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This study proposed a method to develop an intelligent system using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system ( ANFIS)-based image processing which predicts the flavor distribution of the chips ring. This study was divided into three stages and different variables in each stage to obtain the best combination. These variables were the number of nozzles employed (one, two and three nozzles), flavor solution temperature (4, 50 and 60C) and the flavor spraying air flow rate (2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 psi). The results showed that the chips rings produced by the combinations of the three nozzles, 50C and with different air flowing rates exhibited significantly higher color distribution, flavor and overall acceptance compared with all other treatments ( P < 0.05). These results were supported by the flavor distribution images that were taken for each combination. The ANFIS predicted the experimental results with 100% accuracy. ANFIS processing indicated that the best treatment was the one that was produced by using three nozzles for spraying the flavor under 50C with 2.5 psi air flow rate. Practical Applications This system was developed by using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system ( ANFIS)- based image processing to rapidly predict the flavor distribution of the chips ring for accepting or rejecting defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: To investigate the effect of lactic acid (LA), copper (II), and monolaurin as natural antimicrobials against Cronobacter in infant formula. Methods and Results: The effect of LA (0·1, 0·2 and 0·3% v/v), copper (II) (10, 50 and 100 μg ml−1) and monolaurin (1000, 2000, and 3000 μg ml−1) suspended into tween-80™ or dissolved in ethanol against Cronobacter in infant formula was investigated. Reconstituted infant formula and powdered infant formula were inoculated with five strains of Cronobacter spp. at the levels of c. 1 × 106 CFU ml−1 and 1 × 103 CFU g−1, respectively. LA at 0·2% v/v had a bacteriostatic effect on Cronobacter growth, whereas 0·3% v/v LA resulted in c. 3 log10 reduction. Copper (II) at the levels of 50 μg ml−1 and 100 μg ml−1 elicited c. 1 and 2 log10 reductions, respectively. The combination of 0·2% LA and 50 μg ml−1 copper (II) resulted in a complete elimination of the organism. Monolaurin exhibited a slight inhibitory activity against Cronobacter ( c. 1·5 log10 difference) compared to the control when ethanol was used to deliver monolaurin. Conclusions: A complete elimination of Cronobacter was obtained when a combination of sublethal concentrations of LA (0·2%) and copper (II) (50 μg ml−1) was used. Significance and Impact of the Study: The use of the synergistic interactive combination of LA and copper (II) could be beneficial to control Cronobacter in the infant formula industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study determined the effect of acid, alkaline, chlorine, and ethanol stresses on the thermal inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula. Unstressed or stressed cells were mixed with reconstituted powdered infant milk formula (PIMF) at temperatures between 52 and 58 °C for various time periods or mixed with PIMF prior to reconstitution with hot water between 50 and 100 °C. D- and z-values were determined using liner regression analysis. In general, detergent and sanitizer stresses decreased the thermal resistance of E. sakazakii in infant milk formula. The results of this study may be of use to regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and infant caregivers to design heating processes to eliminate E. sakazakii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (4000 to 600 cm−1) was utilized to detect sublethally heat-injured microorganisms: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ATCC 14028, a Gram-negative bacterium, and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19113, a Gram-positive bacterium. A range of heat treatments ( N= 2) at 60 °C were evaluated: 0 D (control), 2 D, 4 D, 6 D, and 8 D using a D60 °C ( S. enterica serotype Typhimurium ATCC 14028 = 0.30 min, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113 = 0.43 min). The mechanism of cell injury appeared to be different for Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbes as observed from differences in the 2nd derivative transformations and loadings plot of bacterial spectra following heat treatment. The loadings for PC1 and PC2 confirmed that the amide I and amide II bands were the major contribution to spectral variation, with relatively small contributions from C-H deformations, the antisymmetric P==O stretching modes of the phosphodiester nucleic acid backbone, and the C-O-C stretching modes of polysaccharides. Using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), the extent of injury could be predicted correctly at least 83% of the time. Partial least squares (PLS) calibration analysis was constructed using 5 latent variables for predicting the bacterial counts for survivors of the different heat treatments and yielded a high correlation coefficient ( R= 0.97 [ S. enterica serotype Typhimurium] and 0.98 [ L. monocytogenes]) and a standard error of prediction ( SEP= 0.51 [ S. enterica serotype Typhimurium] and 0.39 log10 CFU/mL [ L. monocytogenes]), indicating that the degree of heat injury could be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nisin or citric acid or combinations of these two inhibitors on the inactivation of a cocktail of three Listeria innocua strains was investigated in a model brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and hummus (chickpea dip). In BHI broth, citric acid had a limited ability to inhibit L. innocua growth. Nisin initially reduced L. innocua concentrations by about 3 log cycles; however, L. innocua reached concentrations similar to those of the control after 5 days at 22°C. In combination, the effects of 500 lU/ml nisin and 0.2% citric acid were synergistic and resulted in complete elimination of L. innocua in the BHI broth. The inhibition of L. innocua by nisin (500 or 1,000 IU/g), citric acid (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3%), or their combinations also was evaluated in hummus. Citric acid alone did not affect L. innocua growth or the aerobic bacterial plate count. A combination of 1,000 IU/g nisin and 0.3% citric acid was somewhat effective (~1.5-log reduction) in controlling the concentration of L. innocua and the aerobic plate count for up to 6 days. This combination also may be useful, in addition to proper hygienic practices, for minimizing the growth of the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in hummus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nisin in combination with heat or antimicrobial chemical treatments (such as lactic acid, chlorous acid, and sodium hypochlorite) on the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and total mesophiles in sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) caviar. The effects of nisin (250, 500, 750, and 1,000 IU/ml), lactic acid (1, 2, and 3%), chlorous acid (134 and 268 ppm), sodium hypochlorite (150 and 300 ppm), and heat at 60°C for 3 min were evaluated for a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes and total mesophiles in sturgeon caviar containing 3.5% salt. Selected combinations of these antimicrobial treatments were also tested. Injured and viable L. monocytogenes cells were recovered using an overlay method. Treating caviar with ≥500 IU/ml nisin initially reduced L. monocytogenes by 2 to 2.5 log units. Chlorous acid (268 ppm) reduced L. monocytogenes from 7.7 log units to undetectable (<0.48 log units) after 4 days of storage at 4°C. However, there were no synergistic effects observed for combinations of nisin (500 or 750 IU/ml) plus either lactic acid or chlorous acid. Lactic acid caused a slight reduction (∼1 log unit) in the microbial load during a 6-day period at 4°C. Sodium hypochlorite was ineffective at the levels tested. Mild heating (60°C for 3 min) with nisin synergistically reduced viable counts of L. monocytogenes and total mesophiles. No L. monocytogenes cells (<0.48 log units) were recovered from caviar treated with heat and nisin (750 IU/ml) after a storage period of 28 days at 4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent regulatory concerns about the presence of the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat aquatic foods such as caviar has prompted the development of postpackaging pasteurization processes. However, caviar is heat labile, and conventional pasteurization processes affect the texture, color, and flavor of these foods negatively. In this study, chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, 2.5% total salt) caviar or ikura and sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus, 3.5% total salt) caviar were inoculated with three strains of Listeria innocua in stationary phase at a level of more than 107 CFU/g. L. innocua strains were used because they exhibit an equivalent response to L. monocytogenes for many physicochemical processing treatments, including heat treatment. The products were treated by immersion in 500 IU/ml nisin solution and heat processed (an 8-D process without nisin or a 4-D process with 500 IU/ml nisin) in a newly developed radio frequency (RF; 27 MHz) heating method at 60, 63, and 65°C. RF heating along with nisin acted synergistically to inactivate L. innocua cells and total mesophilic microorganisms. In the RF-nisin treatment at 65°C, no surviving L. innocua microbes were recovered in sturgeon caviar or ikura. The come-up times in the RF-heated product were significantly lower compared with the water bath-heated caviar at all treatment temperatures. The visual quality of the caviar products treated by RF with or without nisin was comparable to the untreated control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which determined the thermal resistance of Clostridium sporogenes using aluminum thermal-death-time (TDT) tubes at 115 degree Celsius, 118.3 degree Celsius, and 121.1 degree Celsius. Results of the tests revealed that the aluminum TDT tubes are useful in the determination of thermal resistance at high temperatures, and that safe and shelf-stable packaged foods can be produced using thermal processes based on radio frequency (RF) energy.

m. lin, m. al-holy, m. mousavi-hesary, h. al-qadiri, a.g. cavinato and b.a. rasco. 2004. To evaluate the feasibility of visible and short-wavelength near-infrared (SW-NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (600–1100 nm) to quantify the microbial loads in chicken meat and to develop a rapid methodology for monitoring the onset of spoilage. Twenty-four prepackaged fresh chicken breast muscle samples were prepared and stored at 21°C for 24 h. Visible and SW-NIR was used to detect and quantify the microbial loads in chicken breast muscle at time intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h. Spectra were collected in the diffuse reflectance mode (600–1100 nm). Total aerobic plate count (APC) of each sample was determined by the spread plate method at 32°C for 48 h. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) based prediction models were developed. PCA analysis showed clear segregation of samples held 8 h or longer compared with 0-h control. An optimum PLS model required eight latent variables for chicken muscle ( R = 0·91, SEP = 0·48 log CFU g−1). Visible and SW-NIR combined with PCA is capable of perceiving the change of the microbial loads in chicken muscle once the APC increases slightly above 1 log cycle. Accurate quantification of the bacterial loads in chicken muscle can be calculated from the PLS-based prediction method. Visible and SW-NIR spectroscopy is a technique with a considerable potential for monitoring food safety and food spoilage. Visible and SW-NIR can acquire a metabolic snapshot and quantify the microbial loads of food samples rapidly, accurately, and noninvasively. This method would allow for more expeditious applications of quality control in food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in the come-up times and thermal inactivation parameters of Listeria innocua in salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) caviar containing 2.5% salt using conventional thermal-death-time (TDT) glass tubes and a novel aluminum tube were tested and compared. Generally, the come-up times and decimal reduction times (D-values) were shorter and the change in temperature required to change the D-value (z-value) was longer in the aluminum than in the glass tubes. The D-values at 60, 63, and 65°C for the aluminum TDT tubes were 2.97, 0.77, and 0.40 min, respectively, and for the glass TDT tubes, these values were 3.55, 0.84, and 0.41 min. The z-values were 5.7°C in the aluminum and 5.3°C in the glass. Because of the shorter comeup time, the aluminum TDT tubes may provide a more precise measurement of microbial thermal inactivation than the glass TDT tubes, particularly for viscous materials, solid foods, and foods containing particulate matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of using Al-Holy-Rasco (AR) medium, a novel broth for detection and isolation of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula milk (IFM). The new medium's composition is generic brain heart infusion broth with the addition of 1% NaCl, 15% sucrose, and 0.80 g/liter sodium deoxycholate as selective ingredients. AR broth outperformed Enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth (EE), Enterobacter sakazakii enrichment broth (ESE), modified lauryl sulfate broth, and milk as enrichment media to stimulate the growth of a cocktail of 10 strains of Cronobacter. Additionally, AR broth significantly suppressed the growth of competing non-Cronobacter Enterobacteriaceae as compared with EE, ESE, modified lauryl sulfate broth, and milk. The recovery of desiccated Cronobacter (1 to 5,000 CFU/100 g) from powdered IFM in the presence of competing non-Cronobacter Enterobacteriaceae was determined by EE, ESE, and AR broth with 10 and 15% sucrose. AR broth with 15% sucrose outperformed all other examined broths and recovered Cronobacter from all samples tested at all Cronobacter concentrations. AR broth must be validated before it can be used for rapid detection and isolation of Cronobacter from powdered IFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]