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The existing methods for sentiment classification normally ignore that the past experiences retrieved by users under particular situations would affect their sentiment expressions. Furthermore, related research may underutilize user personality to personalize the analysis of storage and retrieval of past experiences. Inspired by the cognition process of human memory, we propose a Personality-Driven Experience Storage and Retrieval (PDESR) model for sentiment classification. Concretely, we first selectively store the user's past experiences in her/his experience bank via personalized input and forget gates. We then adopt personalized output gate to retrieve past experiences from the experience bank. Finally, we integrate the current experience with the retrieved past experiences to classify user sentiment. Specifically, personality is used to personalize the control of which past experiences should be stored in experience bank and which past experiences should be retrieved from experience bank. The experimental results show that PDESR model outperforms the related models in accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe developments in understanding of the porphyrias associated with each step in the haem biosynthesis pathway and the role of individuals whose contributions led to major advances over the past 150 years. The first case of erythropoietic porphyria was reported in 1870, and the first with acute porphyria in 1889. Photosensitisation by porphyrin was confirmed by Meyer‐Betz, who self‐injected haematoporphyrin. Günther classified porphyrias into haematoporphyria acuta, acuta toxica, congenita and chronica. This was revised by Waldenström into porphyria congenita, acuta and cutanea tarda, with the latter describing those with late‐onset skin lesions. Waldenström was the first to recognise porphobilinogen's association with acute porphyria, although its structure was not solved until 1953. Hans Fischer was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930 for solving the structure of porphyrins and the synthesis of haemin. After 1945, research by several groups elucidated the pathway of haem biosynthesis and its negative feedback regulation by haem. By 1961, following the work of Watson, Schmid, Rimington, Goldberg, Dean, Magnus and others, aided by the availability of modern techniques of porphyrin separation, six of the porphyrias were identified and classified as erythropoietic or hepatic. The seventh, 5‐aminolaevulinate dehydratase deficiency porphyria, was described by Doss in 1979. The discovery of increased hepatic 5‐aminolaevulinate synthase activity in acute porphyria led to development of haematin as a treatment for acute attacks. By 2000, all the haem biosynthesis genes were cloned, sequenced and assigned to chromosomes and disease‐specific mutations identified in all inherited porphyrias. These advances have allowed definitive family studies and development of new treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canberra was built in harmony with its landscape setting, creating a legacy of urban form well-connected to the natural environment. Its urban design and planning not only amplified the surrounding natural landscape such as forested hills and mountains but also created a human-made green urban character. However, plans for future development as a compact city pose a challenge to conserving the city's green spaces. A green infrastructure plan is necessary to consider the city's green space design heritage and the linked socio-ecological values while minimising the urban footprint. The paper employs a historical literature review to understand the factors and characteristics that shaped Canberra's green character and the socio-ecological values of its green spaces. The research found the influence of historical and modern design and planning concepts in consolidating green infrastructure and creating ecological corridors and social infrastructure. One of the essential conditions for maintaining the unique character of Canberra is the preservation of the socio-ecological values of its existing green spaces. A trade-off study must be conducted to balance green infrastructure planning while considering these values, in light of development changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the role of a single laryngologist, Andrew Heermance Smith, in elucidating the mechanisms of Caisson Disease and controlling it effects on bridge workers. Data Sources: Scientific and lay publications, letters and records of the Roebling family, obituaries and internet sources. Review Methods: Historical review. Results: AH Smith combined physiological observations and experiments in the Brooklyn Bridge caissons with a review of the existing engineering and medical literature to describe the Caisson Disease and to devise strategies to ameliorate its effects. Conclusion: Despite an incorrect conclusion about the pathophysiology of decompression sickness, Smith's stringent standards and timely interventions allow completion of the masonry towers of the Brooklyn Bridge. Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 134:3044–3048, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drivers of the HIV epidemic, the viruses, the opportunistic infections, the attitudes and the resources allocated to the fight against HIV/AIDS, vary substantially across countries. French Guiana, at the crossroads between Amazonian South America and the Caribbean, constitutes a singular context with poor populations and rich country health funding, which has allowed researchers to gather lots of information on the particulars of our epidemic. We aimed to focus on the little known story of forty years of HIV research in French Guiana and emphasize how local research intertwined with public health action has yielded continuous progress, despite the difficult social conditions of the affected population. We searched Web of Science and associated local experts who worked through much of the epidemic in selecting the most meaningful products of local research for clinical and public health outcomes in French Guiana. Research tools and facilities included, from 1991 onwards, the HIV hospital cohort and the HIV-histoplasmosis cohort. Ad hoc studies funded by the ANRS or the European Regional Development fund shed light on vulnerable groups. The cumulative impact of prospective routine collection and focused efforts has yielded a breadth of knowledge, allowing for informed decisions and the adaptation of prevention, testing and care in French Guiana. After this overview, we emphasize that the close integration of research and public health was crucial in adapting interventions to the singular context of French Guiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African scholarship plays an important role in asserting the value of African epistemologies and those of the global South in the knowledge economy. This is pertinent to higher education in postcolonial Africa, whose indigenous knowledge systems and intellectual legacies have played peripheral roles because of coloniality and the global neoliberal trends. This paper presents a historical review of a generation of African scholarship that spans from the last half of the twentieth century to date. It does so with the view of exploring the developments, challenges and prospects experienced by African scholars in their pursuit of African knowledges and the decolonisation discourse in the higher education sector. The first part of the paper provides a backdrop through an analysis of some selected major research on the nature of African scholarship published in the last half of the twentieth century, and its contributions to the decolonisation discourse on the continent. The second part examines the nature of contribution of African scholarship to knowledge production in the twenty-first century. That section critically analyses the challenges and opportunities which have been encountered in reshaping the discourses of knowledge production and decolonisation in theory and practice. It is concluded that in its distinctiveness in asserting African and marginalised knowledge systems as valid and relevant, and operating in spaces of struggle, the African scholarship should continue to contribute to the interrogation of the objectivity of Eurocentric, neoliberal thought. The paper recommends the promotion of African scholarship in shaping the decolonisation of knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While both Crohn' disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are known to predispose patients to certain intestinal malignancies, the exact mechanism of carcinogenesis remains unknown and optimal screening guidelines have not been established. This article will explore the history of our understanding of intestinal malignancy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To contextualize the medical community's difficulty in linking each condition to cancer, the first section will review the discovery of CD and UC. Next, we discuss early attempts to define IBD's relationship with small bowel adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer. The article concludes with a review of each disease's surgical history and the ways in which certain procedures produced poor oncologic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ambiente Contábil is the property of Revista Ambiente Contabil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ambiente Contábil is the property of Revista Ambiente Contabil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Management Academy is the property of Uluslararasi Yonetim Akademisi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dams and reservoirs have always been of interest to human beings, playing a crucial role given the importance of securing water for sanitary use, irrigation, navigation, flood control and energy generation, among others. The main focus of this article is to perform a historical review of dam safety practices. For this purpose, the historical periods are divided into homogeneous periods in terms of dam safety paradigms and, following the narrative of this evolution, the paper considers the fundamentals of the two most important conceptual frameworks applied nowadays: the standard-based approach and the risk-informed one. As a matter of fact, after more than 90 years of experience in the application of dam safety assessment techniques and more than 50 years of recognising and studying the implications of human activity for the environment, today, the industry may have sufficient information and knowledge to take dam safety practice to another stage, being this the core of the discussion that follows the historical review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Practically every facet of the most common odontogenic tumor, odontoma, has been covered by an extensive volume of literature. However, uncertainty about its precise history has persisted. Materials and Methods: The historical evolution of odontoma was traced with reference to the original illustrations that accompanied European and American reports published at the beginning of the 19th century and also at the turn of the century. Results: The prevailing views regarding the first description of odontoma by Oudet of Paris in 1809 and the original designation "odontome" by Broca of Paris in 1867 are not entirely accurate. Before Broca's suggested term, "exostose dentaire" (dental exostosis) and "tumeur dentaire" (dental tumor) proposed by Oudet and Forget of Paris, respectively, were popular terms adopted in France, while in Briatin the terms "warty tooth" and "supernumerary teeth" proposed by Salter and Tomes of London, respectively, were widely coined. The original illustrations of complex odontoma were published by Wedl of Vienna in 1851, and in 1862 Tomes published the first drawing of compound odontoma denticles. Before the advent of diagnostic radiography in the early 1900s, spontaneous exposure or eruption of odontoma followed by secondary infection was very common. In 1887–1888, Bland Sutton of London criticized Broca's monumental research and formulated the first modern classification which, in essence, remains valid today. At that time, large osteomas of the maxilla were inappropriately classified as odontomas by many pathologists because of Bland Sutton's influential view. Interestingly, the first radiographic evidence of odontoma was published by the American oral surgeon Gilmer in 1899. Conclusion: In view of their fundamental achievements, the names of Wedl, Salter, Broca and Bland Sutton have been closely associated with the true history of odontoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the dictionary of prosthetic terms, a non-removable prosthetic construction should be designed to enhance aesthetics, stability, and function for a limited period of time. Afterward, it should be replaced with a final dental prosthetic construction. The clinical stage of preliminary prosthesis is important for the dental practitioner due to its periodontal-prophylactic and caries-prophylactic significance. Besides these advantages, preliminary prosthesis has a wide range of benefits in satisfying the three medical-biological indicators – prophylaxis, function, and aesthetics. The aim of the present study is to present contemporary concepts for preliminary non-removable prosthesis based on a brief historical overview of the development of non-removable prosthetic constructions. For the period from 2019 to 2023, 180 literary sources were critically analyzed, of which 25 in Cyrillic and 155 in Latin, with a total of 73 from the last 10 years. The search was conducted using keywords in Bulgarian – "временни конструкции", "предварителни конструкции", "неснемаеми протезни конструкции", "неснемаемо протезиране", "предварително протезиране"; in English - "temporary constructions", "preliminary constructions", "non-removable prosthetic constructions", "non-removable prosthetics", "preliminary prosthetics"; in Russian - "временные конструкции", "предварительные конструкции", "несъемные протезные конструкции", "несъемное протезирование", "предварительное протезирование"; in Spanish - "construcciones temporales", "construcciones preliminares", "construcciones protésicas fijas", "prótesis fijas", "prótesis preliminares"; in Italian - "costruzioni temporanee", "costruzioni preliminari", "costruzioni protesiche fisse", "protesi fisse", "protesi preliminare"; in French - "constructions temporaires", "constructions préliminaires", "constructions prothétiques non amovibles", "prothèse non amovible", "prothèse préliminaire"; in German - "Temporäre Konstruktionen", "Vorläufige Konstruktionen", "Nichtentfernbare prothetische Konstruktionen", "Nichtentfernbare Prothetik", "Vorläufige Prothetik", "Kronen und Brückenprotetik", "Provisorische Kronen". The critical analysis of the data obtained allowed the summarization of current concepts for the application of preliminary non-removable prosthesis. The study examined the necessity of treatment with non-removable preliminary constructions. Based on a historical overview of non-removable prosthesis, the importance of optimal final restoration in successful dental practice today was derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial activity, its emergence, and development are considered important for the well-being of nations, especially for those in transition from one economic system or industrial setting into another. A crucial question is, why countries with similar basic resources develop differently regarding entrepreneurial activities over time? This study delivers new insights on ecosystems developing during different historical eras, and why some ecosystem factors have an impact not only during one point in time but also in the long term. The paper focuses on Azerbaijan, a country with a turbulent history, and volatile formal institutions, endowed with natural resources, and now heavily dependent on the export of oil and gas. To transform the economy and overcome this resource dependency, entrepreneurial activities could provide one solution; however, the contribution of entrepreneurship to the economic development and growth remains low. This paper provides an analysis of why the promise of entrepreneurship remains quite elusive in Azerbaijan. The study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship by drawing on archival data to gain insights on how the historical role of entrepreneurship and the underlying ecosystem have imprinted their long-term development of current entrepreneurial activities. It proposes a framework for a systematic and long-term analysis of the factors and mechanisms comprising the ecosystem approach and shaping entrepreneurial outcomes across a broad spectrum of historical and contemporary contexts. Plain English Summary: Innovative insights on ecosystems over time. The historical analysis of the volatile entrepreneurial ecosystem and formal institutions in Azerbaijan throughout history delivers new insights for research and policy makers on how deeply this affects entrepreneurship evolvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, both Pakistan and China were in a critical period of economic reform. The two friendly neighbors have not only strengthened high-level political exchanges, but also assisted each other in the economic reform process, laying a foundation for the development of bilateral relations. This article reviews the economic reforms and the growth of foreign trade between the two countries in the ten years from 1978 to 1988, and concludes that the success of economic reforms has also expanded the relationship between the two countries from political friendship to economic integration and development, and then concludes that China The conclusion that Pakistan-Pakistan relations have begun to undergo qualitative changes has paved the way for the realization of "all-weather friendly and comprehensive cooperative relations" between China and Pakistan, the current "China-Pakistan all-weather strategic cooperative partnership", and the formation of a "community of destiny" in the development of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Neurology / Turk Noroloji Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Hydropower is a mature energy technology and one that could play a more important role in providing clean and reliable energy. In small-scale contexts, hydropower is useful for providing electricity access, balancing intermittent resources, and as a potential source of energy storage. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the development of the small hydropower (SHP) sector in Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country. Methods: Two research methods were employed: secondary data analysis through a desk review of relevant literature and primary data collection through site visits and expert and stakeholder interviews. Two case studies of micro-hydro applications in community-based rural electrification were analyzed. The paper explores how SHP projects were initiated, lessons learned, and policy recommendations of relevance to further development of distributed small-scale renewable energy in Indonesia. Results: The sector commenced during the Dutch Era and now centers on both community-based rural electrification projects and commercial schemes under the independent power producer (IPP) approach. Since the late 1980s, initiatives to implement SHP for rural electrification have flourished through various programs. Key regulatory, economic, and technical barriers include inconsistent and unclear supporting regulations, especially regarding electricity prices; artificially low retail electricity prices; capital and borrowing constraints; advantages provided to fossil fuels; limited technical experience and capabilities of project developers and project sponsors; risks from floods, earthquakes, and landslides; constraints on supporting infrastructure; and limited grid links. The most successful and sustainable SHP projects are ones that provide local economic benefits and for which local communities are empowered with ownership and have responsibility for maintenance. Conclusions: SHP will remain small from a macro perspective but could still play a key role in further improving energy access and equity in remote areas. Key initiatives to facilitate this development could include local-level capacity building and project participation and the adequate pricing of negative externalities from fossil fuel projects. Indonesia's long experience with SHP carries lessons for other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative learning and cooperative learning are two separate approaches developed independently by two groups of scholars around the same period of time in the 1960 and 1970 s. Due to their different origins and intertwined paths of development, they have their own distinct features while sharing many similarities. The relationship between collaborative learning and cooperative learning can be confusing. Therefore, this paper provides a brief historical review of collaborative learning and cooperative learning to identify the origins of each, where they diverge from each other, and where they are aligned. This paper examines the definitions of the two terms and compares their characteristics. This is followed by a discussion of their historical development in the last fifty years: early development between the 1960 and 1970 s; maturation in the 1980 and 1990 s; convergence in the mid-1990s; and the emergence of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) in the late 1980s. Finally, this paper summarizes the four paradigms of mainstream research on collaborative and cooperative learning, namely, the "effect" paradigm, the "conditions" paradigm, the "interaction" paradigm, and the "design" paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to present an historical review of the ecosystem services provided by anadromous fish (i.e., species that migrate from the sea to the river to spawn) throughout Human time, as well as of the main related threats, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula region. Anadromous fish provide important provision, cultural, regulatory and supporting ecosystem services across their distribution range and have been extensively exploited by humans since prehistoric times. In the Iberian Peninsula, sea lamprey, allis and twaite shads, sea trout, Atlantic salmon and European sturgeon were once abundantly present in several river basins covering what is now Portuguese and Spanish territory. These species have suffered a severe decline across their distribution range, mainly due to habitat loss and overexploitation. Considered regal delicacies, these fishes were once a statement on the tables of the highest social classes, a much appreciated bounty for the poorer population and are still an important part of the local gastronomy and economy. Such high economic and cultural interest encouraged intensive fishing. Currently, management efforts are being implemented, pairing habitat rehabilitation (e.g., construction of fish passes in obstacles to migration such as weirs and dams) with sustainable fisheries. Considering the present climate change scenario, these species are bound to endure increased pressures, demanding novel management approaches to ensure population numbers that are able to secure their sustainable exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of University Chemistry is the property of Peking University, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Citaliste: The Scientific Journal on Theory & Practice of Librarianship is the property of Citaliste: The Scientific Journal on Theory & Practice of Librarianship and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article engages with the field of social work's role in humanitarian and criminal legal responses to sex work in the United States over the last century. Our historical review reveals that, through interdisciplinary collaboration in the criminalization and rehabilitation of sex workers, social workers have contributed to the transformation of "prostitution" from an issue of sex workers' rights to a psychological, criminal legal, and medical phenomenon. This has exacerbated the harm and stigma experienced by sex workers. In exploring social work interventions on sex work from the Progressive Era through the rise of neoliberalism, this article places its modern iteration, prostitution diversion programming, within the context of social work's carceral history with sex workers. We choose these periods not for their chronicity, but rather for the salient themes in these historical interventions that characterize modern diversion programming: power and control, punitive service provision, patriarchal rescue, and carceral feminism. To align with social work's mandate for social justice and client self-determination, this article offers policy and practice implications grounded in the decriminalization of sex work and divestment from the police and courts. Alternative service approaches spearheaded by sex workers are explored and placed within the context of labor, racial, gender, and immigration justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first paper on the fatigue of metallic materials by J. Albert in 1837, tremendous numbers of papers have been published in various journals by many researchers all over the world. Based on such a long history, several papers on the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) in the life‐time longer than 107 cycles had appeared in some journals during the period of 1980's. One characteristic finding in these works is the fact that the metallic material can fail even at the stress level lower than the conventional fatigue limit. This fact means that the conventional fatigue design of mechanical structures cannot give the safety of the practical products in the very high cycle regime. Due to this fact, fatigue properties of structural materials in very long life regime has become an important subject; and a lot of studies have been carried out, and many important results have been accumulated until now. Typical aspects on VHCF property are summarized as follows: (1) the fatigue crack tends to occur around the interior inclusion, (2) fine granular area (FGA) is formed around such an inclusion, and (3) duplex S–N characteristics appear in the VHCF regime. In this paper, a brief historical review together with the future prospect on the very high cycle fatigue of metallic materials is attempted for the sake of reference to facilitate the research in this area. Highlights: Historical review and future prospect for researches on metal fatigue.Progress of researches on very high cycle fatigue of metallic materials.Review of interior crack initiation and growth mechanisms around inclusion.Quantitative formulation of interior crack growth around inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Since corporate real estate management (CREM) emerged in the 1990s, it has been modelled in many ways. The Delft model views the corporate real estate management function as a coordinator of four distinct accommodation perspectives. Although the model has been used in education and practice for years, there is no consensus on its interpretation and application, and various versions circulate. This paper aims to first reconstruct the history of the conceptualisation of the Delft CREM model and then seeks to develop an understanding of its nature that provides clearer interpretations of the model. Design/methodology/approach: Because the developers of the Delft CREM model did not maintain archives, the reconstruction of the model's genesis is based on the developers' publications from 1985 to 2015 and eight semi-structured interviews conducted with these developers in 2017 and 2018. The collected information, which was by its very nature incomplete and imperfect, was triangulated, contextualised and assembled chronologically. This served as the basis for an analysis of the model's nature, which in turn generated a list of practical implications for its future application. Findings: The historical reconstruction revealed two parallel but distinct lines of reasoning, whose resulting models appear similar but are distinct. One line of reasoning models CRE viewpoints, while the other models CRE management activities, i.e. the first line of reasoning models CREM across the organisation, while the second models CREM within the function. These two lines of thought have converged in the research-through-design approach of the developers, which evolved against the backdrop of a growing interest in the contribution of organisational resources to organisational objectives and the emergence of the demand-supply model in management practices in general and in the built environment in particular. Research limitations/implications: The research is limited to reconstructing the genesis and analysing the nature of the Delft CREM model. It is not intended to provide a conclusive narrative, update the model or compare it to other CREM models. As is typical in oral history, it is based on imperfect documentary evidence and imperfect recollections. The reconstruction and analysis are stepping stones towards a more precise interpretation and application of the model in both research and practice, and may eventually contribute to its evolution. When using the model, it is recommended to (1) be clear about whether the model applies to the CREM department, the entire organisation or the organisation's environment; (2) be clear about what is being modelled (activities, viewpoints or something else); and (3) use labels that reflect the selections made in (1) and (2). Originality/value: The value of this paper lies in the historical reconstruction of the intentions of the developers of the four-view scheme, including the detailed analysis of its consecutive graphical representations and the investigation of its relationship with the seminal strategic alignment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among all the families of Quraysh, Banu Hashim and Banu Umayyah had a prominent position in terms of greatness, fame and worldly prestige. This was the reason why Banu Hashim sometimes prevailed and Banu Umayyah sometimes prevailed during the period of Jahiliyyah. Bani Hashim and Bani Umayyad had a dispute over the leadership of Tulaat Kaaba for a period. Finally, with the intervention of influential people, administrative officials were divided between them. The ancestor of this family was Umayyah bin Abd Shams. The position of Quraysh army chief was transferred from Bani Makhzoom to this family, during the period of Jahiliyyah, the position of army commander was held by Harb bin Umayyah from this family and then by Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan accepted Islam at the time of the conquest of Makkah and through his son Amir Muawiyah, the rule of the Banu Umayyad was founded, during the time of the Rashidun Caliphs, the Banu Umayyad achieved great achievements, during the reign of Umar Farooq, Amir Muawiya became the governor of Damascus and during the reign of Usman Ghani, he was made the governor of the entire province of Syria. The following research paper will describe the social relations of Banu Umayyah and Banu Hashim. This will help to resolve many disagreements and different ideas and theories and will create new avenues of research for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From ancient years, both the abuse and murder of children have almost been common practices due to the barbarity of the times, which have become a habit and appear in a number of different forms. Infanticide, as one of these forms, legally became a crime in 318 AD. Sacrifices were often made in the name of a god to infants or even older children, with families often feeling proud that their own child was to be sacrificed for the common good. At around the time of the Renaissance and thereafter, public opinion began to slowly react to the idea of abusing vulnerable children, with the Church taking a more proactive stance, creating shelters in monasteries for abandoned children who were usually unwanted by their families. Later, the first institutions for poor children whose families could not raise them or for orphaned children, appeared in Europe and the USA. However, as the years passed on and there was no care for these institutions, the conditions became unsuitable and the children very often eventually died of hunger, diseases or even abuse. All of this was to take its official place in history with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was unanimously adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989 and has now been signed by 191 countries. The Convention on the Rights of the Child now formally defines child abuse, violence and neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper provides a historical review of the interview research that has been used by science educators to investigate children's basic astronomy knowledge. A wide range of strategies have been developed over the last 120 years or so as successive teams of researchers have endeavoured to overcome the methodological difficulties that have arisen. Hence, it looks critically at the techniques that have been developed to tackle the problems associated with interviews, questionnaires and tests used to research cognitive development and knowledge acquisition. We examine those methodologies which seem to yield surer indications of how young people (at different ages) understand everyday astronomical phenomena—the field often referred to as children's cosmologies. Theoretical ideas from cognitive psychology, educational instruction and neuroscience are examined in depth and utilised to critique matters such as the importance of subject mastery and pedagogical content knowledge on the part of interviewers; the merits of multi-media techniques; the roles of open-ended vs. structured methods of interviewing; and the need always to recognise the dynamism of memory in interviewees. With illustrations and protocol excerpts drawn from recent studies, the paper points to what researchers might usefully tackle in the years ahead and the pitfalls to be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 1982, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of streptozotocin to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs). Thus, this year marks 40 years since that landmark date. This review of streptozotocin to treat panNETs is intended to commemorate this anniversary. A historical perspective of the chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action of streptozotocin is followed by data from prospective and retrospective clinical studies. The last section of the review addresses the latest aspects and takes note of the prospects that lie ahead on the future horizon of the use of streptozotocin to treat panNETs, including ongoing clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current trends in women's criminalization reflect historical patterns of racism, gender conformity, and enforcing normality. This paper traces key shifts in policy and discourse on women's punishment in the United States from the mid 19th century to contemporary times. Additionally, this paper reflects on social work's role in the history of responding to criminalized women and its involvement in prison reform efforts. I argue that the profession's reform efforts on behalf of criminalized women operate as a form of carceral humanism, enabling expansion of the carceral state. To meaningfully challenge mass incarceration, social work must engage anti-carceral/abolitionist politics and praxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flame retardants have made the world safer by significantly reducing fire risks and reducing human and material losses. At the same time, however, environmental problems have been created and their impact on health, as the compounds that make up the flame retardant are heavy metals. Therefore, in order to make these materials safer, efforts must be focused on using environmentally friendly ones. Furthermore, this green approach must be in line with the laws and legislation developed by many countries due to the recommendations of environmental institutions that warned of the dangers of continuing to use flame retardants containing heavy metals. Not only that but all government and private institutions and civil facilities must be obliged to use flame retardants as a primary building material. This review will focus on the most critical developments that flame retardants have experienced and their impact on the environment and health through their types and mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Neurology / Aktualno?ci Neurologiczne is the property of Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Corporate social responsibility has been an important theme in management at least since the 1960s. International business became a recognized subfield in management around the same time. Logically, there might have been much dialogue about corporate social responsibility in international business research and publication, yet previous reviews of the literature indicate relatively little such research. This study complements previous literature reviews by employing text data mining to analyze a sample of 1188 articles published from 2000 to 2018 in the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS). Results show that from 2000 to 2018 only 35 CSR focused articles appeared. CSR research has increased over time, highly influenced by editorial specification of special issues. These documents can be grouped into seven CSR topics, with corruption and embeddedness being the most salient. Strategies are suggested for increasing research on CSR in international business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last century, dementia became one of the most widespread diseases due to the aging world population. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. Persian medical literatures have discussed disorders such as forgetfulness and their treatment under the topic "Nesian." Causes of these medical conditions have been also categorized. Poor memory and improving its treatment methods have long been important in traditional medical teaching. For example, saffron is one of the herbs used as a memory enhancer, and it has been cited many times in the related literature. This study sought to consider the history of saffron in the treatment of dementia by examining authentic books of traditional Persian medicine and by describing examples of medicinal compounds affecting saffron-based medications. In reviewing these books, in the eighth century CE, three centuries before Avicenna, Ibn Hakam from Damascus was the first physician who deliberated the role of saffron in the treatment of dementia in his book Haroniye (Aaron's book). After him, other great scholars including IbnSina, Ibn Elias Shirazi, and Dawood ibn Omar Antaki developed saffron-based formulas to improve the memory status of patients with forgetfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Consumer Research has completed four decades as one of the top journals in the larger field of marketing as well as the premier outlet for research on consumer behavior. This elite status is based, in part, on its stated objective as a multidisciplinary journal that allows for a variety of topics, methods, and populations that are central to collectives of scholars from many social sciences and methodological orientations. While a few articles have reviewed the level of diversity within the journal and among its peers, none to date has taken an expansive look at what is studied, how it is examined, and which consumers are used to determine the validity of our theoretical contributions. Thus this article looks across the life span of JCR to address these issues and finds considerable progress along with major areas that should be addressed by the community of researchers that constitutes our field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach: A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings: The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value: This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting withhistorical premise that every century for the past few centuries, we have at least one pandemic such as: flu, fever, plague and other types of viruses.So according to this, if we make an historical review and analysis we will see that some of them have caused greater human losses thanthe First and Second world war.The introductory part of our paper will give a brief historical overview of the global pandemic that have occurredthe world in the last few centuries and along with this, which lessons have the worldlearned from them. In our paper, we will focus on the analysisof NATO and the European Union role in dealing with COVID-19. Here we will analyze: NATO and EU readiness to respond to military and non-military crises, their capacities and capabilities, taking effectivemeasures to respond on COVID-19 crisis, logisticalcapabilities and coordination, critical points of NATO and EU missionin order effectively to respond on COVID-19 crisis, operational and action plan and their preparation for the next waves of COVID-19,NATO and EU level of political and military diplomacy with China and Russia for support and overcoming COVID-19 more effectively. Further, NATO and EU preparations for establishment of a crisis response force for COVID-19, level of complementarity and cooperation between NATO and EU in dealing with COVID-19, NATO and EU medium- and long-term plans for effective response to COVID-19 and their other measures and activities. Having in mind, the above mentions measures and activities of NATO andEU for dealing with COVID-19, the main goal of this paper will be to make an historical overview and analysis ofeffects from already taken measures and activities from NATO andEU, as well as further directions for improvementofoverall activity in dealing with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historical review explores the development of the literature base of single-case intervention research associated with the promotion of social outcomes for young children under the age of 9. Research studies are included from the seminal study conducted in 1956, continuing through 2019. Trends and patterns in study components are noted, such as changes over time in participant populations and the use of natural versus segregated and clinic settings. The evolution of research using particular social interventions is described as well as the various intervention agents used to impact social dependent variables across decades. Future research implications are discussed, including understudied components of social competence, the contextual variables that impact fidelity of implementation, and the need for continued research in natural settings using evidence-based social interventions that also are culturally and linguistically relevant for diverse and inclusive early learning settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Neotropical Mammalogy / Mastozoologia Neotropical is the property of Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamiferos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dialogia is the property of Editorial Revista Dialogia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding the historical background of societies and the various aspects of life that has evolved over time, affects the architecture of rural housing today. It's an important factor in processing the answer to today's needs. Considering the features of rural architecture and recognizing its features as the origins of the architectural tradition of any land, is one of the necessities. Its preservation is a fundamental principle. Therefore, this research has tried to collect various aspects of life and housing in rural settlements of Mazandaran in a historical survey based on library resources. Using the historical interpretation method, this paper examines the aspects of the relationship between different dimensions of life, shaping and spatial structure of housing with the social, economic, and geographical factors of native societies. According to the findings of this analysis, effective variables can be identified and categorized. The results of the research show that geographical location, financial resources, location capability, geographical and social security and, finally, family structure are factors that affect the habitat patterns. They also affect vernacular houses in different areas of the villages of the region. These determine five species of mountainous, forest, plain, rural citadel, and rocky habitats. The impact of these factors on the three modes of fixed-dwelling, two-spatial and nomadism has been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong, one of the most visible non-sovereign entities on the international stage, has a distinctive profile as a previous British colony and current Special Administration Region (SAR) of China with the retention of an independent sporting status. However, research on elite sport development in this region remains relatively uncharted territory. This study provides a panoramic view of Hong Kong's elite sport development since 1842, specific to four phases identified, namely the infancy of sport (1842–1950), the inception but slow development of elite sport (1950–1973), the rapid growth of elite sport (1973–1997), and further expansion of elite sport development (1997–2019). The discussion of each of these periods will follow the same structure: political context, government sports structure, financial support, and high-performance achievements (i.e. at the Olympic Games and other major competitions). This paper is expected to provide a unique and in-depth context for further studies concerning policy analysis and governance study particularly for non-major Olympic participants with a relatively distinctive political and sporting status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]