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Summary: Barsky and Sims (2012, AER) demonstrated, via indirect inference, that confidence innovations can be viewed as noisy signals about medium‐term economic growth. They highlighted that the connection between confidence and subsequent activity, such as consumption and output, is primarily driven by news shocks about the future. We expand upon their research by incorporating the Great Recession and ZLB episodes, during which animal spirits have a greater potential to influence economic activity. Nevertheless, we confirm the main finding of Barsky and Sims (2012) that this relationship is predominantly driven by news about the future rather than animal spirits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several dietary patterns are reported as risk factors for several chronic diseases including oral diseases. However, thus far, there has been no comprehensive quantitative analysis of nutrition and periodontal diseases. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies were eligible for inclusion in this study. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to qualitatively assess the risk of bias in the included studies. The number of samples was used for odds ratio calculation, followed by the unadjusted value and 95% confidence interval. Results: Nine papers were included for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of screening for database search records showed that four diet patterns (western diet, dairy product intake, sugar intake, and vitamin C intake) have enough data for meta-analysis. The risk of periodontal disease in the western-diet group and the lowest dairy product intake group was 1.05 (0.51–2.13) and 1.28 (0.89–1.84), respectively. The risk of periodontal disease in the highest sugar intake group and the lowest vitamin C intake group was 1.52 (0.79–2.91) and 1.15 (1.08–1.23), respectively. Conclusions: With aging of the population globally, the prevalence of periodontal disease increases, and the associated cost also increases. Though this study, we found foods related to the risk of periodontal disease, and we are confident that it will contribute to lowering the incidence of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of pine needles over HBeta catalysts with different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios (25 and 300) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. TGA showed that the main decomposition of pine needles occurred between 150 and 550 °C. The catalytic DTG curves revealed the same decomposition temperature region as the non-catalytic TG curve of pine needles. Pyrolyzergas chromatography/mass spectrometry suggested that the effective catalytic conversion of pyrolyzate intermediates and other hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons can be achieved using HBeta catalysts at 600 °C. HBeta(25) produced a larger amount of aromatic hydrocarbons than HBeta(300) because of its higher acid amounts. By increasing the reaction temperature from 500 to 700 °C, the formation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEXs) and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was increased with a concomitant decrease in phenolics and other oxygenates. The formation efficiency of BTEXs was increased further by increasing the catalyst loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lee, J.; Jeong, Y.-M.; Jeong, J., and Hur, D.-S., 2023. An experimental study on the effect of cross-sectional changes in rigid and flexible submerged vegetation on beach erosion control. In: Lee, J.L.; Lee, H.; Min, B.I.; Chang, J.-I.; Cho, G.T.; Yoon, J.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Management. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 116, pp. 643-647. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal erosion is a global problem that is difficult to solve, caused by phenomena such as rising sea levels and the influx of high waves. Structures such as groins and offshore breakwaters are primarily used to address these challenges, and research on several alternatives, such as beach drainage systems and vegetation, is increasing. In this study, a hydraulic experiment was conducted to investigate the reduction of beach erosion using submerged vegetation, and to analyze the effect of rigid and flexible submerged vegetation on beach profile changes. We applied density, width, and multirow arrangement conditions to each rigid and flexible vegetation to analyze the beach profile changes incurred by the variation in the cross-section of the vegetation zone. The results revealed that the amount of beach erosion decreased compared to the absence of vegetation. The beach erosion caused by the change in the cross-section of the vegetation zone showed a similar tendency in both vegetation types. The experimental results showed that beach erosion decreased as the density and width of both the rigid and flexible vegetation increased. No significant difference was observed in the amount of beach erosion according to the multirow arrangement conditions when the vegetation zone width was identical. The amount of beach erosion decreased by 15%–79% for rigid vegetation and 5%–85% for flexible vegetation compared to the absence of vegetation owing to the incident waves and cross-section conditions of the vegetation zone. Consequently, the implementation of rigid and flexible submerged vegetation is assumed to decrease the amount of beach erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phased arrays are widely used due to their low power and small area usage. However, phased arrays depend on the narrowband assumption and, therefore, are not suitable for high-bandwidth applications. Emerging communication standards require increasingly higher bandwidths for improved data rates, which results in a need for timed arrays. However, high power consumption and large area requirements are drawbacks of radio frequency (RF) timed arrays. To resolve these issues, we introduce the first true-time-delay digital beamforming IC, which eliminates beam squinting error by adopting a baseband true-time-delay technique. Furthermore, we present a constant output impedance current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which improves the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of a bandpass delta–sigma modulator by 7 dB. Due to the new DAC architecture, the 16-element beamformer improves SFDR by 13.7 dB from the array. Measured error vector magnitudes (EVMs) are better than 37 dB for 5-MBd quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM)-64, QAM-256, and QAM-512. The prototype beamformer achieves nearly ideal beam patterns for both conventional and adaptive beamforming (i.e., adaptive nulling and tapering). The difference between normalized measured beam patterns and normalized simulated beam patterns is less than 1 dB within the 3-dB beamwidth. The beamformer, including 16 bandpass analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) occupies 0.29 mm2 and consumes 453 mW in total power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1 GHz intermediate frequency, 16-element, 4-beam digital beamformer facilitates multi-in multi-out, 5G mobile, and other emerging communication standards. Digital beamforming has been limited by high power consumption, large die area, and the need for a large number of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The proposed digital beamformer addresses these issues by combining interleaved bit stream processing (IL-BSP) with power- and area-efficient continuous-time bandpass delta-sigma modulators (CTBPDSMs). Compared to conventional DSP, IL-BSP reduces both power and area by 80%. The new CTBPDSM architecture reduces ADC area by 67% and the energy per conversion by 43% with a power- and area-efficient three-stage nested $G_{m} - {C}$ op-amp and a passive summer. With an 11.2 dB array gain, the digital beamformer achieves a 58.5 dB signal to noise and distortion ratio and a 59.6 dB SNR over a 100 MHz bandwidth. Thanks to the accurate digitization and digital processing, the measured beam patterns of the four simultaneous beams are near ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an ADC-digital codesign approach to IF sampling digital beamforming (DBF) that combines continuous-time bandpass \Delta \Sigma modulators (CTBPDSMs) and bit-stream processing (BSP). This approach enables power- and area-efficient DBF by removing the need for digital multipliers and multiple decimators. The prototype beamformer digitizes eight 260 MHz IF signals at 1040 MS/s with eight CTBPDSMs, and performs digital down conversion and phase shifting with only multiplexers directly on the undecimated CTBPDSM outputs. With two sets of phase shifters, the prototype simultaneously forms two independent beams. Each phase shifter is controlled by a 12 bit programmable complex weight to provide a total of 240 phase-shift steps. By constructively combining inputs from eight elements, an 8.9 dB SNDR improvement is achieved, resulting in an array SNDR of 63.3 dB over a 10 MHz bandwidth. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the eight-element two-beam prototype beamformer is the first IC implementation of IF sampling DBF. It occupies \text0.28\;\textmm^ 2, and consumes 123.7 mW. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) promises treatment of many neurological disorders, an implantable system-on-chip (SoC) implementing an effective closed-loop DBS algorithm has not been demonstrated. This work introduces a logarithmic, closed-loop DBS system that detects and processes low-frequency brain field signals to control and adapt stimulation currents. The system records and processes neural signals with four low-noise neural amplifier (LNA) channels, a multiplexed logarithmic ADC, and two high-pass and two low-pass digital logarithmic filters. Logarithmic processing saves power and achieves high dynamic range. A logarithmic domain digital signal processor (DSP) and PI-controller controls eight current stimulator channels and enables closed-loop stimulation. An RF transceiver, a clock generator, and a power harvester are also included in the system to achieve a complete implantable SoC. The 4 mm^2 180 nm CMOS prototype consumes a total of 468 \muW for recording and processing neural signals, for stimulation, and for two-way wireless communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 800 MS/s low power fourth-order continuous-time bandpass ΔΣ modulator (CTBPDSM) with 24 MHz bandwidth at a 200 MHz IF uses a novel power-efficient resonator with a single amplifier as a loopfilter. The single op-amp resonator employs positive feedback to increase the Q-factor. A new fourth-order architecture is introduced for system simplicity and power efficiency. Reducing the number of feedback DACs lowers the power consumption and simplifies the modulator structure. A prototype ADC achieves 58 dB SNDR, 60 dB DR and 65 dB IM3, with a total power consumption of 12 mW. The total die area in 65 nm CMOS is 0.2 mm². [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we propose a new joint-based assembly modeling method. In joint-based assembly modeling, the assembly constraints are specified on the components, but not on the geometric elements of the components. The proposed method generates assembly models from kinematic joint constraints by applying three procedures (1) to extract all feasible JMFs (Joint Mating Feature) for each mating component using information on joint constraints, (2) to derive mating alternatives for each pair of mating components after reducing the number of JMFs using the pruning criteria, and (3) to generate an assembly model by choosing the intended one from the mating alternatives for each pair of mating components and solving the JMF constraints. Since the joint constraints are expressed in terms of the relations between components rather than relations between geometric elements, the proposed method is more intuitive and natural for assembly modeling and supports modeling activities effectively by minimizing user interactions. By using joint mating constraints for assembly modeling, moreover, the kinematic behaviors of assemblies determined in the conceptual design stage can be directly applied and consistently maintained up to the detailed design stage. In the proposed method, it is also not necessary to re-input the mating constraints even when the component topology is changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitive biosensors are manufactured on glass slides using the semiconductor process to monitor cell growth and cell–drug interactions in real time. Capacitance signals are continuously monitored for each 10 min interval during a 48 h period, with the variations of frequency from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The capacitance values showed a gradual increase with the increase in NIH 3T3 cell numbers. After 48 h of growth, 6.67 μg/mL puromycin is injected for the monitoring of the cell–drug interaction. The capacitance values rapidly increased during a period of about 10 h, reflecting the rapid increase in the cell numbers. In this study, we monitored the state of cells and the cell–drug interactions using the developed capacitive biosensor. Additionally, we monitored the state of cell behavior using a JuLiTM Br&FL microscope. The monitoring of cell state by means of a capacitive biosensor is more sensitive than confluence measuring using a JuLiTM Br&FL microscope image. The developed capacitive biosensor could be applied in a wide range of bio-medical areas; for example, non-destructive real-time cell growth and cell–drug interaction monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of pinecone over HY catalysts, HY(30; SiO2/Al2O3), HY(60), and 1% Ni/HY(30), was studied by TGA and Py-GC/MS. Thermal and catalytic TGA indicated that the main decomposition temperature region of pinecone, from 200 to 400 °C, was not changed using HY catalysts. On the other hand, the DTG peak heights were differentiated by the additional use of HY catalysts. Py-GC/MS analysis showed that the efficient conversion of phenols and other oxygenates formed from the pyrolysis of pinecone to aromatic hydrocarbons could be achieved using HY catalysts. Of the HY catalysts assessed, HY(30), showed higher efficiency in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons than HY(60) because of its higher acidity. The aromatic hydrocarbon production was increased further by increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 500 to 600 °C and increasing the amount of catalyst due to the enhanced cracking ability and overall acidity. The use of 1% Ni/HY(30) also increased the amount of monoaromatic hydrocarbons compared to the use of HY(30) due to the additional role of Ni in enhancing the deoxygenation and aromatization of reaction intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that, among the various subclasses of carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars, the outer halo of the Milky Way exhibits a higher frequency of CEMP-no stars (those having no over-abundances of heavy neutron-capture elements) compared with the CEMP- s stars (those with over-enhancements of the s -process elements), while the inner halo shows a higher frequency of CEMP- s stars. We map out fractions of CEMP-no and CEMP- s stars in the inner- and outer-halo populations, separated by their spatial distribution of carbonicity ([C/Fe]), a so-called "carbonicity map", based on a sample of over 100,000 main-sequence turnoff stars with available spectroscopy from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The CEMP-no and CEMP- s objects are classified by different levels of absolute carbon abundances for our sample, A (C). We also present kinematic and orbital characteristics of these subclasses for each population. The contrast appearing in these characteristics provides critical constraints on the assembly history of the two primary stellar components of the Galactic halo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]