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Deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) are legal means, alternative to trial, for the resolution of criminal business cases. Although DPAs are increasingly used in the US and are spreading to other jurisdictions, the ethics of DPAs has hardly been subjected to critical scrutiny. We use a multidisciplinary approach straddling the line between philosophy and law to examine the ethics of DPAs used to resolve cases of multinational enterprises' (MNEs) foreign corruption. Deontologically, we argue that the normativity of DPAs raises critical concerns related to the notion of justice as punishment, with serious cases of international corruption resolved with minimal retribution for offending MNEs. Taking a utilitarian ethical perspective, we also evaluate the effect of DPAs on MNEs' tendency to self-regulate or re-offend. Our conclusion, supported by critical analysis of the juridical literature and case evidence on MNEs' recidivism, is that DPAs do not foster ethical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humor is a form of speech capable of boosting the political value of a speech's content or even reversing its meaning. Courts acknowledge these qualities by considering that an expression may enjoy an elevated level of free speech protection against government sanctions or private suits if it is formulated in a humorous way. This article spotlights another key attribute of humor, that is perhaps more consequential for the socio-political impact of an expression but that nonetheless does not seem to be invoked in free speech litigation: its power to increase the exposure of the speech. A humorous presentation of an idea offers its audience an entertaining form that is desirable to consume independently of the message it conveys. It lowers the costs of processing irrelevant or objectionable content and so bears the potential of catching the attention of those who would not otherwise be exposed to it. I argue that the capacity of humor to "raise the volume" of speech must be accounted for in the balancing formulas of constitutional and international free speech litigation. To underline the importance of this factor, I focus on cases of hate speech, a category where humor plays a decisive role in the outreach to audiences that do not always share the prejudice or intolerance of the speaker. This article analyzes the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and of French courts as an example of the general disregard of courts for humor's amplification of hate speech. The far-reaching damage potential of this disregard is demonstrated on the case of Dieudonné, a notorious French antisemitic comic who has masterfully exploited humor to expose large audiences to hateful content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes "gauging" as an unrecognized and useful research purpose for public administration. Unlike an explanatory research purpose, which uses an experimental logic and hypotheses, gauging incorporates a logic of rating and frameworks like standards. It is used in normative assessments such as accreditation, process evaluation, and regulatory policy. We argue that it should be part of public administration's research tradition because it is widespread in public administration, links to applied research and practice, provides summative and formative assessment, connects evidence to the logic of law, and draws on pragmatism as a link to theory and mixed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The impact of news on society has highlighted the great importance of discussing the rules in the field of information and setting limits in this regard. The purpose of this article is to examine the limits of information in the field of communications. Methods: Using a descriptive-analytical method, the limitations of information dissemination and news dissemination, including truth and falsehood, the spread of pornography, distortion of news, oppression and injustice, etc., are examined so that the rulings related to the laws of information dissemination in the media can be examined and researched in an interdisciplinary manner. Results: Undoubtedly, the media and information tools play an important role in the awareness of the people of the society, and the rules for the society's exposure to various news and information must be regulated in accordance with the rulings of the media. The purpose of media jurisprudence is to create a framework and set of regulations regarding the media based on Imamiyya jurisprudence. A jurisprudential view of the functions of the media allows for further clarification of the concepts regarding this sector. Conclusions: The results of this research indicate that there is a commonality between jurisprudence, media, and communications in terms of subject matter, scope, goals, and application, and the first principle in information dissemination is non-monopoly as long as it does not cause disruption, insecurity, or endanger the interests of the Islamic society, and it can be published only when the reliability of the news is assured. Therefore, observing the rules and restrictions will prevent irreparable moral and legal damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we take stock of the Unified Patent Court (UPC)'s approach to fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) issues in its first 16 months of operation and place this in the context of the rapidly developing international FRAND jurisprudence, where cases are increasingly focusing on FRAND rate setting. As the number of standard-essential patent actions filed in the UPC grows, developments are occurring on an almost weekly basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Are states obliged to consider future generations in their management of resources today? In anticipation of the forthcoming International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligation of States in respect of Climate Change, this Note argues that intergenerational equity constitutes a general principle of law under Article 38 of the ICJ Statute. To do this, it first defines general principles, a much-debated concept, for the purposes of this study. In Part II, it provides a brief genealogy of intergenerational equity. It then surveys multilateral agreements, international jurisprudence, and domestic law to demonstrate the international community's widespread recognition of intergenerational equity as a general principle. Finally, in Part III, it discusses the ways in which intergenerational equity may be applied by the ICJ in its forthcoming interpretation of states' environmental obligations to future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Afak of Science Journal / Āfāq li-l-ՙulūm is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper serves as a renewed call for public management scholars and public leaders in liberal democracies to be the champions of accountability standards that are explicitly and implicitly inherent to liberal democratic forms of governance. This call is particularly salient amid increasing populism, polarization, and democratic backsliding. Drawing from the historical and contemporary political and legal philosophies of small‐l liberalism and democracy advanced throughout the ages, we define a set of seven liberal democratic accountability standards focusing on matters of authority, rights, tolerance, truth claims, and professional deference. We then consider how these standards relate to some of public administration and management's ongoing considerations of the politics‐administration dichotomy, citizen engagement, and network governance, and make the case for more explicit focus on liberal democratic accountability standards in public management scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Urologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Die Unternehmensbesteuerung (Ubg) is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the mayor and local and central public authorities. The analysis is made taking into account the post-December evolution of the executive public authority, respectively the mayor, in the context of the normative acts that have appeared and taking into account the relevant jurisprudence and doctrine in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how legal principles make legal and sub-legal regulation in society. And more specifically how the principles of equality intervene to protect the interests of members of society. Legal principles are an inseparable and essential part of law and justice. When dealing with cases of changing the structures of rights, in other words, a restructuring of their scheme, it must be borne in mind that if we want to increase the expectations of a certain group, we cannot lower the expectations of another group. This entire process is done in accordance with legal principles, and in particular with the principles of equality. As is known, philosophy and the philosophy of law as its branch, are sciences that deal with the ontological and epistemological interpretation and understanding of legal principles and the principle of equality. During the paper, we will focus on the analysis that legal philosophers such as John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin make of legal principles and the principle of equality seen in several different elements. The approach they have to the principle of equality will be examined, where their positions are united and where they are divided. Both philosophers make a categorization of the principle of equality based on different reference criteria. How are the positions of Rawls and Dworkin viewed by other researchers? Do their ideas match today's society or can we say that they have built "universal principles", where we all refer to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding rates in Vietnam, and globally, remain suboptimal. A major contributor to this is the aggressive marketing of commercial milk formulas (CMF), mainly through online media. The Vietnamese Government has implemented legal measures to limit CMF marketing, but these have been difficult to enforce, because of complex online environments. We aimed to quantify the extent and nature of online violations and contradictions in various Vietnamese laws related CMF marketing over 12 months in 2022. Using a cross‐sectional study design, we used an artificial intelligence‐enabled virtual violations detector (VIVID) to monitor official websites and social media pages of 25 breastmilk substitute (BMS) merchandise and distributors, every day for 12 months in 2022. Data were summarised descriptively. We detected more than 3000 online advertisements that violated or contradicted the intent of Vietnamese laws, involving almost 7000 violations of various articles within these laws (average 9.5 violations per day). More than 700 detections were related to CMF products being registered as "supplementary foods" or similar, thereby circumventing Vietnamese CMF marketing laws, because they are not registered as "BMS products. We demonstrate the need to strengthen the design, monitoring and enforcement of existing Vietnamese laws to eliminate mothers" exposure to the exploitative digital marketing of CMF. By turning a highly resource‐intensive task into one that is, automated requiring substantially less resources, our study represents the most comprehensive in Vietnam and internationally on the extent and nature of the online marketing of BMS. VIVID can be applied worldwide to hold industry accountable for the inappropriate marketing of CMF. Key messages: We present the first ever artificial intelligence‐enabled system for improving the implementation of national laws related to the digital marketing of commercial milk formulas (CMF).Using Vietnam to apply the system, we detected more than 3000 online advertisements that violated or contradicted the intent of current Vietnamese laws over a 12‐month period.Our findings demonstrate the need to strengthen the design, monitoring and enforcement of existing Vietnamese laws to eliminate mothers' exposure to the exploitative digital marketing of CMF.These findings should be considered by the Vietnamese Government as they review Advertising and Food Safety Laws.The virtual violations detector can be applied worldwide to help governments hold the industry accountable for the inappropriate digital marketing of CMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opioids have been used both medicinally and recreationally since ancient times. While their recreational functions have long since been denounced, their medicinal value remains legitimate. Yet, since the pain management revolution began in the mid-1990s, many Americans have become opioid-dependent--fueling an illicit drug market and costing many lives. The tragedy that is today's opioid epidemic has prompted robust federal and state legislative and regulatory interventions in both the legal and illicit opioid markets--albeit with mixed success. As these initiatives have been slow to quell the opioid crisis, public nuisance claims have taken center stage. After the Big Tobacco litigation invoked the common law doctrine and ultimately resulted in the historic Master Settlement Agreement, public nuisance captured the attention of state governmental entities in the firearm and lead paint industries. Those litigations produced varying results among the states. While some courts properly rejected the novel application of public nuisance to the manufacture, sale, and distribution of lawful products, others permitted claims to survive past the motion to dismiss stage, prompting product manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to agree to exorbitant settlements. Perhaps unsurprisingly then, the legal theory has gained popularity in claims against deeppocketed opioid industry actors. However, like the tobacco, firearm, and lead paint industries, public nuisance does not fit within the historically recognized definition of public nuisance, which has long been understood as being limited to unlawful activities and real property contexts. In addition to being, at best, unorthodox and novel, and at worst, legally deficient and unsupported by history and precedent, public nuisance is a poor vehicle to address a national, highly political problem--particularly in the legal prescription drug market, which touts many benefits and is already heavily regulated by the duly elected members of the legislative and executive branches of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a review of David Dyzenhaus' The Long Arc of Legality, a book which is intended to provide a theory of legality that is not founded on coercion or command. Dyzenhaus focuses on H.L.A Hart and Hans Kelsen but he spends much of his effort on Hobbes' legal thinking. It is not an easy book to read and one may not always agree with Dyzenhaus, but The Long Arc of Legality is a book well worth the effort to read. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Derechos y Libertades is the property of Dykinson SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Derechos y Libertades is the property of Dykinson SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of "considered concept"(Itibariat) in Jurisprudence and Interpretation is a fundamental study. It aims to explain the nature and elements of "Itibariat" from the point of view of Interpretation and Jurisprudence. The exchange between these two sciences in the employment of "considered concepts and findings" in inference and ijtihad is based on the explanation of the nature and elements of the Itibariat. In the analysis of the nature of Itibariat, despite the differences, there are many commonalities between commentators and jurists. The commentators in "Ayat alAhkam" have used jurisprudential findings to understand the ultimate meaning of the verses. The jurists also use different aspects of Itibariat and metaphor in attribution to Quranic verses and reasoning. For the development of jurisprudential understanding, they benefit from the commentators’ Itibariat considerations and attitudes. Many differences in viewpoints and differences in interpretive and jurisprudential attitudes are due to differences in Itibariat, especially the theoretical foundations of the formation of Itibariat; As far as many misapprehensions in the interpretation of Ayat al-Ahkam have been influenced by interpretive sources and foundations. The scope of these differences, without being criticized and analyzed, enters jurisprudential inference and ijtihad. Whereas the influence of jurisprudential sources on commentators is minimal. However, in the late centuries and the current era, due to the theoretical progress of jurisprudence analysis, in many cases, commentators have also been influenced by the opinions of jurists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of condition is an old and well-known principle in jurisprudence and law of Iran and most of its varieties are scrutinized by jurists and lawyers. However, the term Ertekazi condition is not only a new combination in jurisprudence and law but also has uncertainties unique to its concept. Ertekazi condition refers to constant condition in the minds of contractors which is not being discussed prior or after the contract. Furthermore, such uncertainties make the conceptualization of the condition more difficult to understand in relation to the rules governing it, and how similar it is to the other conditions is also under question. This study aims to explain the nature of these conditions to prove that the credibility of such conditions is as valid as other authorized conditions, which includes all evidence of the fulfillment of the obligation. Finally, regarding this condition, some of its problems and required rules will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various theories about the content of authoritative evidence of "the presumption of relegious Innocence" (al-Barā’a al-Shar‘īyya). In the last two centuries, theorizing about the contents of the "Authorized Conjectural evidence (alAmarat al-Sharʿiyyah)" and "Practical Principles (al-usul al-'amaliyya)" has gained special importance in studies and research on the Principles Of Jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh). Despite this, the share of practical principles -with the exception of Asala al-Istishab (Principle of Continuity)- has been insignificant in these discussions. This article attempts to fill this gap regarding the "the presumption of religious innocence" . For this purpose, through efforts to carefully examine the evidence of "presumption of religious innocence," "the sayings of scholars of usul al-fiqh," and with an innovative methodology, eight theories were extracted and formulated.These eight theories have been explained and analyzed in three categories: "Raf~ basis," "Legislate and establish the Mandatory Rule (al-hukm al-Taklifi)," and "recommendate (al-Emza)," and approval (al-Ershad)." Finally, the theory of "Removing the necessity of precaution" was recognized as the least defective theory, with amendments and additions, and under the new title "Not legislating precaution." Of course, Some advantages and capacities of other theories were also used in explaining the details of the chosen theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the new topics having great potential for application in various sciences, including jurisprudence, is the phenomenon of artificial intelligence. As artificial intelligence has created new capabilities in the analysis and control of human behavior and has had a tremendous impact on the individual and social life of human beings, new questions have been raised about the relationship of this phenomenon to the objectives of holy law. Therefore, despite the theoretical novelty of the subject, the need to understand the phenomenon of artificial intelligence and also to explain how it relates to the humanities and Islamic sciences is of great importance. Considering the importance of the discussion, the present research, utilizing a problem-oriented framework and using a descriptive-analytical method, has studied the types of interaction of the aforementioned phenomenon with one of the most important branches of theological sciences (jurisprudence or Islamic law). It concludes, by providing various evidence, that jurisprudence can use artificial intelligence data in at least three areas: 1 - The thematic study of jurisprudential issues. 2 - The context of the consistency of jurisprudence with moral teachings. 3 - The field of understanding the needs and requirements of new and emerging issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtue theory has occupied a place of relative prominence within the Christian intellectual tradition. But there is a problem facing it: how one contemplates the virtues and vices will ultimately depend upon deeper accounts of the good and the right. Accordingly, virtue theory is incomplete, at least when taken by itself. Our task in this paper is to show that neither of the standard approaches to explaining the metaphysical foundations of morality within the Christian tradition—natural law theory and divine command theory—are sufficient to fix this incompleteness. We thus propose a combination of natural law theory and divine command theory to remedy the matter. The upshot of our argument, then, is this: what counts as a virtue ultimately depends upon the natural law and divine commands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we best deploy law so as to have positive effects in the social world? This question is at the heart of legal scholarship. In this lecture, I revisit a familiar and widely researched aspect of contemporary legal reality – expanding and increasingly complex regulatory frameworks in criminal law and abutting areas of governance – to ask how we might best pursue the project of constraining, rationalising or even reversing these developments to improve their social impact. I suggest that the research evidence points towards giving greater attention to the language framing legal or other regulatory standards, and argue that we should pay attention to the coordinating and communicative potential of legal institutionalisations of ideas which find their primary reference point in extra‐legal discourse. Such concepts have played a key role in the common law, and occupy a central position in legal philosophy, yet until recently their practical importance in shaping legal governance has been eclipsed by concern with the institutional frameworks and vectors of interest within which legal regimes co‐evolve. I argue that scholarship on the development of law amid the interplay of interests and institutional frameworks itself suggests that ideas should hold a key place in the legal imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Andalus journal for Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Alandalus University for Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and legal aspects of assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory legal acts as a basis for its application in the field of defense. The essence and differences of the main related concepts are revealed: "effectiveness of the implementation of legislation", "effectiveness of law", "effectiveness of legal act", "effective law". It is determined that the implementation of law is a component of the action of law, which directly affects the degree of effectiveness of a regulatory legal act. The conditions, factors and factors that affect the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory legal acts are considered. It is determined that the most widespread in the theory of legal monitoring are the ideas of assessing the social effectiveness of legislation, given the main goal of the regulatory legal act - ensuring the social needs of society. Therefore, the key factor in it is the establishment of the social effect of the introduction of the law into force, the possibility of its improvement and consolidation of the achieved positive effect by legal means. The legal category "assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory legal acts" is considered as a stage and tool of legal monitoring. The regulatory and legal framework for implementing legal monitoring in Ukraine in general and assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory and legal acts, in particular, are analyzed. The main approaches to implementing legal monitoring are reviewed, which can be based both on preplanned general monitoring and on issues that have arisen in practice and require resolution. The general issues of implementing legal monitoring by executive authorities, including the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, which is the main subject of law-making activity in the military sphere, defense and military construction, are outlined. As a conclusion, the need to improve the institutional and legal capabilities of state institutions, the main function of which will be the organization and implementation of legal monitoring in the relevant sphere, including the defense sphere, is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical and legal approaches to the classification of sanctions are systematized concepts used to analyze, define, and structure sanctions within a legal framework. These approaches are based on legal theory and help organize various types of sanctions depending on specific criteria. This article discusses theoretical and legal approaches to sanction classification in the legal system, emphasizing the importance of their application in law enforcement and legal accountability. Key approaches to sanction classification include distinctions based on the nature of enforcement measures and the bodies applying them, as well as the methods of maintaining legal order. Sanctions are categorized into criminal, administrative, and disciplinary sanctions, with criminal sanctions being the most severe, applied by the court for serious offenses, including imprisonment. Administrative sanctions, which are less severe, aim to maintain public order without overburdening the judicial system and are applied by authorized state bodies or officials. Disciplinary sanctions, unlike criminal and administrative ones, are applied by the administration of an organization and serve as an internal control mechanism within institutions to maintain professionalism and ethical standards. Sanctions are further divided into restorative and punitive (penal) categories. Restorative sanctions aim to restore the original state, rights, or compensate for damages caused by the violation. Punitive sanctions, on the other hand, focus on punishing the violator, preventing future offenses, and deterring others, emphasizing justice and responsibility over restoring the previous state. The approaches outlined in the article enable the differentiation of sanctions based on different characteristics and objectives, ensuring their correct and effective application in specific legal situations. Systematized approaches to sanction classification improve the effectiveness of legal responsibility and transparency in legal processes, especially in criminal and administrative cases. Additionally, the article analyzes Ukrainian publications on sanction classification approaches, providing insight into the current state of Ukrainian scholarly thought on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and legal aspects of assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory legal acts as a basis for its application in the field of defense. The essence and differences of the main related concepts are revealed: "effectiveness of the implementation of legislation", "effectiveness of law", "effectiveness of legal act", "effective law". It is determined that the implementation of law is a component of the action of law, which directly affects the degree of effectiveness of a regulatory legal act. The conditions, factors and factors that affect the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory legal acts are considered. It is determined that the most widespread in the theory of legal monitoring are the ideas of assessing the social effectiveness of legislation, given the main goal of the regulatory legal act - ensuring the social needs of society. Therefore, the key factor in it is the establishment of the social effect of the introduction of the law into force, the possibility of its improvement and consolidation of the achieved positive effect by legal means. The legal category "assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory legal acts" is considered as a stage and tool of legal monitoring. The regulatory and legal framework for implementing legal monitoring in Ukraine in general and assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory and legal acts, in particular, are analyzed. The main approaches to implementing legal monitoring are reviewed, which can be based both on preplanned general monitoring and on issues that have arisen in practice and require resolution. The general issues of implementing legal monitoring by executive authorities, including the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, which is the main subject of law-making activity in the military sphere, defense and military construction, are outlined. As a conclusion, the need to improve the institutional and legal capabilities of state institutions, the main function of which will be the organization and implementation of legal monitoring in the relevant sphere, including the defense sphere, is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Lon Fuller is best remembered for his contributions to the fields of general jurisprudence and contract law, his work in each has long been seen as unrelated to the other. This Article shows that in a significantly underappreciated body of work, Fuller did connect the two and, in the process, developed the outlines of a robust theory of private law, best characterized as "interactional ordering." Driven by Fuller's efforts to develop a jurisprudence of form that was derived from conventionalism and natural law thinking, interactional ordering sees all normativity as originating in horizontal interactions between individuals in society, seeking to realize their freedom socially. This horizontal normativity forms the very substantive and structural basis for the common law as a mechanism of enforcement, and emerges as the principal end that all other forms of legal and social ordering are ultimately structured around. This Article reconstructs the central tenets of interactional ordering from Fuller's work and shows how it represents a sophisticated account of how private law normativity operates, one that abjures commitments to both Legal Positivism and Legal Realism, a move that was central to Fuller's overall jurisprudential worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of BALAGH - Journal of Islamic & Humanities Studies is the property of BALAGH - Journal of Islamic & Humanities Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traditional theories of civil liability are not able to cover the damage caused by natural disasters, since the government has no role in causing them. The fluid nature of civil responsibility has caused the vast transformations created in the industrial and technological field to create new civil responsibilities, with the description of the absence of any element of fault in the occurrence of damage. The government, which holds the public power on behalf of the people, cannot be indifferent to the enormous amount of damage caused by natural disasters. In terms of the theoretical foundations of public law, theories of the welfare state and social solidarity, which provide the minimums of an ordinary life, which are severely disrupted in such disasters, can be inspired by the new political and legal philosophy of the government, the foundations of civil responsibility without the fault of the government. In jurisprudence, the constitution and ordinary laws, we deal with cases where the government is obligated to compensate the victims without any fault, and civil liability has been established without the fault of the government. By revising the jurisprudence rulings and current laws, whose philosophy is not to leave damages without compensation, and extending it to the damages caused by natural disasters, it is possible to consider the government's civil responsibility in such cases. But because the government's civil liability in these cases must be provided from the public budget, the damage restoration system should be the prevailing system, not the full compensation system; That is, the factor of the loss, the state of the victims and the economic conditions of the government should be taken into account when compensating for the damage. The establishment of the general insurance fund for natural disasters with the participation of the public and the support of the government, in terms of the success of the insurance industry in similar cases (traffic accidents), is the main solution to compensation for damages caused by natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that everyday practices crucial for ensuring politically engaged citizens such as sharing news articles or deliberating about potential laws can also be responsible for undermining the state's efforts to publicize the law. Theorists view publicity—a requirement that laws should be public and accessible—as having crucial normative and practical importance in liberal democracy and, more broadly, in ensuring the rule of law. Due to egalitarian concerns, laws are often long, complex, and specific to ensure that street-level bureaucrats exercise low levels of discretion in applying the law. This—what I deem the institutional publicity problem—means that the law is so inaccessible that busy, everyday citizens must turn to third-party sources to understand policymaking. These intermediaries often make mistakes promulgating the law. Misinformation is hard to counteract, and pre-existing beliefs affect information acceptance. This all represents a behavioral publicity problem: morally and legally permissible actions can complicate and undermine reasonable efforts of citizens to learn about the law. I argue that the state is caught between a rock and a hard place. While there are benefits to having the state fight against misinformation, it also raises serious concerns about democratic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Legal entities, according to contemporary legal theory, have general legal and business capacity, just like natural persons. Consequently, legal entities are subject to both criminal and civil liability, whether contractual or tortious in nature. However, it cannot be overlooked that certain actions or omissions of required actions on behalf of and for the account of legal entities are always carried out by natural persons, and they too must be held accountable. The aim of the authors in this paper is to define the circle of responsible persons who perform legal actions on behalf of and for the account of legal entities, as well as to examine the nature and legal regime of their liability. Specifically, the paper seeks to answer the question of how the criminal liability of natural persons for the actions and omissions of legal entities is manifested, and how the issue of civil liability is regulated. In doing so, the authors will also use a comparative legal method, comparing two legal systems: the Latvian legal system, as a member state of the European Union, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, or its entities, the Republic of Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have candidate status for EU membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]