruit with HbA1c levels and abdominal fat in people with diabetes in Malang City. Methods: Experimental study type 'randomized controlled trial' with pre-posttest control group design involved 16 people with diabetes who were active in Prolanis activities at the Malang city health center. Respondents were randomly divided into 2 groups. HbA1c levels were taken 2 times, before and after the intervention. The t test and paired t test with a pvalue<0.05 were used to test the effect of the intervention on HbA1c levels, abdominal fat and abdominal circumference in people with diabetes for 3 months. Results: Both forms of intervention can reduce HbA1c levels in diabetic patients. Limiting the portion of rice significantly reduced HbA1c levels (p=0.003) and visceral fat levels. However, determining the amount of rice with added pre-meal fruit did not significantly decrease visceral fat and abdominal circumference (p>0.05). Conclusions: Limiting the portion of rice eaten by itself or combining it with pre-meal fruit may help diabetics lower their HbA1c levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level on the functional outcome (FOC) in patients with intracranial large artery atherosclerotic disease (ICLAD)-related acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled patients with ICLAD-related AIS who were admitted to King Fahd University Hospital between January 2017 and September 2021. Patients were divided into two groups based on the optimal cutoff HbA1c level determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis--those with HbA1c =6.9% and those with HbA1c >6.9%. Demographic and other clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups using chi-square tests. The association between HbA1c and 90-day FOC was assessed using the chi-square test and odds ratios (ORs). Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust for confounding factors. Results: A total of 140 patients were included in the analysis. A significant association was observed between the HbA1c level and FOC. Compared to patients with HbA1c =6.9%, patients with HbA1c >6.9% were more likely to have an unfavorable FOC [p = <0.001, OR = 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33-3.14]. The association between HbA1c >6.9% and unfavorable FOC was sustained even after adjusting for confounding factors (p = 0.008) and atherosclerosis risk factors (p = 0.01). HbA1c >6.9% was also associated with higher ORs for in-hospital complications (p = 0.06, OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.02-1.77) and mortality (p = 0.07, OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.06-1.92) although these associations did not attain significant p-values. Conclusion: HbA1c >6.9% was significantly associated with unfavorable FOC in ICLAD-related AIS. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are required to verify whether HbA1c is an independent predictor of poor FOC. Nevertheless, targeting HbA1c <7% should be the goal of physicians when managing patients at high risk of ICLAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the variables of foot pressure according to glycated hemoglobin level during walking in diabetic patients with pes rectus. The subjects of this study were 39 people (78 feet) in their 40s and 60s, and they were divided into 11 pre-diabetic patients (22 feet) and 14 diabetic patients (28 feet) based on glycated hemoglobin; 14 patients without diabetes (28 feet) was used as a control. Foot pressure was measured using the EMED-LE Measurement system. The sole of the foot was divided into 12 parts, each of which was analyzed for pressure, force, contact area, and grounding time. For statistics, nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used. Prediabetic and diabetic patients had lower hindfoot and second and third metatarsal foot pressure but higher first and third toe pressure compared to those without diabetes. In addition, the maximum and minimum force were high in all parts of the sole, and the contact time was long, signifying strong downward force for a long duration. Measurement of foot pressure by parts allowed detailed analysis of abnormal foot pressure and is valuable as basic data for diagnosis, prediction, and treatment of diabetic foot. Based on these data, maximum and minimum pressure better explain the problem of plantar pressure distribution rather than mean maximum pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic causes significant morbidities and mortalities. Lockdown is applied worldwide to counteract the spread of the disease. These circumstances limit diabetic patients from hospital visits and follow-ups. Objectives: To evaluate glycemic control for type 2 diabetic patients in the first visit after COVID-19 lockdown and to study the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Prince Mansour Military Hospital, Taif city, Western Saudi Arabia. It included type 2 diabetic patients of both genders aged over 20 years that were assigned to follow-up in the diabetic center. Data were collected from patients' medical records using a simple random technique. It included patients' gender, age group, body mass index, and three glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) readings for each year (2018-2019) and one HbA1C reading upon the first visit after COVID-19 lockdown. HbA1c level was treated as a continuous variable. Results: The study included 420 diabetic patients. Females represented 51% of them, and more than a third (39.8%) were aged 60 years and over. The majority of them were either overweight (29.3%) or obese (61.2%). There was an increase in the overall level of HbA1c after curfew (8.72 ± 1.73) than before it (8.58 ± 1.72). However, the difference did not reach a statistically significant level, P = 0.056. Among females, the level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was statistically and significantly higher after curfew than before it (8.71 ± 1.82 vs. 8.43 ± 1.71), P = 0.005. Also, among obese subjects, the level of hemoglobin A1c was statistically and significantly higher after curfew than before it (8.55 ± 1.74 vs. 8.34 ± 1.63), P = 0.034. Conclusion: There was a relative increase in the level of HbA1c after the lockdown during COVID-19, indicating poorer glycemic control; this impact was more obvious among female and obese type 2 diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the status of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and HbA1c levels on the efficacy of the subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL) in the treatment of center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME). A total of 20 eyes of 20 patients (mean age 57.9 ± 9.7 years) who were diagnosed with center-involving DME and treated with SMPL for refusing intravitreal injection and 20 eyes of 20 age- and sex-matched healthy participants were enrolled. All patients were followed up in the 1st and 3rd months after SMPL. For measurement of RPE area central 1000 microns, macular EDI-OCT scans were binarized by using the public domain software ImageJ, with a semi-automated technique. There was a significant increase in BCVA values and a significant decrease in CMT values during follow-up. The area of RPE before SMPL was significantly thinner in the patient group (p: 0.004). When the areas of RPE before and 3 months after SMPL were compared, no significant change was observed (p: 0.437). When the relationship between pre-treatment area of RPE and HbA1c was examined, an inverse correlation was observed (p: 0.018). The patients were evaluated by dividing them into 2 groups as 2nd session SMPL required and not required, and the area of RPE was smaller in the group requiring 2nd session SMPL (p: 0.030). The status of central RPE may be a determining factor on the response to treatment. Additionally, HbA1c levels may have an impact on treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder in the world that can increase the incidence of complications and mortality in patients. So, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the incidence of diabetes complications, especially the diabetic foot. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the grade of diabetic foot ulcer based on the HbA1C levels and severity of complications based on the Texas classification. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 245 patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Demographic information of patients was recorded and HbA1C levels and the severity of complications were also recorded based on the Texas classification. Data obtained were compared using Chi-square, independent t-test, and Mann-Whitney. Results: The results of our study showed that the mean level of HbA1C was highest (8.23%) and lowest (7.34%) in patients with grades III and I diabetic foot ulcers, respectively based on the Texas classification. This difference was statistically significant, which remained significant by grouping based on demographic and clinical characteristics. Conclusion: High HbA1C (poor blood sugar control) is associated with an increased incidence of the higher grades of diabetic foot ulcers. Educating patients about proper glycemic control and regular HbA1C testing can prevent the progression of diabetic foot ulcers. However, this requires further investigation in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a reliable marker of insulin resistance in normal glucose tolerance patients; however, several physiological, environmental, and genetic factors may affect HbA1c and cause false results. Therefore, it is essential to use new biomarkers due to increasing diabetes predictive value. Recently, it has been indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes, particularly, in insulin resistance pathways. Therefore, miRNAs have the potential to be introduced as new glycemic control biomarkers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between plasma level of miRNA-135a and HbA1c in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. In this case-control study, 120 samples were enrolled (healthy individuals, people with type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes) and HbA1c and miR-135a expression level in their plasma samples were evaluated. Multinomial logistic regression and ROC curve analysis were conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of plasma miR-135a in T2D , prediabetes, and healthy control groups. Data analysis indicated that miR-135a was significantly elevated in both diabetes/prediabetes samples. Then, subjects were reclassified based on the calculated cutoff value of miRNA. Logistic Regression analysis showed that an increased level of miRNA positively correlated with HbA1c level in prediabetes (Adjusted OR = 1.14, p value = 0.033) and diabetic status (Adjusted OR = 1.27, p value = 0.024). miR-135 may provide an assistant marker for HbA1c to detect type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study to examine the effect of Yogic Practices on Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C) level of Type-II Diabetes Mellitus in Urban Adults. This study has been conducted in Delhi NCR. 40 participants were selected through purposive sampling from Navadha Yoga Health Care Institute. Pre-Post experimental control group research design has been used in this study. The duration of yogic intervention was twelve weeks (except Sunday and government holidays). The result revealed that the effect of Yogic Practices have significant effect on Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C) level of Type-II Diabetes Mellitus in Urban Adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Incretins [dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 RA (GLP-1 RA)] and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) groups are now routinely used for type 2 diabetes therapy and comprise a large number of medicinal products. The long term therapeutic and economic effect of the incretins' and SGLT-2i in real life setting is not well documented. The goal of the current study is to analyze the cost and results of incretins and SGLT-2i based therapy for type 2 diabetes in Bulgaria. Methods: The study uses information about the changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level from the National diabetes register for 6122 patients and cost paid by the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) for diabetes complications, and medicine prices. Results: The results show that after the therapy patients achieved excellent diabetes control. There were no HbA1c values less than 6% before treatment. After the therapy, 3356 people showed values less than 7% HbA1c. It is considered very good diabetic control. The number of people with HbA1c above 8% is decreasing significantly. The number of people with values above 9% is decreasing by almost four times. HbA1c level decreases with the highest percentage for the patients treated with GLP-1 RA, followed by those treated with DPP-4i and SGLT-2i. For a year NHIF reimbursed 5.25 million BGN for incretins and SGLT-2i therapy. NHIF can save between 306 and 510 thousand BGN from incidents that have not occurred as a result of 5 years of therapy. Conclusion: Incretins [dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA)] and sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) therapy steadily decreases the HbA1c level, and risk of developing diabetic incidents is reduced to between 333 and 465 cases among 6122 treated patients. Avoided cost for therapy of diabetes incidents account for between 305 and 510 thousand BGN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HbA1c is an established diagnostic index which is used to assess diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between HbA1c level with the types of stroke as well as the extent and functional status of ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) in patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 120 patients with IS and HS. The functional outcome was evaluated based on the MRS criteria. The extent of the lesion was determined according to CT scan and MRI. We measured the blood hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in all patients after stroke. Results: HbA1c level in the IS group was significantly higher compared to the HS group (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the extent of the lesion and the functional status of patients with the type of stroke (P < 0.001). History of smoking, in the IS group, was significantly associated with exposure to worse functional outcome (p<0.05). In the HS group, there was a significant relationship between hyperlipidemia histories with worse functional outcome. However, the relationship between HbA1c level and MRS score was inversely significant (p<0.05). Data analysis showed that, only in the IS group, the relationship between some independent variables, history of HLP and smoking, and the extent of stroke was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that there was a significant association between HbA1c levels as well as the extent and functional status with the type of stroke. There was a significant inverse relationship between HbA1c levels with the MRS score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: A recent study using a rat model found significant differences at the time of diabetes onset in the bacterial communities responsible for type 1 diabetes modulation. We hypothesized that type 1 diabetes in humans could also be linked to a specific gut microbiota. Our aim was to quantify and evaluate the difference in the composition of gut microbiota between children with type 1 diabetes and healthy children and to determine the possible relationship of the gut microbiota of children with type 1 diabetes with the glycemic level. Methods: A case-control study was carried out with 16 children with type 1 diabetes and 16 healthy children. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: The mean similarity index was 47.39% for the healthy children and 37.56% for the children with diabetes, whereas the intergroup similarity index was 26.69%. In the children with diabetes, the bacterial number of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio were all significantly decreased, with the quantity of Bacteroidetes significantly increased with respect to healthy children. At the genus level, we found a significant increase in the number of Clostridium, Bacteroides and Veillonella and a significant decrease in the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Blautia coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group and Prevotella in the children with diabetes. We also found that the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio correlated negatively and significantly with the plasma glucose level while the quantity of Clostridium correlated positively and significantly with the plasma glucose level in the diabetes group. Conclusions: This is the first study showing that type 1 diabetes is associated with compositional changes in gut microbiota. The significant differences in the number of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Clostridium and in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio observed between the two groups could be related to the glycemic level in the group with diabetes. Moreover, the quantity of bacteria essential to maintain gut integrity was significantly lower in the children with diabetes than the healthy children. These findings could be useful for developing strategies to control the development of type 1 diabetes by modifying the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations in HbA1c on repetition over a span of about two weeks. Period: June 2015 to May 2016. Setting: Department of pathology, Continental Medical College Lahore, attached with Ch. Rehmat Ali Memorial Trust Teaching Hospital. Method: A total of 60 newly diagnosed or with no apparent diabetic complications were included in this study. Venous blood repeated samples were obtained for evaluation of HbA1c. Results: The result of our study show that in 65% of patients the repeated values were lower than the initial values, 25% were higher and 10% were below the diagnostic threshold. So it is indicated that HbA1c values vary over a span of time and repeated tests values should be considered for borderline patients. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that values of HbA1c do differ on retest. Therefore, physicians should understand and not be confused with a little bit variations in values. It is recommended to repeat the test for newly diagnosed and borderline value patients to reach a final conclusion about diagnosis. It is also recommended that a separate study should be conducted to evaluate the cause/mechanism behind variations in HbA1c over a short period of time in our settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although walking is the most commonly reported physical activity by older adults, there is a paucity of data determining the relationship between objectively determined walking behavior and glucose dynamics in older adults. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the relationship between objectively determined walking behavior and glucose control in a multiethnic sample of older adults. Methods: Data were collected on 142 older adults (age 72.1 ± 9.2 years; body mass index (BMI) 29.4 ± 6.3; 37 males, 105 females). Anthropometric measures, fasting plasma glucose (FG), and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were assessed; race/ethnicity was self-reported. The study participants wore a pedometer for 7 consecutive days. Results: The average number of steps/day reported by the entire group was 3,939 ± 232. White participants (n = 48) were older (p = 0.019), taller (p = 0.002), had lower waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.021), HbA1c (p = 0.001) and FG (p = 0.007), and did not differ in average steps/day (p = 0.162) or BMI (p = 0.280) as compared with nonwhite participants (n = 94). Individuals with HbA1c values <7% and those with FG <100 mg/dl walked about 1,343 more steps/day than those with unfavorable HbA1c and/or FG values. Age, race/ethnicity, WC, BMI, log base 10 of steps/days, and type 1 and 2 diabetes medications accounted for 37.5% of the variance in inverse HbA1c (p < 0.001), with significant or near significant individual model contributions consisting of WC (beta = –0.316, B = –0.001, SE = 0.000, p = 0.047), BMI (beta = 0.310, B = 0.001, SE = 0.001, p = 0.050), diabetic medication (beta = –0.473, B = –0.035, SE = 0.006, p < 0.001), and log base 10 of steps/day (beta = 0.198, B = 0.019, SE = 0.010, p = 0.056). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 1DM is sub-divided into type 1A (immunemediated) and type 1B (other forms of type 1DM that include virus-triggered autoimmune response, genetic factors and idiopathic). It is widely recognized that the presence of two or more autoantibodies has a high sensitivity and specificity for rapid progression to insulin dependency within 5 years. It is hypothesized that the difficult glycemic control among some type 1 diabetic patients is attributed to the presence of diabetesautoantibodies. Aim: This study was designed to assess the relationship between the presence of diabetes autoantibodies and the poor glycemic control developed by patients who receive more than 100 insulin units per day and yet they are not controlled i.e. HbA1c > 7%, elevated plasma glucose level on frequent monitoring although they are non-obese and strictly stuck to healthy diet and exercise, and whether the number of positive autoantibodies affect the glycemic control or not. Methods: This study was conducted on 60 patients 30 males and 30 females, they were all subjected to full history taking, anthropometric measurements, clinical examination and laboratory assessment in the form of C-peptide, fasting blood glucose, 2 hours post-prandial blood glucose, HbA1c level, serum GADA level, serum ICA level and serum IAA level. The patients were classified according to presence of diabetes autoantibodies into two groups; Group I consisted of 6 patients (10%) with negative auto-antibodies and Group II consisted of 54 patients (90%) with positive auto-antibodies, Group II was further classified according to the number of positive diabetes autoantibodies into 3 sub-groups, Group II a: Formed of 9 patients with 1 positive autoantibody (16.7% of the study population). Group II b: Formed of 12 patients with 2 positive autoantibodies (22.2% of the study population) and Group II c: Formed of 33 patients with 3 positive autoantibodies (61.1% of the study population). Results: HbA1c level was significantly higher in group II than group I (11.85 ± 1.61% vs. 8.52 ± 0.41%, p=0.000). Similarly it was higher in group IIc than group IIb than group IIa (12.25 ± 1.48% vs. 11.57 ± 1.59% vs. 10.78 ± 1.73%, p=0.038). Moreover HbA1c was significantly higher in patients with positive GADA, patients with positive ICA and those with positive IAA than those with negative GADA, negative ICA and negative IAA (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.012 respectively). The total number of insulin units per day was significantly higher in group II than group I (109.83 ± 7.77 U/day vs. 100.83 ± 1.83 U/day, p=0.007). The duration of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in group I than group II (10.17 6 1.94 years vs. 8.11 ± 2.20 years, p=0.033). By doing the multivariate regression analyses we found that HbA1c level, total number of insulin units per day and the duration of developing diabetes mellitus were significant predictive factors for the presence of diabetes autoantibodies (p=0.007, p=0.033 and p=0.043 respectively). Conclusion: The presence of diabetes autoantibodies affect the glycemic control represented by HbA1c level; also it affects the total number of insulin units per day used by the patients; the more the presence of diabetes autoantibodies, the higher the HbA1c level, the more insulin units required by patients to control their glycemic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/hypothesis: Pregnancies of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus are associated with maternal and perinatal complications. These complication rates remain elevated despite achievement of the treatment goals described in the widely used guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (i.e. HbA1c level ≤7.0%). Against this background, we sought to answer two questions: (1) are HbA1c levels within 1% above normal appropriate in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes or should treatment be aimed at normal HbA1 c levels; and (2) how many self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) levels are needed per day to obtain an adequate image of glycaemic control in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes? Materials and methods: We asked 43 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes to use the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) once in each trimester of pregnancy, while continuing their SMBG measurements. Glucose levels measured with the CGMS were compared between patients with HbA1c levels of 4.0- 6.0%, 6.0–7.0% and >7.0%. Self-monitored glucose levels and those measured with CGMS were compared between patients with four or five, six to nine and ten or more SMBG determinations daily. Results: In patients with HbA1c levels ≤6.0%, the glucose levels obtained by CGMS were significantly better than in patients with HbA1c levels >6.0%. In women with HbA1c levels 6.0–7.0%and >7.0%, these levels did not differ. The detection rate of hyper- and hypoglycaemic episodes was significantly higher in patients with ten or more SMBG determinations daily than in patients with fewer than ten. Conclusions/interpretation: Treatment of diabetes in pregnant women should be aimed at achieving HbA1c levels within the normal range, i.e. ≤6.0%. A minimum of ten SMBG determinations daily is necessary to obtain adequate information of all daily glucose fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to establish the value of maternal HbA1c levels and older sibling birthweight as predictors of birthweight and macrosomia in the offspring of women with type 1 diabetes. Subjects and methods: A total of 214 pregnancies of 107 women with type 1 diabetes were studied. Regression analysis was performed to test the predictive value of the birthweight of the first-born infant, HbA1c levels, maternal BMI, maternal age and time between subsequent births on the birthweight of the second-born infant. Birthweights were corrected for sex and gestational age. The percentages of first- and second-born infants with macrosomia (weight »90th centile)were calculated and compared. Results: Only the birthweight of earlier born infants was significantly related to that of second-born infants (p«0.001) and 40–50% of the variation in the birthweight of second-born infants could be explained by the birthweight of the firstborn infants. About 85% of the mothers who gave birth to a macrosomic infant had a macrosomic infant in a subsequent pregnancy. Conclusions/interpretation: Although it is clear that glycaemic control contributes to birthweight in women with type 1 diabetes, the birthweight of an earlier born infant appears to be a much better predictor of the birthweight of a subsequent infant than HbA1c levels during pregnancy. It may, therefore, be used to identify patients at risk of giving birth to a macrosomic infant. Daily home monitoring of glucose levels, rather than HbA1c levels, should be used for assessment of maternal glycaemia during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is global endemic with rapidly increasing prevalence in both developing and developed countries. There is a high risk of cardiovascular diseases in people with type 2 diabetes, while Abnormal lipid profiles and lipoprotein oxidation (especially LDL-C) are more common in diabetics and are aggravated with poor glycaemic control. The aim of the present study is to assess the glycaemic control status by HbA1c estimation and to compare the lipid profile in type 2 diabetes patients with good glycaemic control (HbA1c≤8) & those with poor glycaemic control (HbA1c>8). Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 100 type-2 diabetic males aged 40-60 years. Among them 48 patients having HbA1c level ≤8% were categorized as having good glycaemic control (group-1)and 52 patients with HbA1c >8% were categorized as having poor glycaemic control(group-2). Result: A significant increase in S.cholesterol(254.46±45.54), s.LDL(162.57±39.79), S.VLDL(45.98±14.69) and S.triglycerides (225. ±76.61) in group-2 pateints (P≤0.05) were noticed as compare to group-1 patients. Our findings suggest positive association between dyslipidemia and glycemic control on the basis of screening with the HbA1c level. Raised triglyceride and LDL levels are established risk factors for coronary artery diseases. Conclusion: The optimal care of diabetic patients should also include periodic screening for lipid abnormalities and periodic measurement of HbA1C for glycaemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As an insulin-dependent disease, type 1 diabetes requires paying close attention to the glycemic control. Studies have shown that mobile health (mHealth) can improve the management of chronic diseases. However, the effectiveness of mHealth in controlling the glycemic control remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis using the available literature reporting findings on mHealth interventions, which may improve the management of type 1 diabetes. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review of all studies in the PubMed, Web of Science, and EMbase databases that used mHealth (including mobile phones) in diabetes care and reported glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values as a measure of glycemic control. The fixed effects model was used for this meta-analysis. Results: This study analyzed eight studies, which involved a total of 602 participants. In the meta-analysis, the fixed effects model showed a statistically significant decrease in the mean of HbA1c in the intervention group: − 0.25 (95% confidence interval: − 0.41, − 0.09; P = 0.003, I2 = 12%). Subgroup analyses indicated that the patient's age, the type of intervention, and the duration of the intervention influenced blood glucose control. Funnel plots showed no publication bias. Conclusions: Mobile health interventions may be effective among patients with type 1 diabetes. A significant reduction in HbA1c levels was associated with adult age, the use of a mobile application, and the long-term duration of the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]