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Spinal cord ischemic-reperfusion injury (SCIRI) could occurs during surgical procedures without detection, presenting a complex course and an unfavorable prognosis. This may lead to postoperative sensory or motor dysfunction in areas innervated by the spinal cord, and in some cases, permanent paralysis. Timely detection of SCIRI and immediate waring can help surgeons implement remedial intervention to prevent irreversible spinal cord injury. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a precise and effective method for early detection of SCIRI. This study utilized rat models to simulate intraoperative SCIRI and employed somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) for continuous monitoring during surgery. In this study, SEP signal changes were examined in six groups with varying severities of SCIRI and one normal control group. SEP signal changes were examined during operations in different groups and correlated with postoperative behavioral and histopathological data. The result demonstrated specific changes in SEP signals during SCIRI, termed as time-varying characteristics, which are associated with the duration of ischemia and subsequent reperfusion. Timevarying characteristics in SEP could potentially serve as a new biomarker for the intraoperative detection of SCIRI. This finding is significant for clinical surgeons to identify and guide early intervention of SCIRI timely. Additionally, this measurement is easily translatable to clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody (SCT200) and an anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody (SCT-I10A) as third-line or subsequent therapies in patients with rat sarcoma viral oncogene (RAS)/v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) wild-type (wt) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Methods: We conducted a multicenter, open-label, phase Ib clinical trial. Patients with histologically confirmed RAS/BRAF wt mCRC with more than two lines of treatment were enrolled and treated with SCT-I10A and SCT200. The primary endpoints were the objective response rate (ORR) and safety. The secondary endpoints included disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: Twenty-one patients were enrolled in the study through January 28, 2023. The ORR was 28.57% and the DCR was 85.71% (18/21). The median PFS and OS were 4.14 and 12.84 months, respectively. The treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were tolerable. Moreover, compared with the monotherapy cohort from our previous phase I study evaluating SCT200 for RAS/BRAF wt mCRC in a third-line setting, no significant improvements in PFS and OS were observed in the combination group. Conclusions: SCT200 combined with SCT-I10A demonstrated promising efficacy in previously treated RAS/BRAF wt mCRC patients with an acceptable safety profile. Further head-to-head studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate whether the efficacy and safety of combined anti-EGFR and anti-PD-1 therapy are superior to anti-EGFR monotherapy in the third-line setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has triggered a current outbreak globally. Genome sequencing of MPXV and rapid tracing of genetic variants will benefit disease diagnosis and control. It is a significant challenge but necessary to optimize the strategy and application of rapid full-length genome identification and to track variations of MPXV in clinical specimens with low viral loads, as it is one of the DNA viruses with the largest genome and the most AT-biased, and has a significant number of tandem repeats. Here we evaluated the performance of metagenomic and amplicon sequencing techniques, and three sequencing platforms in MPXV genome sequencing based on multiple clinical specimens of five mpox cases in Chinese mainland. We rapidly identified the full-length genome of MPXV with the assembly of accurate tandem repeats in multiple clinical specimens. Amplicon sequencing enables cost-effective and rapid sequencing of clinical specimens to obtain high-quality MPXV genomes. Third-generation sequencing facilitates the assembly of the terminal tandem repeat regions in the monkeypox virus genome and corrects a common misassembly in published sequences. Besides, several intra-host single nucleotide variations were identified in the first imported mpox case. This study offers an evaluation of various strategies aimed at identifying the complete genome of MPXV in clinical specimens. The findings of this study will significantly enhance the surveillance of MPXV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This monograph presents a comprehensive survey of the taxonomy and evolution of multimodal foundation models that demonstrate vision and vision-language capabilities, focusing on the transition from specialist models to generalpurpose assistants. The research landscape encompasses five core topics, categorized into two classes. (i) We start with a survey of well-established research areas: multimodal foundation models pre-trained for specific purposes, including two topics – methods of learning vision backbones for visual understanding and text-to-image generation. (ii) Then, we present recent advances in exploratory, open research areas: multimodal foundation models that aim to play the role of general-purpose assistants, including three topics – unified vision models inspired by large language models (LLMs), end-to-end training of multimodal LLMs, and chaining multimodal tools with LLMs. The target audiences of the monograph are researchers, graduate students, and professionals in computer vision and vision-language multimodal communities who are eager to learn the basics and recent advances in multimodal foundation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied a double-phase eigenvalue problem with large variable exponents. Let... be the first eigenvalues and un be the first eigenfunctions, normalized by... = 1. Under some assumptions on the variable exponents pn(.) and qn(.), we showed that... converges to..., un converges to u... uniformly in the space Ca(...) (0 < a < 1) and u... is a nontrivial viscosity solution to a Dirichlet ...-Laplacian problem. Even in the case where the variable exponents reduce to the constant exponents, our work is the first one dealing with a double-phase eigenvalue problem with large exponents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate long-term daily Cloud-gap-filled fractional snow cover products are essential for climate change and snow hydrological studies in the Asia Water Tower (AWT) region, but existing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover products are not sufficient. In this study, the multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis algorithm based on automatic endmember extraction (MESMA-AGE) and the multistep spatiotemporal interpolation algorithm (MSTI) are used to produce the MODIS daily cloud-gap-filled fractional snow cover product over the AWT region (AWT MODIS FSC). The AWT MODIS FSC product have a spatial resolution of 0.005°, and spans from 2000 to 2022. The 2745 scenes of Landsat-8 images are used for the areal scale accuracy assessment. The fractional snow cover accuracy metrics, including coefficient of determination (R2 ), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) are 0.80, 0.16 and 0.10, respectively. The binarized identification accuracy metrics, including overall accuracy (OA), producer’s accuracy (PA), and user’s accuracy (UA), are 95.17%, 97.34% and 97.59%, respectively. Snow depth data observed at 175 meteorological stations are used to evaluate accuracy at point scale, yielding the following accuracy metrics: an OA of 93.26%, a PA of 84.41%, a UA of 82.14%, and a cohen’s kappa (CK) value of 0.79. Snow depth observations from meteorological stations are also used to assess the fractional snow cover resulting from different weather conditions, with an OA of 95.36% (88.96%), a PA of 87.75% (82.26%), a UA of 86.86% (78.86%) and a CK of 0.84 (0.72) under the MODIS clear sky observations (spatiotemporal reconstruction based on the MSTI algorithm). The AWT MODIS FSC product can provide quantitative spatial distribution information of snowpack for mountain hydrological models, land surface models, and numerical weather prediction in the Asia Water Tower region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of various malignancies, significantly reshaping cancer treatment. However, as a result of the widespread use of ICIs, several immune-related adverse events (iRAEs) have emerged, some of which can be rare and potentially fatal. In this paper, we reported the earliest case of Sintilimab used in the treatment of esophageal cancer with severe inflammatory myopathy (involving the cardiac, respiratory, and skeletal muscles)in China. This patient was an elderly female who presented to our institution with progressive limb weakness and ptosis. Prior to the onset of symptoms, the patient had undergone a radical esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, experienced several cycles of of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, as well as two doses of Sintilimab treatment. Shortly after initiating immunotherapy, the patient developed symptoms including bilateral ptosis, limb weakness, and difficulty swallowing and breathing. The levels of creatine kinase and troponin I in the patient's blood were significantly elevated, and positive results were observed for anti-skeletal and anti-cardiac muscle antibodies, indicating that the patient might be developing ICIs-related inflammatory myopathy. Fortunately, the patient responded well to treatment including corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and other supportive therapies. Here, we discuss the incidence, mechanisms, and management strategies of fatal iRAEs. Early detection and timely intervention may be critical in reducing the incidence and mortality rates of iRAEs and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the large time behavior of globally smooth solutions of the Cauchy problem for the three dimensional Euler-Poisson system of compressible fluids coupled to a magnetic field is studied. We prove that the smooth solutions (near a given constant equilibrium state) of the problem converge asymptotically to a stationary solution exponentially fast as t goes to ∞. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction of the change in track irregularity plays an essential role in keeping the high-speed railway safe and stable. Regular maintenance is an important measure to guarantee track smoothness, which has a great influence on the change of track state. This paper introduces the time series anomaly detection model (AD) to detect changes by tracking the difference between the mean values of two sliding time windows. These changes are taken as one of the holidays of the prophet model which is called the AD_Prophet model. Moreover, this paper proposes a multilevel residual prophet (Re-Prophet) prediction network which can make full use of the information of residual data to predict the results. The final predicted result is the sum of the value of each prediction. To explore the characteristics of the time series, the Hodrick-Prescott filter is used to explore the trend. A multi-month-wise box plot is used to explore the seasonal volatility and the wavelet transform is used to explore the cyclical variation. Based on these characteristics, the fitting model can be chosen. Finally, to verify the high accuracy of the model, the surface irregularities of the high-speed railway are used as the research objects. Compared with conventional prediction algorithms, the proposed model has the smallest prediction deviation and the highest accuracy based on the evaluation indicators such as mean squared error, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape memory properties (SMP) of long‐chain branched poly(lactic acid) (b‐PLA) vascular stent prepared through 3D‐printed technologies are studied by comparison with PLA. SMP is expected to endow vascular stent smart properties of self‐expanding stent, which could self‐expand and support the stenosis after reaching the lesion. The shape recovery rate of the b‐PLA samples at 60°C reaches to 93%, which is much higher than that of the PLA samples with 26%. The two‐cycle deformation‐recovery test of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows that the shape recovery rate of b‐PLA samples at 60°C reaches 98% in the first and second cycle, suggesting the good SMP. Meanwhile, the 3D‐printed b‐PLA vascular stent could recover to initial shape within 22 s, while the PLA vascular stent could not recover to initial shape after shape deformation at 60°C. Furthermore, Two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis (2D‐WXRD) diffraction results confirm that both PLA and b‐PLA samples exhibit two bright diffraction spots of (200)/(100) plane, and 2D‐SAXS scattering patterns changed from uniform scattering rings to the spindle‐shaped pattern after shape deformation. After shape recovery at 60°C, the 2D‐WXRD diffraction and two‐dimensional small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis (2D‐SAXS) scattering patterns of the PLA samples remain no change, while b‐PLA samples recover to initial patterns and exhibit diffuse diffraction rings and uniform scattering rings, respectively, long period (Lac) decrease and lamellae thickness (Lc) maintain constant. The above results verify the excellent SMP of b‐PLA vascular stent as well as self‐expandable properties, which mainly ascribing to the combined action of branched entanglement points and lamellae as stationary phase. Besides, cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assays, cell live/dead staining and cell nuclei/cytoskeleton staining prove the good cell compatibility of b‐PLA stent before and after SMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment for tuberculosis (TB), especiallymultidrug-resistant TB (MDRTB), has a prolonged cycle which can last up to a year. This is partially due to the lack of effective therapies. The development of novel anti-TB drugs from the perspective of host immune regulation can provide an important supplement for conventional treatment strategies. Salidroside (SAL), a bioactive component from the Tibetan medicine Rhodiola rosea, has been used in the treatment of TB, although its mechanism remains unclear. Here, the bacteriostatic effect of SAL in vivo was first demonstrated using a zebrafish-M. marinum infection model. To further investigate the underlying mechanism, we then examined the impact of SAL on immune cell recruitment during wound and infection. Increased macrophage and neutrophil infiltrations were found both in the vicinity of the wound and infection sites after SAL treatment compared with control, which might be due to the elevated chemokine expression levels after SAL treatment. SAL treatment alone was also demonstrated to improve the survival of infected zebrafish larvae, an effect that was amplified when combining SAL treatment with isoniazid or rifampicin. Interestingly, the reduced bacterial burden and improved survival rate under SAL treatment were compromised in tnfa-deficient embryos which suggests a requirement of Tnfa signaling on the anti-mycobacterial effects of SAL. In summary, this study provides not only the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the host anti-mycobacterial effects of the Tibetan medicine SAL but also proof of concept that combined application of SAL with traditional first-line anti-TB drugs could be a novel strategy to improve treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyaniline-coated magnetite/silica nanomaterials (Fe3O4@SiO2/PANI) have been synthesized and successfully applied as an effective sorbent for preconcentration of several typical organic acids from environmental water samples. The properties of Fe3O4@SiO2/PANI are characterized by FT-IR and XPS. These magnetic materials can enrich trace organic acids effectively by solid-phase extraction. Three kinds of organic acids, including benzoic acids, phthalic acids, and p-toluene sulfonic acids, are selected as target analytes for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE). Various experimental parameters of the MSPE were investigated and optimized. After the desorption process, the elution is detected by the UV-visible spectrophotometer. The spectroscopic data are analyzed through the partial least squares (PLS) method, which facilitate quantitation of mixture from complex data. The enrichment factor of benzoic acids, phthalic acids and p-toluene sulfonic acids reached 19.53, 20.31, and 16.89, respectively. A wide measurement range of 10 μg L-1 to 50 mg L-1 is obtained. The LOD is 0.8 μg L-1. The spiked recoveries in the range of 94%-101% with RSD (n=8) lower than 4%. The results illustrated that the combined approach of MSPE and PLS has great applied potential for a mixture of trace compounds in different fields because of its high efficiency, easy to operate conditions, speediness, and simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to smooth the system frequency disturbances caused by wind power fluctuation, this study proposes a novel load frequency control (LFC) strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) to regulate the system frequency. The proposed strategy mainly aims to improve the system frequency responses by considering the dynamics of wind turbine (WT) and forecasting the output power of WT. First, the frequency response model (FRM) of system including the power system LFC and WT is established. Second, through discretisation of the FRM, a predictive model of system is obtained. Then, system state and response in the next predictive period are forecasted by the predictive model. After obtaining the prediction information, the control signal of system is optimised for improving system frequency response. On this basis, a novel MPC-based LFC strategy is proposed based on the predictive model and the optimisation of control sequence. With the information of wind speed, this control strategy is able to forecast the system states and responses easily and adjust the control signal according to wind power fluctuation. Finally, numerical simulations are demonstrated to visualise the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed MPC-based LFC strategy and its advantages over existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes the antiskid valve of braking system as the object of the research. Two parameter Weibull distribution is established through analyzing the operational principle of antiskid valve. According to the Bayesian Reliability, the cumulative failure probability of antiskid valve is calculated. Meanwhile, the posterior distribution is obtained through Markov Chain Monte Carlo. By contrast with these two methods that the reliability of antiskid valve is obtained. According to the least square method, the undetermined parameters of the two parameter Weibull distribution were solved. Then, through the sensitivity analysis, the mathematical model is proved more robust. This paper provides a certain theoretical basis for the assessment of antiskid valve's reliability, and it provides the reference to the other valve in braking system of rail transit vehicle. At the end of the paper, the reliability of the whole antiskid system is calculated through GO method on the basis of the parts' reliability is obtained by Bayes method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eddy current testing (ECT) is known as an effective technology for inspecting surface and near surface defects in metallic components. It is well known that the amplitude of eddy current (EC) density decreases with increasing depth, which is referred to as skin effect. Skin depth is an important parameter that quantifies the speed of attenuation of EC in the depth direction and is closely related to the capability of ECT for detecting deeply hidden defects. It is found that the traditional formula for calculating skin depth derived under the assumption of uniform plane field excitation is not applicable to the cases of ECT with coils. The skin effect in component with flat surface excited by pancake coil has been investigated by the authors. The skin effect in conductive tube tested by bobbin coil and that in conductive bar tested by encircling coil are more complex. The paper studies the skin effect in these two cases. Finite element analysis shows that the attenuation of EC is not only due to the ohmic loss, but also influenced by the diffusion effects, the aggregation effect, and the combined cancellation/diffusion effect of EC. The skin depth of EC associated with bobbin coil is always smaller than that associated with uniform plane field excitation, whereas the skin depth of EC associated with encircling coil can be greater than that associated with uniform plane field excitation under certain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to study the global-in-time existence of weak solutions of a viscous capillary model of plasma expressed as a so-called Navier–Stokes–Poisson–Korteweg model for large data in three-dimensional space. Using the compactness argument, we prove the existence of global weak solutions in the classical sense to such system with a cold pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined quasi-neutral and inviscid limit of the Navier-Stokes-Poisson-Korteweg system with density-dependent viscosity and cold pressure in the torus T3 is studied. It is shown that, for the well-prepared initial data, the global weak solution of the Navier-Stokes-Poisson-Korteweg system converges strongly to the strong solution of the incompressible Euler equations when the Debye length and the viscosity coefficient go to zero simultaneously. Furthermore, the rate of convergence is also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is proved that the local smoothing conjecture for wave equations implies certain improvements on Stein's analytic family of maximal spherical means. Some related problems are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the compressible quantum Navier-Stokes-Poisson equations with a linear density-dependent viscosity. By the use of a singular pressure close to vacuum, we prove the global-in-time existence of weak solutions in a three-dimensional torus for large data in the sense of distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholinergic deficiency has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), but the extent of involvement and underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, targeting the early stage of VCI, we determined regional atrophy within the basal forebrain and deficiency in cholinergic pathways in 25 patients with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (VCIND) compared to 24 healthy elderly subjects. By applying stereotaxic cytoarchitectonic maps of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM), no significant atrophy was identified in VCIND. Using probabilistic tractography analysis, our study tracked the two major white matter tracks which map to cholinergic pathways. We identified significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in VCIND. Mediation analysis demonstrated that FA in the tracked pathways could fully account for the executive dysfunction, and partly mediate the memory and global cognition impairment. Our study suggests that the fibers mapped to the cholinergic pathways, but not the NbM, are significantly impaired in VCIND. MRI-based in vivo tracking of cholinergic pathways together with NbM measurement may become a valuable in vivo marker for evaluating the cholinergic system in cognitive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the problem of subway gearbox fault that emits a nonlinear and non-stable vibration signal which is difficult to diagnose. We propose a new theoretical method to diagnose this vibration signal. Our method is based on EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) and OHF Elman Artificial Neural Network. First, the EMD is used to decompose the original complex signal to obtain Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF). Then, we construct the feature vectors based on the IMFs. Finally, these feature vectors are input into the OHF Elman neural network as the fault signal samples to train and identify. The experimental results show that the method can identify the faulty gears signal effectively and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a combined method involving wavelet de-noising, local characteristic-scale decomposition, particle swarm optimization, and least squares support vector machine for diagnosis of railway gearbox faults. In this method, the original signal is first de-noised by wavelet de-noising, and local characteristicscale decomposition is applied to decompose the de-noised signals to intrinsic scale components. Secondly, the intrinsic scale component energy-torques are extracted as feature parameters. Finally, the extracted features are used as inputs for classification by a least squares support vector machine using particle swarm optimization to optimize its parameters. The vibration signals from a gearbox test rig are used to experimentally verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the novel method is accurate for the diagnosis of railway gearbox faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia (VCIND) refers to cognitive deficits associated with underlying vascular causes that fall short of a dementia diagnosis. There is currently no treatment for VCIND. Computerized cognitive training, which has significantly improved cognitive function in healthy older adults and patients with cognitive impairment has not yet been applied to VCIND.Methods/design: The proposed study is a three-center, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial that will include 60 patients with VCIND. The patients will be randomized to either a training or a control group. The intervention is internet-based cognitive training performed for 30 min over 35 sessions. Neuropsychological assessment and functional and structural MRI will be performed before and after 7 weeks training. Primary outcomes are global cognitive function and executive function. Secondary outcome measures are neuroplasticity changes measured by functional and structural MRI.Discussion: Applying an internet-based, multi-domain, adaptive program, this study aims to assess whether cognitive training improves cognitive abilities and neural plasticity in patients with subcortical VCIND. In addition to the comprehensive assessment of the participants by neuropsychological tests, cerebrovascular risk factors and apolipoprotein E genotyping, neuroplasticity will be used as an evaluation outcome in this study for, to our knowledge, the first time. The combination of functional and structural MRI and neuropsychological tests will have strong sensitivity in evaluating the effects of cognitive training and will also reveal the underlying mechanisms at work.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02640716 . Retrospectively registered on 21 December 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reprove Wolff's L5/2-bound for the R³-Kakeya maximal function without appealing to the argument of induction on scales. The main ingredient in our proof is an adaptation of Sogge's strategy used in the work on Nikodym-type sets in curved spaces. Although the equivalence between these two type maximal functions is well known, our proof may shed light on some new geometric observations which is interesting in its own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in intraabdominal infected rats, and extrapolate it to human to predict moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics profiles in various tissues in intra-abdominal infected human. 12 male rats with intra- abdominal infections, induced by Escherichia coli, received a single dose of 40 mg/kg body weight of moxifloxacin. Blood plasma was collected at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 1440 min after drug injection. A PBPK model was developed in rats and extrapolated to human using GastroPlus software. The predictions were assessed by comparing predictions and observations. In the plasma concentration versus time profile of moxifloxcinin rats, Cmax was 11.151 μg/mL at 5 min after the intravenous injection and t1/2 was 2.936 h. Plasma concentration and kinetics in human were predicted and compared with observed datas. Moxifloxacin penetrated and accumulated with high concentrations in redmarrow, lung, skin, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle tissues in human with intra-abdominal infection. The predicted tissue to plasma concentration ratios in abdominal viscera were between 1.1 and 2.2. When rat plasma concentrations were known, extrapolation of a PBPK model was a method to predict drug pharmacokinetics and penetration in human. Moxifloxacin has a good penetration into liver, kidney, spleen, as well as other tissues in intra-abdominal infected human. Close monitoring are necessary when using moxifloxacin due to its high concentration distribution. This pathological model extrapolation may provide reference to the PK/PD study of antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study a combined incompressible and vanishing capillarity limit in the barotropic compressible Navier-Stokes-Korteweg equations for weak solutions. For well prepared initial data, the convergence of solutions of the compressible Navier-Stokes-Korteweg equations to the solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation are justified rigorously by adapting the modulated energy method. Furthermore, the corresponding convergence rates are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]