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The impact of fs and ns pulses on indium and sulfur doped gallium selenide crystals with four and five different doping concentrations, respectively, has been studied in comparison with that of undoped GaSe. The inconsistence of the visual criterion of the damage threshold determination has been demonstrated. The multiphoton absorption and thermal effect have been identified as key factors limiting fs and ns pulse pump intensities, respectively. High advantages in the limit pump intensity as up to 50% for optimally indium-doped crystal and up to 4.5 times for optimally sulfur-doped crystal have been demonstrated under fs pulses expose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor vaccines are a novel approach to the treatment of malignancy, and are attracting the attention of the medical profession. Nanomaterials have significant advantages in the preparation of a tumor vaccine, including their ability to penetrate and target cancer tissue and their antigenic properties. In this review, we focus on several nanomaterials, ie, carbon nanotubes, nanoemulsions, nanosized aluminum, and nanochitosan. Applications for these nanomaterials in nanovaccines and their biological characteristics, as well as their potential toxicity, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified carbon black (MCB) was obtained by oxidization and hydroxymethylation reactions with conductive carbon black (CB); in the MCB, some hydroxyl groups were introduced on the surface of the CB particles. CB, MCB, and a kind of organic ultraviolet absorber (UA) were used as UV antidotes, and binary composites and ternary composites were prepared by solvent casting with polystyrene, styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer, and poly(methyl methacrylate) as the matrix, respectively. In the binary composites, only one kind of UV antidote was used, whereas in the ternary composites, the organic and inorganic UAs were combined. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of the composites were investigated extensively, and it was found that no synergism occurred when CB was combined with the organic absorber; on the other hand, an obvious synergism effect emerged when MCB was combined with the organic absorber in the same matrix, which was attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between MCB and UA. The interaction between MCB and UA was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]