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In this study, the influence of Pd and Pt insertion layers in Co/Ni multilayers (MLs) on their magnetic properties, e.g., magnetic anisotropies, saturation magnetization, coercivity, magnetic domain size, and Curie temperature, is investigated. We compare three series of [Co/Ni/X] N ML systems (X = Pd , Pt, no insertion layer), varying the individual Co layer thickness as well as the repetition number N. All three systems behave very similarly for the different Co layer thicknesses. For all systems, a maximum effective magnetic anisotropy was achieved for MLs with a Co layer thickness between 0.15 and 0.25 nm. The transition from an out-of-plane to an in-plane system occurs at about 0.4 nm of Co. While [Co(0.2 nm)/Ni(0.4 nm)] N MLs change their preferred easy magnetization axis from out-of-plane to in-plane after six bilayer repetitions, insertion of Pd and Pt results in an extension of this transition beyond 15 repetitions. The maximum effective magnetic anisotropy was more than doubled from 105 kJ/m 3 for [Co/Ni] 3 to 275 and 186 kJ/m 3 for Pt and Pd, respectively. Furthermore, the insertion layers strongly reduce the initial saturation magnetization of 1100 kA/m of Co/Ni MLs and lower the Curie temperature from 720 to around 500 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the routine tests for monitoring automated cleaning and disinfection processes. Topics discussed include quality of automated cleaning and disinfection, conduct of test during ongoing operations for stable process sequences, and batch-related and periodic tests like check batch protocol.