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Background and Objectives:Radical Nephrectomy (RN) is a standard treatment modality for localized Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), and recently laparoscopic RN is coming popular for RCC treatment. The advantages of retroperitoneal laparoscopy to the intraperitoneal approach include less visceral and vascular injury, easier access to renal vessels and no peritoneal seeding. Accordingly that in our country intraperitoneal approach is known as a common option, we decided to report our experience in retroperitoneal laparoscopic RN in these patients. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 12 patients (6 male and 6 female) with 3-11 cm renal masses who were hospitalized from 2008 to 2012, underwent the retroperitoneal laparoscopic RN with hand assisted intact kidney removal by Gibson incision, assessed for local recurrence, perioperative hemorrhage and other postoperative complications. Results: Mean operation time was 193 ± 32 min with during operation blood loss of 162 ± 48 ml. Post operation hospital stay was 2-5 days. Conversion to open surgery was not required. There was no blood transfusion during and post operation. No major complication occurred. At mean 47.5 ± 18 months fallow up local recurrence was not seen. Conclusion: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic RN has become safe, simplified and effective although not easy. Complications, blood loss, hospital stay and convalescence times are low, therefore this approach is a good option for selected case of renal mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidemia and increased degree of oxidative stress are among the important risk factors for Atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients (RTR). The Medical treatment of hyperlipidemia in RTR because of drugs side effects has been problematic, therefore alternative methods such as using of Garlic as an effective material in cholesterol lowering and inhibition of LDL Oxidation has been noted. For evaluation of garlic effect on RTR, 50 renal transplant patients with stable renal function were selected and divided into 2 groups. They took one clove of garlic (1 gr) by chewing or swallowing for two months, after one month wash-out period, they took garlic by the other route. Results indicated that although lipid profile, BUN, Cr, serum levels of cyclosporine and diastolic blood pressure did not change, Systolic blood pressure decreased from 138.2 to 132.8 mmHg (p=0.001) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased from 2.4 to 1.7 nmol/ml (p=0.009) by swallowing route, Cholesterol decreased from 205.1 to 195.3 mg/dl (p=0.03), triglyceride decreased from 195.7 to 174.8 mg/dl (p=0.008), MDA decreased from 2.5 to 1.6 nmol/ml (p=0.001), systolic blood pressure decreased from 137.5 to 129.8 mmHg (p=0.001), diastolic blood pressure decreased from 84.6 to 77.6 mmHg (p=0.001) and Cr decreased from 1.51 to 1.44 mg/dl (p=0.03) by chewing route too. However HDL, LDL and cyclosporine serum levels had no significant differences by both of swallowing and chewing routes. We conclude that undamaged garlic (swallowed) had no lowering effect on lipid level of serum. But Crushed garlic (chewed) reduces cholesterol, triglyceride, MDA and blood pressure. Additionally creatinine reduced without notable decrease in cyclosporine serum levels may be due to cyclosporine nephrotoxicity ameliorating effect of garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]