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We evaluated the reproducibility of landmarks used for accurate anatomic placement of the tibial tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Landmarks evaluated were the medial tibial eminence, the posterior cruciate ligament, the 'over-the-back' position, the true posterior border of the tibia, and the posterior border of the lateral meniscus. Forty-two pairs of cadaveric knees were dissected, and anatomic measurements were made regarding the anterior cruciate ligament insertion and these various landmarks. Statistical analysis was used to confirm reproducibility and significance. Measurements based on the medial tibial eminence and posterior border of the meniscus were particularly erratic. The most reproducible anatomic landmark was the posterior cruciate ligament. The anterior border of the posterior cruciate ligament was consistently 6.7 mm posterior to the posterior border of the anterior cruciate ligament and 10.9 mm posterior to the central sagittal insertion point of the anterior cruciate ligament. The over-the-back position was consistently in contact with the anterior border of the posterior cruciate ligament if the knee was flexed with a posterior-directed force applied. In this position, the over-the-back position was equally reproducible as compared with the posterior cruciate ligament. Measurements gauged from the true posterior border of the tibia gave a second rigid bony landmark but with a wider standard deviation than the posterior cruciate ligament-based landmarks. The relative anterior-posterior dimension of the tibia did not correlate with the relationship between the anterior cruciate ligament and other anatomic landmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pain in the calf, tibia, fibula, or muscle compartments of the leg must be carefully evaluated to make the proper diagnosis and define the most appropriate course of treatment. The most common overuse leg injuries are stress fractures, chronic exertional compartment syndrome, medial tibial stress syndrome, and strains and sprains. The history is the key component of the evaluation. Targeted questions can suggest which ancillary tests can confirm the working diagnosis. Infection, tumors, radiculopathy, and vascular compromise other than compartment syndrome are rare but must be considered in the differential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with other sports, cheerleading carries a relatively low risk of injury, but the injuries that do occur tend to be relatively severe in terms of time lost. The most common injury site is the ankle, with head and neck injuries less common but more severe. Two case reports illustrate overuse and acute injuries typical of the sport. Cheerleading injuries have been attributed to lack of experience, inadequate conditioning, insufficient supervision, difficult stunts, and inappropriate surfaces and equipment. Prevention recommendations are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "First demonstration of the neuroimmune link in humans using IV Endotoxin and Intradermal Capsaicin in the face and arm" by P. E. Rolan, M. R. Hutchinson, M. Buijs, J. Tuke, Y. H. Kwok, M. Gentgall, D. Williams and N. Nillsen is presented.