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On distingue quatre classes d'hypothèses en physique selon le domaine de valeurs des grandeurs et selon la nature des fonctions qui figurent dans les équations. Dans les deux premières classes, les grandeurs prennent leurs valeurs à l'intérieur du domaine accessible à la perception. Tandis que dans les hypothèses individuelles (Eudoxe, Ptolémée, Copernic) les fonctions sont définies en superposant un nombre fini, mais arbitraire d'éléments fixés a priori, ces éléments sont physiquement déterminés en tant que variables dépendantes des hypothèses systématiques (Kepler, Galilée, Descartes). Les deux dernières classes d'hypothèses seules appartiennent à de véritables théories. Les hypothèses réductrices (Newton, Maxwell) assignent les valeurs des grandeurs hors du domaine de la perception. Les hypothèses universelles (Poincaré, la théorie des systèmes dynamiques) s'attachent aux relations entre les différentes solutions des systèmes d'équations différentielles. On examine les rapports spécifiques de ces classes d'hypothèses avec l'approximation. Four classes of physical hypotheses are distinguished with respect to the range of values of the magnitudes and to the nature of the functions occurring in the equations. The magnitudes of the two first classes take their values within the range of perception. While the functions relevant to the individual hypotheses (Eudoxus, Ptolemy, Copernicus) are defined by the superposition of a finite but arbitrary number of a priori given elements, these elements are physically determined as the dependent variables of the systematic hypotheses (Kepler, Galileo, Descartes). The two last classes only belong to real theoretical hypotheses. The magnitudes of the reduction hypotheses (Newton, Maxwell) take their values in a range beyond the range of perception. The universal hypotheses (Poincaré, the theory of dynamical systems) bear on the relations between the different solutions of systems of differential equations. The specific connections of each class of hypotheses with approximation are systematically analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]