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How do producers' distinctiveness and social structure influence third-party certifications? We argue that producers compete against prior and current competitors, and against their past selves. In the context of 153 artists active during a key period of the emergence of modern art (1905–1916), we utilize a convolutional neural network used in computer vision to extract feature vectors of artworks, and measure quantitative distance of these artists' works from canonical reference points. We find that artists are rewarded for distinctiveness from prior and current competitors and their past selves (up to a point). However, artists' autonomy to differentiate themselves depends on their position in the social structure, which we divide into supply-side artist-to-artist networks, and demand-side artist-to-gallerist networks. Artists with high or low supply-side status receive higher rewards for distinctiveness from current competitors than do artists with middle supply-side status. Artists with higher demand-side status receive higher rewards for distinctiveness from their own past, but lower rewards for distinctiveness from current competitors. These results show that peers strive to constrain each other to conform to positions of gravity within product space, and that market audiences deploy either higher or lower constraints on a producer's identity depending on the reference point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose that individuals differ in their ability to generate creative ideas as a function of the values, beliefs, and norms of their social group's culture they have adopted and routinely use. To generate creative ideas, an individual needs to think differently from their group to generate novel ideas that others cannot, while understanding what the group will view as appropriate and practical. We view culture as a network of cultural elements and decompose individuals' cultural adoption into two conceptually and empirically distinct dimensions. Cultural breadth, which reflects whether individuals have adopted a broad range of values, beliefs, and norms that span the organization's culture, contributes to the novelty required for creativity. Cultural embeddedness, which reflects whether individuals have adopted the core values, beliefs, and norms entrenched in the organization's culture, helps an individual generate ideas that others will view as useful. We predict that individuals with both high cultural breadth and high cultural embeddedness, who we label integrated cultural brokers, will be most likely to generate creative ideas that are novel and useful. We test and find support for our theory in two contexts: an e-commerce firm in South Korea and MBA students at a U.S. university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does personal identity multiplicity—a self-perception with more elements—help an individual connect with others? I argue that identity multiplicity increases the likelihood of establishing professional network ties through two mechanisms: individuation, or the tendency of a potential network partner to view one as an individual as opposed to a representative of a category; and identity homophily, or the attraction and interaction opportunities that emerge as a function of shared identity elements with a potential partner. The benefits of identity multiplicity are particularly strong for promoting interracial ties as individuation reduces racial stereotyping. I find support for these ideas in an analysis of the creation of network ties of mid-career professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project Choices (PC), a newly developed videogame for correctional intervention, consists of realistic decision-making scenarios and cognitive behavioral skills feedback. A pilot study investigated PC engagement and immersion by employing a cross-over design with a sample of 24 men on probation remanded to residential treatment. The study also examined effects of gameplay on criminogenic thinking, self-perceived criminogenic risk, and social problem-solving. As hypothesized, relative to a leisure video game (Tetris), participants generally appeared comparably engaged by and immersed in PC. Most hypothesized effects of PC on treatment-relevant outcomes were not statistically significant; however, PC contributed to moderate to large treatment effects across most outcomes of interest. Although results are promising, PC requires further validation to determine whether it could serve as a useful adjunctive tool for practitioners hoping to further reach and engage corrections clients in criminogenic risk-reduction services. Future research directions for technology like PC are numerous and encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is heterogeneous in nature, which complicates diagnostic efforts and makes accurate assessment tools critical. The MMPI family of instruments are widely used broadband measures of psychopathology, including trauma symptomology. The MMPI–3's Anxiety Related Experiences scale (ARX) is an expansion of the MMPI–2–RF Anxiety (AXY) scale which has historically represented the MMPI family's best measure of trauma symptoms. This study expands research on ARX in 2 samples of college students (n = 332 [PCL–5 Criterion] & n = 58 [CAPS–5 Criterion]) by examining ARX's incremental, criterion, and classification validity. ARX incrementally predicted PCL–5 total and cluster scores beyond that accounted for by AXY (R2Δ =.01–.09). ARX accounted for the most unique variance, beyond RCd and RC7, in CAPS-5 interview ratings of intrusion symptoms (R2Δ =.16). ARX was strongly related to trauma symptomology broadly (r =.42–.58) and demonstrated strong screening ability at T65 (sensitivity =.37–.40; specificity =.91–.92) and stronger diagnostic screening at T75 (sensitivity =.31; specificity =.93). We discuss clinical considerations when using ARX for assessing PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing diversity in today's workplace requires engaging with people who not only look different but also think different. Yet, research on workplace relations has treated similarity-attraction as a human universal and paid limited attention to individual differences in who respects or tolerates different views and values, and why. We address this gap by examining how lay theories people hold about instrumental relations affect dispositional similarity-attraction. Because people who hold a fixed (versus growth) theory of instrumental relations believe that relationships form primarily on the basis of natural compatibility (versus effort), they should be particularly prone to similarity-attraction on the basis of dispositional similarity in values, attitudes, and personality traits. To test our arguments, we first develop a lay theories of instrumental relations scale, which we use to demonstrate that holding a growth theory decreases (moderates) people's tendency to avoid dispositionally dissimilar partners in a naturally occurring network (Field Study) and a dyadic task (Experiment 1). Finally (Experiment 2), we manipulate lay theories to show that inducing growth theories increases people's satisfaction with a task partner who is dispositionally dissimilar. We conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications for building diverse yet cohesive workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In‐depth suicide risk assessments are particularly important to long‐term suicide prevention. Broadband measures of psychopathology, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) instruments, assess suicide risk factors and various mental health comorbidities. With the recent release of the MMPI‐3, the Suicidal/Death Ideation (SUI) scale underwent revisions to improve its construct validity and detection of suicide risk factors. Thus, we hypothesized the MMPI‐3 SUI scale would demonstrate medium to large associations with suicidal experience and behaviors, future ideation, and interpersonal risk factors of suicide. Methods: A sample of 124 college students screened for elevated depressive symptoms completed a brief longitudinal study. Participants completed a baseline session including the MMPI‐3 and criterion measures and three brief follow‐ups every 2 weeks. Results: SUI scores were most robustly associated with increased risk for past suicidal ideation, planning, and perceived burdensomeness. Prospectively assessed suicidal ideation was also meaningfully associated with SUI. SUI scale elevations indicate an increased risk of suicide‐related risk factors. Conclusion: The MMPI‐3 is a valuable tool to inform long‐term suicide prevention for those experiencing elevated depressive symptoms as the SUI scale can assess past, current, and future suicide‐related risk factors, including suicidal ideation and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Response Bias Scale (RBS) is the central measure of cognitive over-reporting in the MMPI-family of instruments. Relative to other clinical populations, the research evaluating the detection of over-reporting is more limited in Veteran and Active-Duty personnel, which has produced some psychometric variability across studies. Some have suggested that the original scale construction methods resulted in items which negatively impact classification accuracy and in response crafted an abbreviated version of the RBS (RBS-19; Ratcliffe et al., 2022; Spencer et al., 2022). In addition, the most recent edition of the MMPI is based on new normative data, which impacts the ability to use existing literature to determine effective cut-scores for the RBS (despite all items having been retained across MMPI versions). To date, no published research exists for the MMPI-3 RBS. The current study examined the utility of the RBS and the RBS-19 in a sample of Active-Duty personnel (n = 186) referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Using performance validity tests as the study criterion, we found that the RBS-19 was generally equitably to RBS in classification. Correlations with other MMPI-2-RF over- and under-reporting symptom validity tests were slightly stronger for RBS-19. Implications and directions for research and practice with RBS/RBS-19 are discussed, along with implications for neuropsychological assessment and response validity theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overreporting is a common problem that complicates psychological evaluations. A challenge facing the effective detection of overreporting is that many of the identified strategies (e.g., symptom severity approaches; see Rogers & Bender, 2020) are not incorporated into broadband measures of personality and psychopathology (e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory family of instruments). While recent efforts have worked to incorporate some of these newer strategies, no such work has been conducted on the MMPI-3. For instance, recent symptom severity approaches have been used to identify patterns of multivariate base rate "skyline" elevations on the BASC, and similar strategies have been adopted into the PAI to measure psychopathology (Multi-Feigning Index; Gaines et al., 2013) and cognitive symptoms (Cognitive Bias Scale of Scales; Boress et al., 2022b). This study used data from a simulation study (n = 318) and an Active-Duty (AD) clinical sample (n = 290) to develop and cross-validate such a scale on the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3. Results suggest that the MMPI SOS (Scale of Scales) scores perform equitably to existing measures of overreporting on the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3 and incrementally predict a PVT-classified "known-group" of Active Duty service members. Effects were generally large in magnitude. Classification accuracy achieved desired specificity (.90) and approximated expected sensitivity (.30). Implications of these findings are discussed, which emphasize how alternative overreporting detection strategies may be useful to consider for the MMPI. These alternative strategies have room for expansion and refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telehealth assessment (TA) is a quickly emerging practice, offered with increasing frequency across many different clinical contexts. TA is also well-received by most patients, and there are numerous guidelines and training opportunities which can support effective telehealth practice. Although there are extensive recommended practices, these guidelines have rarely been evaluated empirically, particularly on personality measures. While existing research is limited, it does generally support the idea that TA and in-person assessment (IA) produce fairly equitable test scores. The MMPI-3, a recently released and highly popular personality and psychopathology measure has been the subject of several of those experimental or student (non-client) based studies; however, no study to date has evaluated these trends within a clinical sample. This study empirically tests for differences in TA and IA test scores on the MMPI-3 validity scores when following recommended administration procedures. Data were from a retrospective chart review. Veterans (n = 550) who underwent psychological assessment in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center ADHD evaluation clinic were contrasted between in person and telehealth assessment modalities on the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3. Groups were compared using t tests, chi square, and base rates. Results suggest that there were minimal differences in elevation rates or mean scores across modality, supporting the use of TA. This study's findings support the use of the MMPI via TA with ADHD evaluations, Veterans, and in neuro/psychological evaluation settings more generally. Observed elevation rates and mean scores of this study were notably different from those seen in other VA service clinics sampled nationally, which is an area of future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disordered eating is a major health epidemic that occurs at disproportionate rates among young adults and for which gender plays a major role in symptom presentation. Broadband psychological instruments have historically not included disordered eating as a core scale construct. The recent release of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) offers an opportunity to address this shortcoming through the newly developed Eating Concerns Scale (EAT) for which the existing literature is promising but limited. This study expands research on EAT by investigating its validity and comparing findings across gender. In 345 college students (102 men, 243 women), we examined gender differences between men and women in the EAT scale's structure, item endorsement rates, mean scores, and correlations with measures of body image and eating pathology. Differences emerged in item endorsement rate, scale score elevation rate, and correlation magnitudes. Broadly, findings further support EAT's use in detecting eating pathology and highlight ways in which the EAT scale may not effectively capture masculine expressions of eating pathology, namely binging and purging behaviors. To assess eating pathology more comprehensively, clinicians and researchers should consider including assessments of eating pathology inclusive of masculine eating patterns. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of criminal thinking is important in correctional assessments because of its salience to recidivism, or relapse of criminal behavior. The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) is a common instrument which assesses criminal thinking, one of the most salient risk factors of recidivism. However, little is known about the accuracy of the validity scales of this instrument. This study examines the effectiveness of the PICTS' over-reporting validity indicator, the Confusion-revised (Cf-r) scale, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form's (MMPI-2-RF) over-reporting validity scales as criterion measures. The sample is composed of 165 mostly white (66%), mid-to-late 20 s (M = 27.4 years old, SD = 8.3), males who underwent a mental health evaluation in a court-ordered residential treatment facility. All participants had a prior substance-use-disorder diagnosis and moderate to high criminal risk. Mean comparisons across MMPI-2-RF recommended over-reporting scales as well as classification accuracy analyses were conducted. The results support the use of the PICTS recommended cut-score for Cf-r, as it produced high specificity (> 0.90) and strong area under the curve (AUC) classification accuracy (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI = [0.67, 0.84]). The implications for this study are the discussions in terms of criminal-thinking evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antimicrobial resistance and therapy‐related adverse effects make Mycobacterium abscessus treatment challenging. Omadacycline is a novel, bioavailable aminomethylcycline with favourable in vitro activity against M. abscessus. Aims: To describe a case report and review the published literature describing outcomes for M. abscessus infections treated with omadacycline. Methods: Systematic literature review. Results: We identified three articles that, in addition to our case report, describe 18 patients. Pulmonary infections were most frequent. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were reported for two isolates (0.25 and 0.5 mg/L). Despite half the patients starting omadacycline because of failure of prior therapy, 15 (83%) had a favourable outcome, defined as 'cure', 'improvement' or 'clinical success' as determined by the primary study authors. One patient (6%) discontinued omadacycline because of gastrointestinal intolerance. Conclusions: Although the limited observational data and in vitro susceptibility results are encouraging, randomised control trials are required to determine the role of omadacycline as part of combination therapy for this most difficult‐to‐treat pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori infection is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide and eradication rates are falling globally because of increasing antimicrobial resistance. However, there is a paucity of local data to guide the choice of eradication therapy in Australia. This study aimed to evaluate current Australian rates of H. pylori antibiotic resistance in patients who had failed prior eradication therapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis of routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility data from two pathology laboratories servicing multiple tertiary referral hospitals in Western Australia (WA) and South Australia (SA), between 2018 and 2022, was performed. Rates of antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of multiresistant isolates in both SA and WA were calculated and comparison of temporal trends and differences between the two states was conducted. Results: A total of 796 H. pylori isolates revealed a clarithromycin resistance rate of 82%, metronidazole 68%, amoxicillin 4.4% and tetracycline 0.5%. Resistance to levofloxacin was observed in 22% and rifampicin 14%. Rates of resistance to clarithromycin were lower in SA compared with WA (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.69, P = 0.0001). Multiresistant isolates were discovered in 63% of patients, with lower rates in SA compared with WA (IRR: 0.74, P = 0.002). Conclusion: This first multicentre, multistate study of H. pylori resistance in Australian patients exposed to prior therapy demonstrated high rates of antimicrobial resistance, including levofloxacin (>20%). This raises concern about recommending levofloxacin in empirical second‐line therapies. Increased monitoring and awareness of current H. pylori resistance rates in Australia are needed to guide local eradication practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study evaluated the function of four cognitive, symptom validity scales on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), the Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS) and the Cognitive Bias Scale of Scales (CB-SOS) 1, 2, and 3 in a sample of Veterans who volunteered for a study of neurocognitive functioning. Method: 371 Veterans (88.1% male, 66.1% White) completed a battery including the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST), the Word Memory Test (WMT), and the PAI. Independent samples t-tests compared mean differences on cognitive bias scales between valid and invalid groups on the M-FAST and WMT. Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and hit rate across various scale point-estimates were used to evaluate classification accuracy of the CBS and CB-SOS scales. Results: Group differences were significant with moderate effect sizes for all cognitive bias scales between the WMT-classified groups (d =.52–.55), and large effect sizes between the M-FAST-classified groups (d = 1.27–1.45). AUC effect sizes were moderate across the WMT-classified groups (.650–.676) and large across M-FAST-classified groups (.816–.854). When specificity was set to.90, sensitivity was higher for M-FAST and the CBS performed the best (sensitivity =.42). Conclusion: The CBS and CB-SOS scales seem to better detect symptom invalidity than performance invalidity in Veterans using cutoff scores similar to those found in prior studies with non-Veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Previous research has found that among those with brain injury, individuals have a variety of different potential symptom sets, which will be seen on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). The number of different groups and what they measure have varied depending on the study. Method In active-duty personnel with a remote history of mild traumatic brain injury (n  = 384) who were evaluated at a neuropsychology clinic, we used a retrospective database to examine if there are different groups of individuals who have distinct sets of symptoms as measured on the PAI. We examined the potential of distinct groups of respondents by conducting a latent class analysis of the clinical scales. Post hoc testing of group structures was conducted on concurrently administered cognitive testing, performance validity tests, and the PAI subscales. Results Findings indicate a pattern of broad symptom severity as the most probable reason for multiple groups of respondents, suggesting that there are no distinct symptom sets observed within this population. Pathology levels were the most elevated on internalizing and thought disorder scales across the various class solutions. Conclusion Findings indicate that among active-duty service members with remote brain injury, there are no distinct groups of respondents with different sets of symptom types as has been found in prior work with other neuropsychology samples. We conclude that the groups found are likely a function of general psychopathology present in the population/sample rather than bona fide differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the validity and screening effectiveness of the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 scores in 229 college students in a cross-sectional design. PHQ associations with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 internalizing scales suggest PHQ scores are effective screening tools for college students and may aid in effective triage and service needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The Memory Complaints Inventory (MCI) is a stand-alone memory-based symptom validity test (SVT). The measure is promising and has been used with relative frequency, but requires additional research (Armistead-Jehle & Shura, 2022). The current study sought to expand the empirical base of the MCI by comparing it to the Cognitive Bias Scale, a new symptom validity measure assessing cognitive over reporting on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Method Retrospective review of 273 military service members seen for neuropsychological evaluation and administered both the PAI and MCI. Results Area under the curve values for the MCI overall mean score and MCI implausible scales for a PAI Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS) cut score of >14 were large in effect (0.77 and 0.78, respectively). The effect size between those that passed and failed the CBS on the mean of MCI scales was also large (d  = 1.13). Classification statistics indicated that a cut score of 52% on the mean MCI scales and 29% on the mean MCI implausible subscales indicated specificities of 0.94 and 0.93 and sensitivities of 0.30 and 0.29, respectively. Conclusions These data support the MCI as a cognitive SVT relative to the PAI CBS. We offer guidance on how to integrate these SVT measures in military samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Attaining competence in assessment is a necessary step in graduate training and has been defined to include multiple domains of training relevant to this attainment. While important to ensure trainees meet these standards of training, it is critical to understand how and if competence shapes a trainees' professional identity, therein promoting lifelong competency. Methods: The current study assessed currently enrolled graduate trainees' knowledge and perception of their capabilities related to assessment to determine if self‐reported and performance‐based competence would incrementally predict their intention to use assessment in their future above basic training characteristics and intended career interests. Results: Self‐reported competence, but not performance‐based competence, played an incremental role in trainees' intention to use assessments in their careers. Multiple graduate training characteristics and practice experiences were insignificant predictors after accounting for other relative predictors (i.e., intended career settings, integrated reports). Conclusion: Findings are discussed about the critical importance of incorporating a hybrid competency‐capability assessment training framework to further emphasize the role of trainee self‐efficacy in hopes of promoting lifelong competence in their continued use of assessments. Significance Statement: This study examines health service psychology trainees' intention to engage in psychological assessment and the incremental role of self‐reported competence. Findings highlight the significance of self‐reported competence above performance‐based competence in assessment when predicting long‐term professional identity, which in turn promotes lifelong competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) to detect feigned over-reporting using a symptom-based coaching simulation design across a control group and three diagnostic conditions: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), minor traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and comorbid PTSD and mTBI. Participants were310 college students who wererandomly assigned to one of the four conditions. For participants in the feigning conditions, they were provided with a descriptionof their respective disorder condition throughout the duration of the session and asked to feign according to their condition while completing the MMPI-3. MMPI-3 over-reporting scales perform well at classifying feigning. There is low sensitivity, high specificity, and effect magnitudes are medium to large range (1.12 − 2.47). There are no differences in scales assessing over-reporting between diagnostic conditions with dissimilar symptoms. Findings provide initial support for the use of the MMPI-3 overreporting scales for detecting feigned PTSD, mTBI, and comorbid PTSD and mTBI. Further, individuals feigning different disorders, namely PTSD, mTBI, and comorbid PTSD and mTBI, feign predominantly general psychopathological symptoms, making Fp the strongest scale in terms of detecting these feigned disorders. Future research will benefit from establishing relevant diagnostic comparison groups to contrast with this study and utilizing known-group designs withboth PVT and SVT administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antifungal administration via outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is infrequent. As patients with invasive fungal infections (IFIs) receiving OPAT are at high risk of readmissions, careful, risk‐based patient selection and monitoring is important. Objectives: To describe our experience managing IFIs via OPAT, including assessment of risk factors associated with unplanned readmissions. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of outpatients from two tertiary hospitals in Western Australia managed with parenteral antifungals for the treatment of IFIs from 2012 to 2020. Outcomes assessed were unplanned OPAT‐related readmissions; adverse events and achievement of treatment aim at the completion of OPAT. Results: Forty‐six patients were included, encompassing 696 OPAT days. Twenty‐three (50%) patients received intravenous (IV) liposomal amphotericin B (L‐AmB), 23 (50%) received IV echinocandins and one (2%) patient received IV fluconazole. One patient received both IV L‐AmB and an echinocandin. Unplanned OPAT‐related readmissions occurred in 13 (28%) patients and any adverse event occurred in 19 (41%), most commonly nephrotoxicity amongst patients receiving L‐AmB. On univariate analysis, unplanned OPAT‐related readmissions were more common in Mucorales infection, L‐AmB doses of ≥5 mg/kg and otorhinolaryngologic (ENT) infections. At the completion of OPAT, attainment of treatment aims occurred in 28 (61%) patients. Conclusions: Patients receiving parenteral antifungals via OPAT experience high rates of unplanned readmissions and adverse events. Risk factor identification may facilitate optimal patient selection and establishment of treatment aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research is mixed on the role of service era in symptom endorsement among Veterans, with differences emerging depending on the instrument evaluated. This study compares Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale scores of VA test-takers who served during the Vietnam, Desert Storm, or Post-9/11 service eras. The sample was collected at a VA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Team. Associations between gender and combat exposure were also examined as covariates. Results suggest that Veterans' self-report on the PAI is influenced by service era, even after accounting for gender and combat exposure during deployment. The largest differences were between Vietnam or Post-9/11 Veterans and those from the Gulf War era. Symptom differences typically varied across scales commonly associated with symptoms of trauma exposure/posttraumatic stress disorder. Implications for the clinical use of, and research with, the PAI and other broadband personality assessments within the VA healthcare system and trauma treatment settings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children in the emergency department (ED) is challenging due to the variable clinical presentations and difficulties in obtaining a urine sample free from contamination. Clinicians need to weigh a range of observations to make timely diagnostic and management decisions, a difficult task to achieve without support due to the complex interactions among relevant factors. Directed acyclic graphs (DAG) and causal Bayesian networks (BN) offer a way to explicitly outline the underlying disease, contamination and diagnostic processes, and to further make quantitative inference on the event of interest thus serving as a tool for decision support.Methods: We prospectively collected data on children present to ED with suspected UTIs. Through knowledge elicitation workshops and one-on-one meetings, a DAG was co-developed with clinical domain experts (the Expert DAG) to describe the causal relationships among variables relevant to paediatric UTIs. The Expert DAG was combined with prospective data and further domain knowledge to inform the development of an application-oriented BN (the Applied BN), designed to support the diagnosis of UTI. We assessed the performance of the Applied BN using quantitative and qualitative methods.Results: We summarised patient background, clinical and laboratory characteristics of 431 episodes of suspected UTIs enrolled from May 2019 to November 2020. The Expert DAG was presented with a narrative description, elucidating how infection, specimen contamination and management pathways causally interact to form the complex picture of paediatric UTIs. Parameterised using prospective data and expert-elicited parameters, the Applied BN achieved an excellent and stable performance in predicting Escherichia coli culture results, with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86 and a mean log loss of 0.48 based on 10-fold cross-validation. The BN predictions were reviewed via a validation workshop, and we illustrate how they can be presented for decision support using three hypothetical clinical scenarios.Conclusion: Causal BNs created from both expert knowledge and data can integrate case-specific information to provide individual decision support during the diagnosis of paediatric UTIs in ED. The model aids the interpretation of culture results and the diagnosis of UTIs, promising the prospect of improved patient care and judicious use of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, understanding connections between economic pressures and mental health experiences is critical in comprehending how stressful global events can affect families. Although economic pressures and stress can negatively impact mental health, approach coping strategies may provide reductions in negative mental health experiences for parents compared to avoidant coping strategies. Despite recent work showing that stress resulting from the pandemic can have negative implications for the mental health of parents with young children, there is little known about the mental health of parents with adolescents. This study utilized a longitudinal sample of 198 parents (194 biological parents; 103 Fathers, and 91 Mothers) of adolescents and examined the mediating impact of COVID-19 stress on the relationship between economic pressure and subsequent depressive and anxious symptoms. Additionally, approach and avoidant coping strategies were examined as potential moderators between COVID-19 stress and later mental health. Results indicated that parents who experienced economic pressure reported worsening mental health across the school semester, with COVID-19 stress mediating this pathway. Further, approach coping strategies moderated the association between COVID-19 stress and later anxiety symptoms such that higher levels of coping associated with greater rates of later anxiety symptoms, while lower levels of coping associated with less anxiety symptoms later. Avoidant coping strategies also moderated these associations, such that greater use associated with greater depressive and anxious symptomology later. These findings emphasize that parents are experiencing worsening mental health following the onset of the pandemic and that there is an urgent need for increased mental health services to assist families during this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the Personality Assessment Inventory's (PAI) symptom validity-based overreporting scales with concurrently administered performance validity testing in a sample of active-duty military personnel seen within a neuropsychology clinic. We utilize two measures of performance validity to identify problematic performance validity (pass all/fail any) in 468 participants. Scale means, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and risk ratios were contrasted across symptom validity-based over-reporting scales. Results indicate that the Negative Impression Management (NIM), Malingering Index (MAL), and Multiscale Feigning Index (MFI) scales are the best at classifying failed performance validity testing with medium to large effects (d = .61-.73). In general, these scales demonstrated high specificity and low sensitivity. Roger's Discriminant Function (RDF) had negligible group differences and poor classification. The Feigned Adult ADHD index (FAA) performed inconsistently. This study provides support for the use of several PAI over-reporting scales at detecting probable patterns of performance-based invalid responses within a military sample. Military clinicians using NIM, MAL, or MFI are confident that those who elevate these scales at recommended cut scores are likely to fail concurrent performance validity testing. Use of the Feigned Adult FAA and RDF scales is discouraged due to their poor or mixed performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with multiple minoritized identities, such as those that identify as a minoritized sexual orientation and/or gender identity and as a Person of Color (POC), report higher levels of distress that may result from complex systems and various sources of discrimination. Resilience is an adaptive response to oppression that enables marginalized communities to resist the impact of discrimination and rejection. The current study surveyed levels of resilience, distress, and elements of resiliency and how they differed among emerging adults who identify as non-LGBTQ+ POC; LGBTQ+ POC; LGBTQ+ White people; and non-LGBTQ+ White people. Data were collected from 1,194 participants at three large universities in the United States. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted that yielded significant differences by groups. Post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences among the measured variables of interest. Of note, individuals who identified as LGBTQ+ POC reported lower distress and higher resilience, hope, and significantly higher spiritual support when compared to LGBTQ+ White participants. These results highlight how individuals who possess multiple minoritized identities may experience buffers to rather than additive minority stress, and spirituality may play a key role in this resilience. Implications for psychologists and helping professionals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It matters greatly for individuals, organizations and societies whether particular groups are disadvantaged for attaining management positions. Low social class origin is a likely candidate for such disadvantage, as it is associated with disadvantage on other measures of attainment, but there is a dearth of research relating social class to the attainment of management positions, particularly relative to other sources of disadvantage such as gender and race. We show that in the United States, individuals from lower social class origins are substantially less likely to be managers, and the disadvantage is comparable in magnitude to the disadvantage experienced by women and African Americans. A key mechanism behind this social class disadvantage is education, but there are others, mostly relating to deficits of cultural capital associated with lower social class origins. We also examine the magnitude of social class disadvantage for attaining management positions around the world, and find that it is substantive in almost every country, and associated with indicators of national culture, such as individualism and materialism; with economic indicators, such as gross domestic product per capita and the unemployment rate; and with measures of human development, such as child mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although common, antimicrobial allergy labels (AAL) rarely reflect immunologically‐mediated hypersensitivity and can lead to poorer outcomes from alternative antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial stewardship programs are ideally placed to assess AAL early as a means of improving antimicrobial use. Aims: To quantify the prevalence of AAL in patients referred for antimicrobial stewardship review and assess their impact on antibiotic prescribing, patient mortality, hospital length of stay, readmission and rates of multidrug‐resistant infections. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients referred for inpatient antimicrobial prospective audit and feedback rounds (PAFR) through an electronic referral system (eReferrals) over a 12‐month period in 2015. Outcome data were collected for a period of 36 months following the initial review. Results: Of the 639 patient records reviewed, 630 met inclusion criteria; 103 (16%) had an AAL, of which 82 (13%) had reported allergies to β‐lactam antibiotics. Those with AAL were significantly less likely to be receiving guideline‐recommended antimicrobial therapy (50% vs 64%, P = 0.0311); however, there were no significant difference in mortality, hospital length of stay, readmission or increased incidence of multidrug‐resistant infections. Conclusions: Our cohort demonstrated that AAL was associated with reduced adherence to antibiotic guidelines. The lack of association with adverse outcomes may reflect limitations within the study including retrospective cohort study numbers and observational nature, further skewed by high rates of poor documentation. A clear opportunity exists for antimicrobial stewardship programs to incorporate allergy assessment, de‐labelling, challenge and referral into these rounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was designed to examine the psychometric properties and correlates of an existing measure of father involvement with infants, The Paternal Involvement with Infants scale (PIWIS), with Latino fathers. Background: Fathers' involvement with their infants is associated with positive outcomes for family members. Father involvement is known to vary by child, familial, societal, and cultural factors, emphasizing the need for further research with specific populations of fathers, including Latino fathers. Method: Addressing this need, we examined the psychometric properties of a multidimensional measurement of father involvement with infants, the Paternal Involvement with Infants Scale (PIWIS), with 203 Latino fathers of infants up to 12 months of age. Results: Results support a five‐factor model validating the PIWIS as a measurement of father involvement with Latino fathers of infants. Findings revealed moderate to strong construct validity for the PIWIS and five subscales offering unique utility for Latino fathers. Variability between dimensions of father involvement and related constructs are discussed. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that the PIWIS reflects a valid and reliable measure of Latino fathers' involvement with infants. Implications: The PIWIS can be utilized to deepen our understanding of the interrelationships among well‐established aspects of fathers' involvement including mental health, partner support, familial support, and cultural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The predoctoral internshipAQ4 training year is the capstone training experience for health service doctoral students. Previous research has explored what applicant characteristics are desired by internship sites and has not thoroughly explored differences between types of sites or criteria importance at different stages of applicant consideration (interview vs. ranking). Aims: We evaluate current perceptions of doctoral student internship applications by training directors. Materials and Methods: Internship training directors of APA‐accredited sites report on the importance of different application materials during interview and ranking decisions. We also compare these rankings across site types. Results: Results indicate that internship sites were generally consistent in their criteria rankings; however, there were also some differences. Intern applicant "fit" continues to be the most important criteria by which applicants are judged at all stages of consideration. Qualitative analysis found that "fit" varied by site across themes of treatment, applicant, and site characteristics. Discussion: We discuss implications in their preparation of internship applications. In addition to the practical guidance for students, we discuss how program changes can increase applicant site competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on symptom endorsement patterns in those with trauma exposure frequently emphasizes presentation subtypes. Most frequently, internalizing, externalizing, and dissociative symptom clusters are identified; however, evidence for the emergence of disorder subtypes is not always consistent. To expand its clinical utility, this study examines symptom endorsement subtypes on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) within a sample of trauma exposed individuals. Specifically, a series of latent profile analyses (LPA) were conducted on 376 U.S. military veterans evaluated while seeking outpatient treatment for PTSD within the Veteran Affairs system. Results from these analyses identify two primary findings. First, the observed class models support the notion that the PAI clinical scales are a useful aid in detecting broad patterns of distress common to those with trauma exposure (e.g., depression, suicidal thoughts, avoidant behaviors, etc.). Second, the PAI did not demonstrate distinct response styles consistent with the theoretically and empirically supported diagnostic subtypes. Implications for research with, and the clinical use of, the PAI in veterans and those with trauma-associated symptoms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcutaneous (SC) administration of ertapenem in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services may be a practical alternative to intravenous delivery for complicated infections. The clinical features and outcomes according to route of administration were compared from a large Australian OPAT service. Chronic renal impairment was more common in the SC group, reflecting an opportunity for route of administration as a vein preservation strategy. Adverse events were uncommon and successful outcomes were not different between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the Integrative Hope Scale (HIS) was developed and validated in several Western cultures. Because of its multidimensional structure and its relational components, we wondered if IHS could be a useful instrument for assessing hope in non-Western cultures. The current study translated and validated the IHS in a large sample of Chinese college students. Validity and reliability evidence for the IHS in Chinese culture was obtained by conducting Item Factor Analysis (IFA) across four different measurement models (e.g. a single factor model, a four-factor oblique model, a higher order factor model and a bi-factor model). Evidence of convergent and divergent validity was also gathered through correlation with measures of psychological well-being. Results indicate that the IHS is a valid measure of hope in Chinese college students. Discussions of specific aspects of the IHS and their applicability in the Chinese culture are provided. Implications for research and interpretation with the IHS are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paraeducator workforce as well as the breadth of their responsibilities to serve students in special education has increased considerably in public schools. Unfortunately, research to identify the most effective methods for training paraeducators has not kept pace. Addressing this dynamic, through an implementation science framework, requires a better understanding of contextual factors. In this study, focus groups (FGs) with paraeducators and teachers were conducted to examine (a) responsibilities, training needs, and related issues of paraprofessionals; (b) training needs and related issues of teachers as supervisors of paraeducators; and (c) factors that support or impede special educators' self-efficacy and their perception of competence of their colleagues. Four FGs, homogeneous based on role and assignment (mild vs. moderate-to-severe disabilities), were conducted utilizing a semistructured interview protocol. Qualitative content analysis revealed important challenges and training-related deficiencies experienced by both teachers and paraeducators, as well as suggestions for addressing these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The M5–50 is a brief 50 item international personality item pool public-domain five-factor model personality instrument. While public-domain instruments can facilitate social justice by allowing access to instruments to those who may not have the financial resources to use a pay-to-use instrument, public-domain measures may lack the scrutiny given to pay-to-use instruments. This study provides scrutiny through examining the concurrent validity evidence of the M5–50 by correlating it to the proprietary NEO-PI-3. Additionally, to provide additional validity, this study also correlates the M5–50 domains with well-documented relationships with religious fundamentalism. Regarding the NEO-PI-3, the domains of Neuroticism and Conscientiousness appear to well represent their NEO-PI-3 domain counterparts, whereas Extraversion and Agreeableness had weak relationships with some facet-level content. Openness to Experience on the M5–50 appears able to align with both the Openness/Intellect model and a unified domain structure suggested by traditional five-factor model literature as M5–50 domains and items most strongly correlate with the Aesthetics and Ideas facets in the NEO-PI-3 Openness domain. Regarding religious fundamentalism, the M5–50 domain of Openness had an inverse relationship with fundamentalism, while extraversion had a positive relationship with fundamentalism. Interpretive recommendations for the M5–50 and recommendations for future development of brief, IPIP-based Openness to Experience domains are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of paternal involvement as a multidimensional construct has evolved with current societal trends of fathering and corresponding advanced theories. As a result, research must keep pace by continuing to examine predictors of the dynamic ways that fathers are involved with their children, particularly with infants. The current study built upon Belsky's theoretical model of determinants of parenting to posit that paternal involvement with their infants (dependent variable) will be influenced by a combination of father, child, and contextual factors (independent variables). A total of 456 participants were recruited within the United States. Paternal involvement was categorized into five subfactors from the Paternal Involvement with their Infants Scale (PIWIS). Five separate linear regressions were conducted using each of the PIWIS subscale domains as the dependent variable. Results provide support for examining paternal involvement with a multidimensional approach. Characteristics of the child, and psychosocial and relational and contextual variables of the father were uniquely related to the five domains of involvement measured by the PIWIS. Clinical and programmatic implications as well as future directions for research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study of the impact of protests against Walmart (a first entrant) on Target (a second entrant) from 1998 to 2008 in U.S. geographic markets, we develop and test a theory of information spillovers from protests against corporations proposing to enter a new market. We argue that the number of protests directed against a first entrant is a noisy signal for the second entrant because such protests are likely to be dominated by protest-prone activists and so do not reflect the sentiments of the community. The second entrant is likely to discount protests against the first entrant that are led by protest-prone activists and rely instead on protests led by local, decentralized activists as indicative of a community’s preferences. We argue that the second entrant differentiates between protests against the first-entrant firm and the organizational form, and discounts protests against a specific firm but not those against the form (e.g., big-box stores). Further, the second entrant is likely to rely on the reaction of the first entrant as an indication of the meaning of the protest. Finally, all of these signaling effects will be stronger in markets in which the second entrant has no experience and so lacks local knowledge. The study provides broad support for our arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we develop an account of the failure of private market-governance institutions to maintain market order by highlighting how control of their distributional function by powerful elites limits their regulatory capacity. We examine the New York Clearing House Association (NYCHA), a private market-governance institution among commercial banks in Manhattan that operated from 1853 to 1913. We find that the NYCHA, founded to achieve coordinating benefits among banks and to limit the effect of financial panics, evolved at the turn of the twentieth century into a device for large, elite market players to promote their own interests to the disadvantage of rival groups that were not members. Elites prevented the rest of the market from having equal opportunities to participate in emergency loan programs during bank panics. The elites’ control not only worsened the condition of the rest of the market by allowing non-member banks to fail; it also diminished the influence of the NYCHA and escalated market crises as bank failures spread to member banks. As a result, crises developed to an extent that exceeded the control of the NYCHA and ended up hurting even elites’ own interests. This paper suggests that institutional stability rests on a deliberate balance of interests between different market sectors and that, without such a balance, the distributional function of market-governance institutions plants the seeds of institutional destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Delayed initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy for sepsis is associated with increased mortality. Whilst automated blood culture machines operate continuously, this does not align with conventional staff working hours and so turn-around-times (TAT) for reporting gram stains to clinicians are 3–7 times longer for blood cultures that flag positive overnight. We retrospectively compared laboratory TATs and clinical outcomes for blood cultures from 183 patients that flagged positive overnight during a 4-month period before and after the implementation of an overnight laboratory service. Enterobacterales and urinary tract infections were the most frequent pathogens and clinical syndrome respectively, and the prevalence of multi-resistant organisms was 15%. Compared with the pre-implementation period, the post-implementation period was associated with shorter median time from blood culture positivity to gram stain (7.4 vs 1.2 h), first genus level identification (7.2 vs 5.8 h) and first antimicrobial susceptibility result (24.1 vs 7.9 h). Similarly, the median time from blood culture positivity to clinicians first being informed was significantly shorter (9.2 vs 1.3 h). After removal of likely contaminants, 78% of patients were on effective empiric antimicrobials and for patients on ineffective empiric antimicrobials, effective therapy was initiated a median of 3.2 h sooner during the post-implementation period, without impact on mortality. Implementation of an overnight laboratory service was associated with significantly faster TAT for reporting blood culture results and more prompt initiation of effective antimicrobials for patients receiving ineffective empiric therapy, improving attainment of sepsis management goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the convergent validity of the substantive scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in the Veteran Affairs (VA) population. The sample includes test protocols drawn from all administrations of the MMPI-2-RF or MMPI-2 entered into the electronic medical record system between January 1, 2008 and May 31, 2015 at any VA across the United States. After excluding invalid protocols, substantive scale scores were correlated with external measures of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder if they were administered within |14| days of the MMPI-2/-RF. Results supported the convergent validity of the MMPI-2-RF emotional dysfunction domain scores. Discriminant validity for the remaining MMPI-2-RF substantive scale scores was also adequate. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Recently, in a mixed neuropsychological outpatient sample, a measure of cognitive response bias has been developed for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) called the Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS). This study sought to cross-validate this measure in a military sample. Method Retrospective review of 197 active duty soldiers referred to an Army outpatient clinic for neuropsychological evaluation. Groups were created based on the number of failed performance validity tests (0, 1, or 2–3 performance validity testing [PVT] failures). Results The magnitude of effect for the 10-item CBS scale was medium-to-large when comparing those with one PVT failure to those with two to three (d  = .98) and those with no failures (d  = 1.21); however, effects between the 1 and 2–3 PVT failure groups were less pronounced. In 1 and 2–3 PVT failure groups, a score of |$\ge$| 16 had high specificity (.92 and.95, respectively) and low to moderate sensitivity (.20 and.55, respectively). Conclusions In a military sample, the CBS demonstrated high specificity with relatively low sensitivity. The measure operated similarly to the original study and the current data supports the CBS to rule in, but not rule out, over-reported cognitive symptoms on the PAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theodor Adorno's philistine functions as the other of art, or as the ideal embodiment of everything that the bourgeois aesthetic subject is not. He insists on the truth-content of the derogation, while recognising its unjust social foundation, and seeking to reflect that tension in a self-critical turn. His model of advanced art is negatively delimited by the philistinism of art with a cause and the philistinism of art for enjoyment, which represent the poles of the aesthetic and the social. The philistine is also the counterpart to the connoisseur, with the interplay between them pointing to his preferred approach to aesthetics, in which an affinity for art and alienness to it are combined without compromise. However, Adorno fails to realise fully the critical potential of the philistine as the immanent negation of art and aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares profiles of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scale scores from 1492 VA test-takers who served during the Vietnam or Gulf War service eras. The sample includes all such cases collected at any VA posttraumatic stress disorder Clinical Teams across the United States between January 1, 2008 and May 31, 2015 using the MMPI-2 or MMPI-2-RF (via the VA Mental Health Assistant suite). Associations between gender and score differences were also examined. In contrast to past research using the MMPI-2, results of this study suggest that veterans are generally homogeneous in their MMPI-2-RF profiles across different periods of service. Specifically, the magnitudes of mean differences are small and not clinically significant. Thus, responses on the MMPI-2-RF do not appear influenced by service era. Implications for the clinical use of, and research with, the MMPI-2-RF are discussed within the VA healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]