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Background: The incidence and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) are reportedly increasing in many parts of the world. However, there are few published data on NTM-PD-related death. Using data from a national inpatient database in Japan, we aimed in this study to identify the characteristics of patients with NTM-PD and clinical deterioration and to identify risk factors for in-hospital mortality.Methods: We examined data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) database in Japan from July 2010 to March 2014. We extracted data for HIV-negative NTM-PD patients who required unscheduled hospitalization. We evaluated these patients' characteristics and performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for all-cause in-hospital mortality.Results: A total of 16,192 patients (median age: 78 years; women: 61.2%) were identified. The median body mass index (BMI) was 17.5 kg/m2 (IQR 15.4-20.0). All cause In-hospital death occurred in 3166 patients (19.6%). The median BMI of the patients who had died was 16.0 kg/m2 (IQR 14.2-18.4). Multivariable analysis revealed that increased mortality was associated with male sex, lower BMI, lower activities of daily living scores on the Barthel index, hemoptysis, and comorbidities, including pulmonary infection other than NTM, interstitial lung disease, pneumothorax, and malignant disease.Conclusions: We found associations between being underweight and having several comorbidities and increased in-hospital mortality in patients with NTM-PD. Preventing weight loss and management of comorbidities may have a crucial role in improving this disease's prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proper artificial nutrition for patients who are unable to eat normally is an ongoing, unresolved concern in geriatric medicine and home medical care. Controversy surrounds prognostic differences between parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2 methods for artificial nutrition. Objectives: Short-term outcomes of parenteral and enteral nutrition for patients who are unable to eat normally were compared and analyzed. Design: Data were acquired from patients selected from a national inpatient database covering 1057 hospitals in Japan. Participants had received artificial nutrition between April 2012 and March 2013, were aged ≥20 y, and did not have cancer. They were separated into 2 groups: those who received parenteral nutrition and those who received enteral nutrition. We performed one-to-one propensity score matching between the groups. The primary outcome measurements were mortality rates at 30 and 90 d after the start of the procedure. The secondary outcomes were postprocedural complications, pneumonia, and sepsis. We analyzed survival length of stay after the procedure with the use of a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: There were 3750 patients in the parenteral group and 22,166 patients in the enteral group. Propensity score matching created 2912 pairs in the 2 groups. Patients with a similar propensity score (probability of being assigned to the enteral group) calculated from the baseline condition were matched. Mortality rates at 30 and 90 d after start of treatment were 7.6% and 5.7% (P = 0.003) and 12.3% and 9.9% (P = 0.002) in the parenteral and enteral groups, respectively. In Cox regression analysis, the HR for the enteral group relative to the parenteral group was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.71; P < 0.001). The incidences of postprocedural pneumonia and sepsis were 11.9% and 15.5% (P > 0.001) and 4.4% and 3.7% (P = 0.164) for the parenteral and enteral groups, respectively. Conclusion: The present analysis showed the better survival rate with enteral compared with parenteral nutrition for adults who were not suffering from cancer. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials. gov as NCT02512224. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]