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In this paper, we investigate how mental health-related issues have become part of the Norwegian police's practical work in the prevention of violent extremism (PVE). Through interviews with Norwegian police, we show that mental health issues are a recurring part of their PVE work and that operating in the grey area between policing and health care is challenging. We show that for police, assessing whether extreme views and attitudes are just that – extreme – or indications of mental health issues can be difficult. We also show that the police tend to view mental health issues as one of many factors contributing to violent extremism rather than as a singular, causal factor. We argue for the importance of improving the police's approach to mental health-related issues, both by increasing knowledge about mental health issues as basis for initial mental health assessments and by establishing access to competent professional health personnel. A better understanding of how mental health issues interact with other challenges in a person's life, including aspects relevant to the criminal justice system – notably radicalization into violent extremism – and how multi-agency approaches can be best utilized in such circumstances, is needed in order to provide better PVE measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Four new diterpenoids, australins E–H (1–4), have been isolated from the marine soft coral Cladiellasp. collected in Pohnpei. The structures of 1–4 were elucidated by analysis of their NMR and mass spectrometry data combined with an X-ray diffraction analysis of australin E (1). Australin E (1) activates the inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP1 in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Tannins are characterized by protein-binding affinity. They have astringent/bitter properties that act as deterrents, affecting diet selection. Two groups of salivary proteins, proline-rich proteins and histatins, are effective precipitators of tannin, decreasing levels of available tannins. The possibility of other salivary proteins having a co-adjuvant role on host defense mechanisms against tannins is unknown. In this work, we characterized and compared the protein profile of mice whole saliva from animals fed on three experimental diets: tannin-free diet, diet with the incorporation of 5% hydrolyzable tannins (tannic acid), or diet with 5% condensed tannins (quebracho). Protein analysis was performed by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry to allow the dynamic study of interactions between diet and saliva. Since abundant salivary proteins obscure the purification and identification of medium and low expressed salivary proteins, we used centrifugation to obtain saliva samples free from proteins that precipitate after tannin binding. Data from Peptide Mass Fingerprinting allowed us to identify ten different proteins, some of them showing more than one isoform. Tannin-enriched diets were observed to change the salivary protein profile. One isoform of α-amylase was overexpressed with both types of tannins. Aldehyde reductase was only identified in saliva of the quebracho group. Additionally, a hypertrophy of parotid salivary gland acini was observed by histology, along with a decrease in body mass in the first 4 days of the experimental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract   The paramagnetic contributions from dioxygen to solute proton spin-lattice relaxation rate constants are reported for a series of aromatic hydrocarbons and drug molecule fragments, in order to examine the energetic factors for intermolecular exploration in solution. The measurements provide differences in local oxygen concentration at different sites on the solute molecule. The relaxation rate differences caused by steric factors are taken into account using a lattice model calculation to normalize the relaxation rates for intermolecular contact. The measurements reveal small differences in oxygen accessibility for aromatic solutes in aqueous acetone and for aliphatic drug fragments in chloroform. Larger differences are observed for aliphatic protons in dimethyl sulfoxide; however, the differences are generally small compared with previous measurements on amino acids in water. Concentration ratios between local oxygen concentrations and the solvent references are all smaller than 2.2 and high local concentrations are favored by bulky adjacent groups such as alkane chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the organization of preparatory processes that underlie set switching and, more specifically, switch costs. On each trial, subjects performed one of two perceptual judgment tasks, color or shape discrimination. Subjects also responded with one of two different response sets. The task set and/or the response set switched from one to the other after 2-6 repeated trials. Response set, task set, and double set switches were performed in both blocked and randomized conditions. Subjects performed with short (100-msec) and long (800-msec) preparatory intervals. Task and response set switches had an additive effect on reaction times (RTs) in the blocked condition. Such a pattern of results suggests a serial organization of preparatory processes when the nature of switches is predictable. However, task and response set switches had an underadditive effect on RTs in the random condition when subjects performed with a brief cue-to-target interval. This pattern of results suggests overlapping task and response set preparation. These findings are discussed in terms of strategic control of preparatory processes in set switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first four reports of the Standardisation Committee of the International Continence Society dealt with the nomenclature relating to urinary incontinence, procedures related to the evaluation of urine storage (cystometry, urethral closure pressure profile), units of measurement (Bates et al., 1976), procedures related to the evaluation of micturition (flow rate, pressure measurement), symbols (Bates et al., 1977), procedures related to the evaluation of micturition: pressure flow relationship, residual urine (Bates et al., 1980) and neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (Bates et al., 1981). The fifth report has remained an internal document of the Society and deals with the quantification of urine leakage. This report deals with recommendations on terminology related to neurophysiological investigations of the lower urinary tract with particular reference to electromyography, nerve pathway studies and sensory testing. These standards are proposed to facilitate comparison of results by investigators who use these investigations. It is recommended that the acknowledgement of these standards in written publications be indicated by a footnote to the section 'Methods and Materials' or its equivalent: 'Methods, definitions and units conform to the standards proposed by the International Continence Society except where specifically noted.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]