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Rice modification has been a trend for enhancing resistant starch (RS) content to improve rice quality and functionality for health and wellness. Rice grains, rice starch, or ground rice could be treated indigenously, physically, chemically, or enzymatically to develop RS. The level of RS is measured chemically in vitro and in vivo using standard techniques. But these biochemical procedures cannot provide a clear understanding of critical changes in rice grains' physicochemical properties or structural, thermal, and pasting properties during rice processing. Therefore, established analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and rapid visco analysis (RVA) could provide valuable details about deformation and phase transition in starch. The changes in rice-starch structure are associated with rice's thermal, morphological, and rheological behavior and cumulatively these parameters could provide a better understanding of starch phase transition during RS formation. Hence, these analytical tools can inform improvising the functional attributes of rice in the form of RS through various treatments. This review focuses on different qualitative and quantitative methods of RS detection, thus supporting the current interest in modifying functional attributes of rice starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Siddha system of medicine Veeram is one of the toxins among the sixty four known toxins. Geologically it is called Calomel. It is a very toxic material therapeutically, these arsenic based medicines are used in Siddha system. Natural substances of milk, tender coconut water, bitter guard and lemon juice are used to purify the veeram. This research work analyzed the raw veeram and products obtained after purification. Geochemical, physico-chemical analysis, instrumentation techniques of XRF, TG-DTA, FE-SEM, EDAX and particle size analyzer. Among physicochemical parameters total ash value was low. Loss on drying increased in the products in the various intermediate stages which due to the impact of plant agents used in the process. XRF results revealed mercury is present in major concentration. Raw veeram showed 77.14% of mercury. In the raw veeram particles observed were distributed within the range of 0.0920 µm-0.948 µm. FE-SEM analysis suggested that the bitter gourd treated veeram consisted of individual particles with a size ranging from 94 nm to 144 nm. Milk treated samples when subjected to analysis revealed increased particle size which may be attributed to aggregation. Lemon juice treated samples showed particle size in the range of 82 nm to 96 nm and in tender coconut range was 78 nm to 91 nm. In the EDAX raw and other samples showed peak for mercury and chloride. TG-DTA analysis showed that the raw veeram sample had a sublimation temperature of 220°C where as in other treated samples sublimation temperature was reduced compared to raw veeram. The from the stydy depict that these purification processes forms new organic substances and transformation of the starting toxic metal. These processes have an important role in the formation of complexes and in altering toxic state to non-toxic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root canal curvature and calcification introduce factors that increase the risk of procedural accidents during root canal treatment. The inability to achieve patency to the apical third, asymmetrical dentine removal leading to transportation, perforation, and instrument fracture inside the curved trajectories are some of the procedural problems that might jeopardize the management of intraradicular infection and result in poor treatment outcomes. In fact, curved and constricted canals introduce such complexity that total instrumentation concepts and specially designed instruments have been developed to deal with the challenge. This narrative review seeks to provide and consolidate the principles necessary for understanding the dynamics of curved and constricted canal management and to improve the understanding for future developments in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root canal curvature and calcification introduce factors that increase the risk of procedural accidents during root canal treatment. The inability to achieve patency to the apical third, asymmetrical dentine removal leading to transportation, perforation, and instrument fracture inside the curved trajectories are some of the procedural problems that might jeopardize the management of intraradicular infection and result in poor treatment outcomes. In fact, curved and constricted canals introduce such complexity that total instrumentation concepts and specially designed instruments have been developed to deal with the challenge. This narrative review seeks to provide and consolidate the principles necessary for understanding the dynamics of curved and constricted canal management and to improve the understanding for future developments in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate ex vivo the effectiveness of single-file instrumentation techniques compared with serial Ni-Ti rotary instrumentation with several irrigation regimens in reducing E. faecalis within root canals. Methodology A total of 81 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with a single root canal were infected with E. faecalis before and after canal preparation. Samples were divided randomly into 9 groups, as follows: group 1-A: sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file, group 1-B: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + Self-adjusting file, group 1-C: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + Self-adjusting file, group 2-A: sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Reciproc (R25), group 2-B: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + Reciproc (R25), group 2-C: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + Reciproc (R25), group 3-A: sterile phosphate-buffered saline + ProTaper, group 3-B: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + ProTaper, group 3-C: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + ProTaper. anova was used to analyse statistically the differences in terms of reduction in colony counts between the groups, and Dunn's post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Results All techniques and irrigation regimens significantly reduced the number of bacterial cells in the root canal ( P < 0.001). Comparisons amongst the groups revealed significant differences between group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file)/group 1B (5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + Self-adjusting file) ( P = 0.031), group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file)/group 2C (5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + Reciproc) ( P = 0.003), group 2A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Reciproc)/group 3B (5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + ProTaper) ( P = 0.036), group 3B (5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + ProTaper)/group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file) ( P < 0.001), and group 3C (5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + ProTaper)/group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file) ( P = 0.033). Conclusions No significant differences in terms of reduction in microbial counts were observed between single-file techniques ( SAF and Reciproc) and serial Ni-Ti instrumentation technique (ProTaper) in combination with irrigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate the efficacy of 0.5%, 2.5% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as intracanal irrigants associated with hand and rotary instrumentation techniques against Enterococcus faecalis within root canals and dentinal tubules. Methodology A total of 180 extracted human premolar teeth were infected for 21 days with E. faecalis. The specimens were divided into 12 groups, as follows: group 1: 5.25% NaOCl + Hybrid technique ( Valdrighi et al. 1998 ); group 2: 5.25% NaOCl + nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex (by FOP-UNICAMP); group 3: 5, 25% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642); group 4: 2.5% NaOCl +Hybrid technique; group 5: 2.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex; group 6: 2.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642); group 7: 0.5% NaOCl + Hybrid technique; group 8: 0.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex; group 9: 0.5% NaOCl + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642); group 10: sterile saline solution + Hybrid technique; group 11: sterile saline solution + NiTi rotary technique 4 mm shorter than the apex; group 12: sterile saline solution + NiTi rotary technique (Hero 642). Canals were sampled before and after preparation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto brain heart infusion (BHI) agar, and the colony forming units (CFU) that were grown were counted. The teeth were sectioned into three thirds and dentine chips were removed from the canals with conical burs. The samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected into test tubes containing BHI broth, and were incubated at 37 °C and plated onto BHI agar. The CFU were counted and analysed. Results At all depths and thirds of the root canals and for all techniques used, 5.25% NaOCl was shown to be the most effective irrigant solution tested when dentinal tubules were analysed, followed by 2.5% NaOCl. No differences among concentrations in cleaning the canals were found. Conclusions Especially at higher concentrations, NaOCl, was able to disinfect the dentinal tubules, independent of the canal preparation technique used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five acrylic blocks with simulated curved canals were divided into three groups of 15 blocks each. In group 1 the canals were instrumented with ultrasonically energized K-files (UEF) using a piezoelectric ultrasonic device. In group 2 the canals were prepared with Profile 0.04 Taper Series 29 Rotary Instruments (PRI) in conjunction with a low-speed high torque handpiece. In group 3 (control) the canals were hand instrumented (HI) with conventional K-type files using a standard push-pull circumferential technique. The efficiency of these techniques for preparing the simulated canals were compared by measuring the amount of transportation of the prepared canals at different levels from the working length using a double exposure photographic technique. A statistical analysis was used to indicate any significant difference among groups. The results showed that the use of PRI provided well-centred and more tapered preparations. Conversely, the use of UEF and HI resulted in frequent alteration of the original curvature, showing transportation at different levels from the working length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]