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We demonstrated that 19 out of 20 RNA residues in the guide region of crRNA can be replaced with DNA residues with high GC-contents. The cellular activity of the chimeric crRNAs to disrupt the target gene was comparable to that of the native crRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several ginsenoside (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg3) are neuroprotective and antinociceptive agents. In this study, we assessed the effects of these ginsenosides following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration on the nociceptive behaviors induced by intrathecal injection of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)). The ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1, significantly attenuated the nociceptive behavior induced by TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ injection, but ginsenoside-Rg3 did not. These results suggest that several ginsenosides may regulate the nociceptive processing induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]