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An approach for the implementation of a resistorless, electronically tunable quadrature oscillator (RETQO) is proposed in this paper. The proposed circuit consists of only one EX-CCCII block and two capacitors with a ground connection. Non-ideality analyses are performed to prove the suitability of the RETQO design. The frequency of oscillation expression is obtained. The oscillator independently controls the condition of oscillation (CO) and the frequency of oscillation (FO). The acceptability of the circuit is confirmed using CMOS-based TSMC 180-nanometer technology. Also, numerous simulations based on the SPICE circuit simulator are accomplished. Moreover, experimentation has also been tested using IC AD844 which is commercially available. There is good agreement of the proposed work with existing reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article contributes a Chua's diode implementation using a modern active block Current Controlled Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier (CCCCTA) with an active MOS transistor for electronically tunable feature. CCCCTA and MOS resistor are responsible for the variation in Chua's diode characteristics and their performance is well studied with the help of dynamical aspects like dissipativity, invariance, bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponents, and basin of attraction. The proposed model has a hidden attractor with one unstable node equilibrium and two symmetric stable node equilibrium points. In addition to numerical simulation in MATLAB, the electronic circuit for the proposed Chua's circuit is successfully verified in PSPICE and hardware implementation using commercially available ICs (AD844, CA3080). Chua's traditional chaotic response (double scroll, Rossler, and large limit cycle) can be easily observed by: (i) adjusting the coupling resistor between two capacitor present in a Chua's circuit, (ii) tuning the bias current of CCCCTA present in the proposed Chua's diode, and (iii) by tuning the controlling voltage of MOS resistor (RMOS). The feasibility of the proposed work applies to Chaotic Amplitude Shift Keying (CASK) transmission. Finally, a comparative study is studied with the existing works of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure biases are a pervasive non‐climatic change in land air temperature records which have been introduced as a result of changes in the way thermometers were sheltered from solar radiation and the elements over time. Exposure biases have not been widely accounted for in observational records, due to difficulties detecting/correcting the bias using traditional homogenisation techniques; therefore, exposure biases still contribute significant uncertainty to the early period in global temperature compilations. Here, an empirical approach to address the bias arising from the introduction of Stevenson‐type screens from the late‐19th century is presented. The approach consists of: (1) an empirical analysis of 54 parallel measurement series to identify the characteristics of the exposure bias in four exposure classes; (2) the development of bias‐estimation models based on an analysis of which variables influence the bias; and (3) the application of the models to an extended version of CRUTEM5 (CRUTEM5_ext), based on exposure metadata, to quantify and reduce the bias. Step one identified differences between the temperatures recorded in Stevenson screens and early exposures, which vary seasonally, diurnally, and with location and exposure class. The largest biases (in mean temperatures) were found in freestanding exposures (up to −0.78°C annually) and in summer, while the smallest biases were generally found in wall‐mounted exposures (near‐0°C annually) and in winter. Significant relationships between the bias and temperature, downward top of atmosphere and/or received shortwave downward solar radiation were found in each exposure class and led to the development of three regression‐based bias‐estimation models. Application of these models to 1,960 mid‐latitude stations in CRUTEM5_ext, resulted in small (≤0.016°C) positive adjustments to the Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitude mean before 1880, and larger (≤−0.1°C) negative adjustments to the Northern and Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitude means between 1882–1934 and 1856–1900, respectively. Larger adjustments were estimated regionally: up to −0.57°C annually and −0.79°C seasonally in individual grid cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entanglement is a distinguishing feature of quantum many-body systems, and uncovering the entanglement structure for large particle numbers in quantum simulation experiments is a fundamental challenge in quantum information science1. Here we perform experimental investigations of entanglement on the basis of the entanglement Hamiltonian (EH)2 as an effective description of the reduced density operator for large subsystems. We prepare ground and excited states of a one-dimensional XXZ Heisenberg chain on a 51-ion programmable quantum simulator3 and perform sample-efficient ‘learning’ of the EH for subsystems of up to 20 lattice sites4. Our experiments provide compelling evidence for a local structure of the EH. To our knowledge, this observation marks the first instance of confirming the fundamental predictions of quantum field theory by Bisognano and Wichmann5,6, adapted to lattice models that represent correlated quantum matter. The reduced state takes the form of a Gibbs ensemble, with a spatially varying temperature profile as a signature of entanglement2. Our results also show the transition from area- to volume-law scaling7 of von Neumann entanglement entropies from ground to excited states. As we venture towards achieving quantum advantage, we anticipate that our findings and methods have wide-ranging applicability to revealing and understanding entanglement in many-body problems with local interactions including higher spatial dimensions.On a 51-ion quantum simulator, we investigate locality of entanglement Hamiltonians for a Heisenberg chain, demonstrating Bisognano–Wichmann predictions of quantum field theory applied to lattice many-body systems, and observe the transition from area- to volume-law scaling of entanglement entropies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geostrophic eddy energy dissipation rate due to the interaction of the large-scale wind field and mesoscale ocean currents, or relative wind stress, is derived here for use in eddy energy budget-based eddy parameterisations. We begin this work by analytically deriving a relative wind stress damping term and a baroclinic geostrophic eddy energy equation. The time evolution of this analytical eddy energy in response to relative wind stress damping is compared directly with a baroclinic eddy in a general circulation model for both anticyclones and cyclones. The dissipation of eddy energy is comparable between each model and eddy type, although the numerical model diverges from the analytical model at around day 150, likely due to the presence of non-linear baroclinic processes. A constrained dissipation rate due to relative wind stress is then proposed using terms from the analytical eddy energy budget. This dissipation rate depends on the potential energy of the eddy thermocline displacement, which also depends on eddy length scale. Using an array of ocean datasets, and computing two forms for the eddy length scale, a range of values for the dissipation rate are presented. The analytical dissipation rate is found to vary from 0.25 to 4 times that of a constant dissipation rate employed in previous studies. The dissipation rates are generally enhanced in the Southern Ocean but smaller in the western boundaries. This proposed dissipation rate offers a tool to parameterise the damping of total eddy energy in coarse resolution global climate models and may have implications for a wide range of climate processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the principal research query and whether strategic foresight deployed by entrepreneurial firms in energy transition aims at crafting future readiness. Design/methodology/approach: With a focus on entrepreneurial firms working in the alternative energy segment in the Indian context, the intent is to examine the deployment of strategic foresight by incumbent firms and their entrepreneurial journey. The authors have adopted the approach of Eisenhardt for this research. The area of interest for the authors entailing strategic foresight by entrepreneurial firms in energy transition aligns with defining features reflecting the aim of Eisenhardt method for this exploratory research coupled with constructivism. Findings: While the future scenarios in the energy sector have to be necessarily multiple, their alignment with different geographic, economic, demographic and political outlooks shall be defined by the pathways niched through the deployment of strategic foresight for arriving at those scenarios. Research limitations/implications: Strategic foresight deployed by entrepreneurial firms has the potential to create future readiness through self-reliant sustainable economic value chains for local populace, thus propagating holistic development in remote regions. Originality/value: This paper attempts to knit together the domains of strategic foresight, entrepreneurial firms and energy transition through case research and present the future thinking deployed for navigation in uncharted pathways by capturing the foresight component of these incumbent firms chosen through careful case selection. The narrative has been strengthened by the varied interviews across participants and the observations made by the authors during the research work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control over quantum states in atomic systems has led to the most precise optical atomic clocks so far1–3. Their sensitivity is bounded at present by the standard quantum limit, a fundamental floor set by quantum mechanics for uncorrelated particles, which can—nevertheless—be overcome when operated with entangled particles. Yet demonstrating a quantum advantage in real-world sensors is extremely challenging. Here we illustrate a pathway for harnessing large-scale entanglement in an optical transition using 1D chains of up to 51 ions with interactions that decay as a power-law function of the ion separation. We show that our sensor can emulate many features of the one-axis-twisting (OAT) model, an iconic, fully connected model known to generate scalable squeezing4 and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger-like states5–8. The collective nature of the state manifests itself in the preservation of the total transverse magnetization, the reduced growth of the structure factor, that is, spin-wave excitations (SWE), at finite momenta, the generation of spin squeezing comparable with OAT (a Wineland parameter9,10 of −3.9 ± 0.3 dB for only N = 12 ions) and the development of non-Gaussian states in the form of multi-headed cat states in the Q-distribution. We demonstrate the metrological utility of the states in a Ramsey-type interferometer, in which we reduce the measurement uncertainty by −3.2 ± 0.5 dB below the standard quantum limit for N = 51 ions.A method is described for the generation of large-scale entanglement that can be used for quantum-enhanced sensing even when systems are limited to short-range interactions in experiments with up to 51 trapped ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aleutian Low drives decadal variability in North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST), but its role in basin-wide Pacific SST variability is less clear owing to the difficulty of disentangling coupled atmosphere-ocean processes. We apply local atmospheric nudging to isolate the effects of an intense winter Aleutian Low using an intermediate complexity climate model. An intensified Aleutian Low produces a basin-wide SST response with a similar pattern to internally-generated Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The amplitude of the SST response in the North Pacific is comparable to PDO, but in the tropics and southern subtropics the anomalies induced by the intense Aleutian Low are a factor of 3 weaker. The tropical Pacific warming peaks in boreal spring, though anomalies persist year-round. A heat budget analysis shows the northern subtropical Pacific SST response is predominantly driven by anomalous surface heat fluxes in boreal winter, while in the equatorial Pacific the response is mainly due to meridional heat advection in boreal spring. The propagation of anomalies from the extratropics to the tropics can be explained by the seasonal footprinting mechanism, involving the wind-evaporation-SST feedback. The results show that low frequency variability and trends in the Aleutian Low could contribute to basin-wide anomalous Pacific SST, but the magnitude of the effect cannot explain the full amplitude of the PDO. This finding suggests that external forcing of the Aleutian Low is unlikely to explain observed shifts in the phase of PDO in the late 20th and early-21st centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geostrophic eddy energy dissipation rate due to the interaction of the large-scale wind field and mesoscale ocean currents, or relative wind stress , is derived here for use in eddy energy budget-based eddy parameterisations. We begin this work by analytically deriving a relative wind stress damping term and a linear baroclinic geostrophic eddy energy equation. The time evolution of this analytical eddy energy in response to relative wind stress damping is compared directly with a baroclinic eddy in a general circulation model for both anticyclones and cyclones. The dissipation of eddy energy is comparable between each model and eddy type, although the nonlinear baroclinic processes in the numerical model cause it to diverge from the analytical model at around day 150. A constrained dissipation rate due to relative wind stress is then proposed using terms from the analytical eddy energy budget. This dissipation rate depends on the potential energy of the eddy thermocline displacement, which also depends on eddy length scale. Using an array of ocean datasets, and computing two forms for the eddy length scale, a range of values for the dissipation rate are presented. The analytical dissipation rate is compared with a constant dissipation rate (10−7 s−1) and is shown to vary widely across different ocean regions. Dissipation rates are found to vary from a 1/4 up to 4 times the constant dissipation rate. These dissipation rates are generally enhanced in the Southern Ocean, but smaller in the western boundaries. This proposed dissipation rate offers a tool to parameterise the damping of total eddy energy in coarse resolution global climate models, and may have implications for a wide range of climate processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geostrophic eddy energy dissipation rate due to the interaction of the large-scale wind field and mesoscale ocean currents, or relative wind stress, is derived here for use in eddy energy budget-based eddy parameterisations. We begin this work by analytically deriving a relative wind stress damping term and a linear baroclinic geostrophic eddy energy equation. The time evolution of this analytical eddy energy in response to relative wind stress damping is compared directly with a baroclinic eddy in a general circulation model for both anticyclones and cyclones. The dissipation of eddy energy is comparable between each model and eddy type, although the nonlinear baroclinic processes in the numerical model cause it to diverge from the analytical model at around day 150. A constrained dissipation rate due to relative wind stress is then proposed using terms from the analytical eddy energy budget. This dissipation rate depends on the potential energy of the eddy thermocline displacement, which also depends on eddy length scale. Using an array of ocean datasets, and computing two forms for the eddy length scale, a range of values for the dissipation rate are presented. The analytical dissipation rate is compared with a constant dissipation rate (10-7 s-1) and is shown to vary widely across different ocean regions. Dissipation rates are found to vary from a 1/4 up to 4 times the constant dissipation rate. These dissipation rates are generally enhanced in the Southern Ocean, but smaller in the western boundaries. This proposed dissipation rate offers a tool to parameterise the damping of total eddy energy in coarse resolution global climate models, and may have implications for a wide range of climate processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AZ91D, a die‐casted alloy, offers several benefits (better saltwater corrosion resistance, suitable castability, and good atmospheric stability) over other grades of magnesium alloy. However, it cannot overcome the challenging requirements of advanced applications in its current form. Extensive research in coating technologies is crucial in enhancing the performance of AZ91D alloy in highly corrosive environments (coastal and marine, industrial, farm, etc.). The high corrosion resistance of AZ91D for various applications is achievable through the deposition of different materials. Developments in coating materials and techniques, with their influence on the corrosion protection behavior of AZ91D alloy, over the last decade (2012–2022), are focused on in this study. It is observed that composite, biodegradable, and self‐healing coatings are gaining popularity. The transition in the coating technology, from conventional to self‐healing coating materials and from conventional to environment‐friendly coating techniques, is a vital part of this discussion. This review further explores how different additives, pre‐treatments, post‐treatments, and corrosion inhibitors affect the corrosion performance of coatings. This study helps select the optimum coating material for AZ91D magnesium alloy to fulfil a specific application requirement and guides toward technological developments in this segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a unique concept for generating multiscroll attractors using a single parametric control nonlinearity function. The novelty of this proposed multiscroll chaotic system evolves several fluctuating attractors by varying a single parameter instead of replacing the nonlinear function. The proposed simple chaotic system is free from multiplication terms and uses a sin nonlinearity term. As per the author's knowledge, multiscroll chaotic system in the available literature have more than one parameter. An exceptional multiscroll behavior of the present work can be significantly examined by its various dynamical performance parameters like a transient response, phase portraits, Lyapunov exponents, and a bifurcation diagram. The proposed chaotic system belongs to the class of hidden attractors with a single unstable node. The other side of the investigation includes numerical simulation, which reports the system's sensitivity concerning parameter values and initial condition variation. In addition, bi-coherence and bi-frequencies nature are successfully observed to quantify the amount of nonlinearity present in a chaotic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle arises from variations in the angle of the Moon's orbital plane. Previous work has linked the nodal cycle to climate but has been limited by either the length of observations analysed or geographical regions considered in model simulations of the pre-industrial period. Here we examine the global effect of the lunar nodal cycle in multi-centennial climate model simulations of the pre-industrial period. We find cyclic signals in global and regional surface air temperature (with amplitudes of around 0.1 K) and in ocean heat uptake and ocean heat content. The timing of anomalies of global surface air temperature and heat uptake is consistent with the so-called slowdown in global warming in the first decade of the 21st century. The lunar nodal cycle causes variations in mean sea level pressure exceeding 0.5 hPa in the Nordic Seas region, thus affecting the North Atlantic Oscillation during boreal winter. Our results suggest that the contribution of the lunar nodal cycle to global temperature should be negative in the mid-2020s before becoming positive again in the early 2030s, reducing the uncertainty in time at which projected global temperature reaches 1.5 ∘ C above pre-industrial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hernia of the umbilical cord (HUC) is an uncommon problem which is often misdiagnosed, leading to inadequate treatment and various complications which cause increased morbidity and mortality in neonates. To address this issue, we took up this study. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with HUC from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. The following data of all these patients were collected and retrospectively analyzed: demography, radiological investigations, echocardiography, contents of hernia, type of surgery performed, and outcome. Results: Eighteen out of 19 patients included in the study were taken up for surgery after baseline investigations and echocardiography. Out of 19 patients, 15 were discharged successfully and are on regular follow-up. Of the remaining four patients, an anastomotic leak occurred in two and they went into sepsis and succumbed. One of the patients died before any intervention and one succumbed on 3rd postoperative day due to sepsis. Conclusion: Timely referral and intervention can save precious lives. We need to educate doctors and health-care providers so that proper diagnosis and timely management can be done for this anomaly which is associated with less morbidity and a lower rate of associated anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subarachnoid block or spinal anesthesia is the commonly used technique for lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Local anaesthetic bupivacaine is the commonly used cost-effective drug which gives satisfactory analgesia for about 90-120 min. Intrathecal opioids and a2 agonists were found to extend the analgesia in the postoperative period. The present study aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic efficiency of intrathecal fentanyl with nalbuphine as adjuvant to 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for orthopedic lower limb surgeries. Methods: Seventy-two adult patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I and II of both gender aged 25-65 years were randomized into two groups of 36 each to receive either fentanyl 25 µg (Group I) or nalbuphine 2 mg (Group II) with 3.5 mL 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, making intrathecal drug volume to 4 mL in each group. Sensory and motor block characteristics and time to first rescue analgesic (intravenous tramadol 100 mg) were recorded. Drug-related side effects of pruritus, nausea/vomiting, and respiratory depression were also recorded. Results: it was revealed that both groups were comparable regarding the onset and cephalic extension of block. The time to two dermatome regressions and time for complete motor recovery were significantly longer in patients of Group II with statistical significant difference (P < 0.05). Duration of analgesia was also extended in patients of Group II as compared to Group I with highly significant difference (P < 0.001). No drug-related side effects were observed in either group. Conclusion: Hence, Intrathecal nalbuphine 2 mg as adjuvant to 0.5% bupivacaine was clinically more efficient than fentanyl for enhancing the postoperative analgesia for lower limb surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper reports a high frequency Third Order Electronically Tunable Quadrature Oscillator (TOETQO) using an active element termed as Dual-X Current Conveyor Transconductor Amplifier (DXCCTA) in which active element MOS and passive Capacitor (C) contribute the implementation performance of the proposed design as MOS-C TOETQO. Due to the presence of DXCCTA with active grounded capacitor and MOS-based resistor, the proposed quadrature oscillator facilitates a suitable design for integrated circuits (ICs). The proposed TOETQO circuit produces current as well as voltage outputs simultaneously. Moreover, the non-ideal analysis of the proposed oscillator circuit is also included. The proposed design shows a good agreement for the oscillation criteria due to the acceptable limit of %THD and gives the variation in frequency of oscillation (up to MHz) values with respect to bias current. Moreover, by keeping the bias current constant, frequency of oscillation can also be electronically tuned independently by varying the values of resistor. Finally, Cadence simulation results are depicted to verify the theoretical analyses and practical feasibility of proposed TOETQO design is also well verified with experimental set up by using IC AD844 and CA3080. A fair comparison of the proposed quadrature oscillator with existing literatures is also tabulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10814-y.Correction to: Journal of Electronic Materialshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10814-yIn the original article Manoj Joshi's affiliation is incorrect. It is correct as reflected here.Publisher's NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.By Khushi Banerjee; Manoj Joshi; Chittajit Sarkar and Sajal BiringReported by Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Background: Facial skin characteristics and appearance vary according to ethnicity. While much of this knowledge is derived from the Caucasian population, lately there have been efforts to gain such understanding in various regions in Asia. In this paper, we have built an understanding of such features in Indonesia. In Indonesia, a section of females wears a traditional veil (hijab) to cover the scalp and part of face. The influence of the hijab on facial skin attributes was also investigated. Methods: In a cross‐sectional observational study design involving 419 female volunteers in Jakarta, Indonesia, facial skin attributes (colour, radiance, hydration, trans‐epidermal water loss [TEWL], wrinkles, fine lines, pores, and sebum levels) and conditions (melasma, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), solar lentigines/ senile lentigines, seborrheic keratoses and acne) were assessed by trained operators and dermatologists using standard validated instruments and scales. Results: With age, facial skin colour showed darkening in cheek; forehead on the other hand showed slight lightening. The skin evenness and radiance decreased, substantially. Aging attributes measured in terms of lines, wrinkles, and under‐eye dark circles showed deterioration with age; the decline was progressively faster than colour change. Facial image data analysis corroborated these findings. Skin hydration remained similar across the age groups even though the skin barrier function measured in terms of TEWL improved with age. Sebum levels in the skin were similar up to the age of 50 but declined in the next group of 50–60 year. Pore severity increased with age. Melasma, seborrheic keratosis and PIH showed a high prevalence (>∼50%) at the young age group (20–30 years), itself. Melasma prevalence attained 100% in the age group of 41–50 year and onwards, and its severity similarly showed a steady rise with age. PIH on the other hand showed a steady decline with age. Solar lentigines prevalence (∼30%) did not change much across age groups, and the severity scores were similar in age groups up to 50 year but increased substantially in 51–60‐year age groups. Seborrheic keratosis was similar (∼47%) in age groups up 20–40 year but steadily increased in upper age groups. Its severity was similar in the age groups of 20–30 year and 31–40 year but showed a two‐fold increase in subsequent age groups. Acne was 10% in the age group of 20–30 year and declined gradually to 0.7% in the 51–60‐year age group. Hijab wearers showed slight protection in skin colour darkening and improvement of evenness and radiance but were similar on aging (fine lines and wrinkles on crow's feet, under eye and peri‐oral areas) markers to non‐wearers. In general, in majority of age‐groups, hijab wearers showed a higher prevalence of melasma, solar/senile lentigines, seborrheic keratosis and PIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Including the ocean surface current in the calculation of wind stress is known to damp mesoscale eddies through a negative wind power input and have potential ramifications for eddy longevity. Here, we study the spindown of a baroclinic anticyclonic eddy subject to absolute (no ocean surface current) and relative (including ocean surface current) wind stress forcing by employing an idealized high-resolution numerical model. Results from this study demonstrate that relative wind stress dissipates surface mean kinetic energy (MKE) and also generates additional vertical motions throughout the whole water column via Ekman pumping. Wind stress curl–induced Ekman pumping generates additional baroclinic conversion (mean potential to mean kinetic energy) that is found to offset the damping of surface MKE by increasing deep MKE. A scaling analysis of relative wind stress–induced baroclinic conversion and relative wind stress damping confirms these numerical findings, showing that additional energy conversion counteracts relative wind stress damping. What is more, wind stress curl–induced Ekman pumping is found to modify surface potential vorticity gradients that lead to an earlier destabilization of the eddy. Therefore, the onset of eddy instabilities and eventual eddy decay takes place on a shorter time scale in the simulation with relative wind stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle arises from variations in the angle of the Moon's orbital plane. Previous work has linked the nodal cycle to climate but has been limited, either by the length of observations analysed, or geographical regions considered in model simulations of the pre-industrial period. Here we examine the global effect of the lunar nodal cycle in multi-centennial climate model simulations of the pre-industrial period. We find cyclic signals in global and regional surface air temperature having amplitudes of O (0.1 K), ocean heat uptake and ocean heat content. The timing of anomalies of global surface air temperature and heat uptake are consistent with the so-called slowdown in global warming in the first decade of the 21st century, also displaying warmer than average Arctic surface temperatures at the same time. The lunar nodal cycle causes variations in mean sea level pressure exceeding 0.5 hPa in the Nordic seas region, thus affecting the North Atlantic Oscillation Index during boreal winter. Our results suggest that the contribution of the lunar nodal cycle to global temperature should be negative in the mid-2020s before becoming positive again in the early-2030s, reducing the uncertainty in time at which projected global temperature reaches 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle arises from variations in the angle of the Moon's orbital plane. Previous work has linked the nodal cycle to climate but has been limited, either by the length of observations analysed, or geographical regions considered in model simulations of the pre-industrial period. Here we examine the global effect of the lunar nodal cycle in multi-centennial climate model simulations of the pre-industrial period. We find cyclic signals in global and regional surface air temperature having amplitudes of O (0.1 K), ocean heat uptake and ocean heat content. The timing of anomalies of global surface air temperature and heat uptake are consistent with the so-called slowdown in global warming in the first decade of the 21st century, also displaying warmer than average Arctic surface temperatures at the same time. The lunar nodal cycle causes variations in mean sea level pressure exceeding 0.5 hPa in the Nordic seas region, thus affecting the North Atlantic Oscillation Index during boreal winter. Our results suggest that the contribution of the lunar nodal cycle to global temperature should be negative in the mid-2020s before becoming positive again in the early-2030s, reducing the uncertainty in time at which projected global temperature reaches 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents a simple mathematical model with an electronic circuit for n-th-order hyperjerk system. For demonstration, the proposed iterative methodology comes with a fourth-order parametric control hyperjerk system that relies on the integrator, a summer amplifier, and an adjustable hyperbolic sine nonlinearity function. The proposed hyperjerk system exhibits exceptional unstable behavior at equilibrium. However, the corresponding hidden attractor near to equilibrium point has a high degree of disorder and randomness. The proposed n-th-order chaotic system has some important features such as simple model without multiplication term, simple circuitry, use of n number of capacitors, 2 (n - 1) number of resistors, and sensitivity with passive components. Moreover, various dynamic behavior and typical time series chaotic responses of the proposed design are validated by incorporating bifurcation sequence, numerical simulation, and practical implementation by using Op-Amp. Also, an application perspective of the proposed hyperjerk system is extended to a random pulse generator (RPG). This concept reflects an idea to obtain the RPG by interfacing with the chaotic signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have proposed an inverter resistor capacitor (IRC)‐based simple chaotic ring oscillator with dual feedback for the generation of the chaotic waveform. The proposed chaotic system uses three coupled autonomous first‐order differential equations and it can be electrically demonstrated using the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverters with few passive RC elements for the generation of the high‐frequency strange attractor. The basic dynamical characteristics and multistability property with complex bifurcation pattern in a wide range of parameters are well observed through theoretical as well as numerical simulation analysis using scaled inverse tangent function. In addition, a simple IRC chaotic model design is investigated using 0.18μm MOS transistor parameters with grounded capacitors and an equivalent CMOS‐based scaled inverse tangent function. Moreover, the Cadence post layout simulation gives useful information about the circuit sustainability for IC design with high frequency (MHz), low power dissipation (940 μW) and small chip area (826.3 μm2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work investigates the reciprocating wear behavior of surface mechanical attrition–treated (SMAT) AISI 316L stainless steel with and without polymer and composite coatings. The high-performance aromatic thermoset polymer (ATSP) and its composite with MoS2 are deposited on non-SMATed and SMATed steel using the spin coating technique. Further, a reciprocating wear test is performed on non-SMATed, SMATed, and coated surfaces against an alumina ball using different loads and reciprocation cycles. Enhanced surface hardness (∼89%), presence of an α′ (body-centered cubic [bcc] Fe) phase, and lower oxidation during reciprocation cause a decrease in wear loss and coefficient of friction (COF) of the SMATed surface by ∼37, and ∼20%, respectively, under 15 N load and most extended reciprocation cycle. The wear loss and COF of the steel are further reduced by depositing ATSP polymer and ATSP-MoS2 composite coatings. The adhesion and durability of coatings are enhanced by the SMAT process. This enhanced durability lowers the wear loss and COF of ATSP and ATSP-MoS2 composite coatings when deposited on the SMATed substrate. Polymer coating reduces the COF of non-SMATed and SMATed steel by ∼68 and ∼85%, respectively. Depending on the concentration of MoS2 in the composite coating, the COF ranges from 0.04 to 0.32 and from 0.02 to 0.07 for non-SMATed and SMATed specimens, respectively. The best performance of a composite coating was observed at ∼10 wt% MoS2. The COF of composite coated steel is ∼96% lower than that of the noncoated and nontreated steel surface. The SMAT processing of substrate and ATSP-MoS2 composite coating considerably enhances the tribological performance of AISI 316L steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Paediatric perineal trauma or Anogenital Injury (AGI) in the paediatric age group remains lesser reported in under-developed areas or rural areas of India. Most of these injuries remain under reported to tertiary care centres because of a social stigma or poor access to a health facility. Aim: To present the clinico-epidemiological parameters of AGI in children and to assess the outcome of staged and definitive management in these children, comparing the results with other similar studies. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study on data of 11 cases (age range 1-14 years, seven cases were girls and 4 cases were boys) of paediatric anogenital injuries,admitted at the tertiary care centre from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2020 were analysed. Data of all the patients, demographic details, relevant clinical history such as time of presentation, mode of injury and type of management, outcomes and complications was collected and studied. All the collected data was analysed by calculating mean±SD, frequency(n) and percentages(%). Results: Road traffic accident was the most common cause of AGI (n=5, 45.5%), followed by sexual assault (n=3, 27.3%). Wound infection in late presenters (n=5, 45.5%) was the most common complication affecting the outcome. Children with a primary diversion of the fecal stream or diversion colostomy (n=5, 45.5%) as an associated procedure had a better outcome. Primary repair without diversion (n=3, 27.3%) was noticed to have a high incidence of wound infection and anovaginal scaring. Conclusion: A high incidence of poor wound healing related to late presentation and malnutrition noted among these AGI cases belonging to rural or semi-urban settings. Management of these injuries, therefore, needs to be individualised on caseto- case basis. The diversion stoma formation seems to be considered in all high-grade anogenital injuries and selected lower grade injuries with evidence of secondary infection or poor healing of the primary repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll has long been known to influence air–sea gas exchange and CO 2 drawdown. But chlorophyll also influences regional climate through its effect on solar radiation absorption and thus sea surface temperature (SST). In the Bay of Bengal, the effect of chlorophyll on SST has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the Indian summer (southwest) monsoon. However, little is known about the drivers and impacts of chlorophyll variability in the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon. Here we use observations of downwelling irradiance measured by an ocean glider and three profiling floats to determine the spatial and temporal variability of solar absorption across the southern Bay of Bengal during the 2016 summer monsoon. A two-band exponential solar absorption scheme is fitted to vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation to determine the effective scale depth of blue light. Scale depths of blue light are found to vary from 12 m during the highest (0.3–0.5 mg m -3) mixed-layer chlorophyll concentrations to over 25 m when the mixed-layer chlorophyll concentrations are below 0.1 mg m -3. The Southwest Monsoon Current and coastal regions of the Bay of Bengal are observed to have higher mixed-layer chlorophyll concentrations and shallower solar penetration depths than other regions of the southern Bay of Bengal. Substantial sub-daily variability in solar radiation absorption is observed, which highlights the importance of near-surface ocean processes in modulating mixed-layer chlorophyll. Simulations using a one-dimensional K-profile parameterization ocean mixed-layer model with observed surface forcing from July 2016 show that a 0.3 mg m -3 increase in chlorophyll concentration increases sea surface temperature by 0.35 ∘ C in 1 month, with SST differences growing rapidly during calm and sunny conditions. This has the potential to influence monsoon rainfall around the Bay of Bengal and its intraseasonal variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) (a severe surface-deformation process) on microstructure and tribological behavior of AISI 316L steel samples manufactured using the selective laser melting (SLM) technique. The specimens are built in different directions (0°, 45°, and 90°). The microstructure of annealed SLM samples shows the non-uniform distribution and random orientation of grains. It contains high-angle grain boundaries and a high density of dislocations. The average grain size is about 63, 51, and 41 μm for 0°, 45°, and 90° build direction, respectively. SMAT is beneficial for SLM steel to reduce surface roughness (by ~ 87%) and eliminate internal porosity. The deformed layer of SLM steel shows a highly dense network of slip bands, distortion of grains, and hardness gradient (up to the depth of about 600 μm). Increase in surface hardness due to SMAT is maximum (~ 54%) for the sample having 90° build direction. Typical observation of deformation-induced martensite is absent for the SMAT-processed SLM steel. Under the higher load (especially, 20 N), the tribological response of sample manufactured in the 90° direction is superior amongst the non-treated samples. Severe surface deformation enhances the wear resistance and reduces the COF of SLM steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify and empirically evaluates the critical factors of successful technology transfer (TT) from higher education institutions (HEI) to industry and to develop a TT model in the Indian context. With the help of questionnaire survey, the perception profile of 318 respondents was collected from PAN-India. Utilizing the survey data, factor analysis identified six constructs representing five critical factors of TT and an outcome factor. The results of multiple regression analysis indicate significant effect of all five critical factors on an outcome factor. The findings of the study validate the TT Model and identify supportive and promotive TT environment factor, market and finance factor and HEI factor to be the most important factors of successful TT. This study may help the policymakers in strategizing future initiatives to improve the rate of successful TT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the properties of boronized and non-boronized low-alloy steel (34CrAlMo5-10). Specimens are characterised using microscopy, various spectroscopic techniques, nanoindentation, surface profilometer, and tribometer. The boronized region contains (i) (Fe, M)2B columns and (ii) matrix between the columns. Nanoindentation study reveals the difference in the mechanical behaviour of boride, matrix, and core regions. Strain-rate sensitivity of different regions of the specimen cross-section varies between 0.005 and 0.011. The boride phase is more sensitive to the strain-rate than matrix and core. The room-temperature oxidation resistance of the steel surface is enhanced by the presence of a higher proportion of mixed-boride and the oxide layer enriched with Cr2O3. At 550 and 850°C, boronized specimens have higher oxidation resistance than the non-boronized specimens, where the layer of iron-borates protects the surface. At 200°C, the boronized specimen has deprived oxidation resistance. Amongst the investigated wear-parameters, the maximum and minimum wear-resistance of the boronized surface is about 46 and 8 times the wear-resistance of the non-boronized surface, respectively. A steeper drop in the tribological advantage gained by the boronizing treatment is perceived with the increase in load, especially under higher sliding speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event in 2019 was among the strongest on record, while the Indian Summer monsoon (ISM) was anomalously dry in June then very wet by September. We investigated the relationships between the IOD, Pacific sea surface temperature (SST), and ISM rainfall during 2019 with an atmospheric general circulation model forced by observed SST anomalies. The results show that the extremely positive IOD was conducive to a wetter‐than‐normal ISM, especially late in the season when the IOD strengthened and was associated with anomalous low‐level divergence over the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and convergence over India. However, a warm SST anomaly in the central equatorial Pacific contributed to low‐level divergence and decreased rainfall over India in June. These results help to better understand the influence of the tropical SST anomalies on the seasonal evolution of ISM rainfall during extreme IOD events. Plain Language Summary: A prominent pattern of variability in the Indian Ocean is a seesaw in sea surface temperature (SST) between the eastern and western sides of the Ocean basin, called the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Its influence on the regional weather and climate is not yet fully established, but the extremely strong IOD event in 2019 provided us the opportunity to consider its impact on the Indian Summer Monsoon. By simulating the response to the anomalous SST patterns that occurred in 2019, and by observation‐based analyses, we find evidence that the IOD did influence the monsoon rainfall in 2019, but that SST anomalies in the Pacific Ocean were also important. Our simulations show that the positive IOD was conducive to wetter‐than‐normal conditions throughout and especially at the end of the monsoon season, but that anomalous warmth in the central equatorial Pacific may have contributed to reduced rainfall in June over India. The results from this study help to understand the role of SST anomalies within and outside the Indian Ocean in affecting ISM rainfall intensity and seasonal evolution during extreme IOD events. Key Points: The positive Indian Ocean Dipole event that occurred in 2019 was among the strongest in the modern instrumental recordThe 2019 Indian Summer monsoon was drier than usual in June then wetter in the following months, resulting in above‐normal seasonal rainfallThe seasonal evolution of ISM was partly driven by a combination of equatorial Pacific and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll influences regional climate through its effect on solar radiation absorption and thus sea surface temperature (SST). In the Bay of Bengal, the effect of chlorophyll on SST has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the Indian summer (southwest) monsoon. However, little is known about the drivers and impacts of chlorophyll variability in the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon. Here we use observations of downwelling irradiance measured by an ocean glider and three profiling floats to determine the spatial and temporal variability of solar absorption across the southern Bay of Bengal during the 2016 summer monsoon. A two-band exponential solar absorption scheme is fitted to vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation to determine the effective scale depth of blue light. Scale depths of blue light are found to vary from 12 m during the highest (0.3-0.5 mg m-3) mixed layer chlorophyll concentrations, to over 25 m when the mixed layer chlorophyll concentrations are below 0.1 mg m-3. The Southwest Monsoon Current and coastal regions of the Bay of Bengal are observed to have higher mixed layer chlorophyll concentrations and shallower solar penetration depths than other regions of the southern Bay of Bengal. Substantial sub-daily variability in solar radiadion absorption is observed, which highlights the importance of near-surface ocean processes in modulating mixed layer chlorophyll. Simulations using a one dimensional K-profile parameterisation ocean mixed layer model with observed surface forcing from July 2016 show that a 0.3 mg m-3 increase in chlorophyll concentration increases sea surface temperature by 0.35°C in one month with SST differences growing rapidly during calm and sunny conditions. This has the potential to influence monsoon rainfall around the Bay of Bengal and its intraseasonal variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FORTE 2.0 is an intermediate-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) consisting of the Intermediate General Circulation Model 4 (IGCM4), a T42 spectral atmosphere with 35 σ layers, coupled to Modular Ocean Model – Array (MOMA), a 2 ∘ × 2 ∘ ocean with 15 z -layer depth levels. Sea ice is represented by a simple flux barrier. Both the atmosphere and ocean components are coded in Fortran. It is capable of producing a stable climate for long integrations without the need for flux adjustments. One flexibility afforded by the IGCM4 atmosphere is the ability to configure the atmosphere with either 35 σ layers (troposphere and stratosphere) or 20 σ layers (troposphere only). This enables experimental designs for exploring the roles of the troposphere and stratosphere, and the faster integration of the 20 σ layer configuration enables longer duration studies on modest hardware. A description of FORTE 2.0 is given, followed by the analysis of two 2000-year control integrations, one using the 35 σ configuration of IGCM4 and one using the 20 σ configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United Kingdom, where 90% of residents are projected to live in urban areas by 2050, projecting changes in urban heat islands (UHIs) is essential to municipal adaptation. Increased summer temperatures are linked to increased mortality. Using the new regional U.K. Climate Projections, UKCP18-regional, we estimate the 1981--2079 trends in summer urban and rural near-surface air temperatures and in UHI intensities during day and at night in the 10 most populous built-up areas in England. Summer temperatures increase by 0.45°0.81°C per decade under RCP8.5, depending on the time of day and location. Nighttime temperatures increase more in urban than rural areas, enhancing the nighttime UHI by 0.01°-0.05°C per decade in all cities. When these upward UHI signals emerge from 2008-18 variability, positive summer nighttime UHI intensities of up to 1.8°C are projected in most cities. However, we can prevent most of these upward nighttime UHI signals from emerging by stabilizing climate to the Paris Agreement target of 2°C above preindustrial levels. In contrast, daytime UHI intensities decrease in nine cities, at rates between -0.004° and -0.05°C per decade, indicating a trend toward a reduced daytime UHI effect. These changes reflect different feedbacks over urban and rural areas and are specific to UKCP18-regional. Future research is important to better understand the drivers of these UHI intensity changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We simulate the response of Asian summer climate to Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO)-like sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies using an intermediate-complexity general circulation model (IGCM4). Experiments are performed with seven individual AMO SST anomalies obtained from CMIP5/PMIP3 global climate models as well as their multimodel mean, globally and over the North Atlantic Ocean only, for both the positive and negative phases of the AMO. During the positive (warm) AMO phase, a Rossby wave train propagates eastward, causing a high pressure and warm and dry surface anomalies over eastern China and Japan. During the negative (cool) phase of the AMO, the midlatitude Rossby wave train is less robust, but the model does simulate a warm and dry South Asian monsoon, associated with the movement of the intertropical convergence zone in the tropical Atlantic. The circulation response and associated temperature and precipitation anomalies are sensitive to the choice of AMO SST anomaly pattern. A comparison between global SST and North Atlantic SST perturbation experiments indicates that East Asian climate anomalies are forced from the North Atlantic region, whereas South Asian climate anomalies are more strongly affected by the AMO-related SST anomalies outside the North Atlantic region. Experiments conducted with different amplitudes of negative and positive AMO anomalies show that the temperature response is linear with respect to SST anomaly but the precipitation response is nonlinear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rossby wave trains triggered by tropical convection strongly affect the atmospheric circulation in the extratropics. Using daily gridded observational and reanalysis data, we demonstrate that a technique based on linear response theory effectively captures the linear response in 250-hPa geopotential height anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere using examples of steplike changes in precipitation over selected tropical areas during boreal winter. Application of this method to six models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), using the same tropical forcing, reveals a large intermodel spread in the linear response associated with intermodel differences in Rossby waveguide structure. The technique is then applied to a projected tropicswide precipitation change in the HadGEM2-ES model during 2025–45 December– February, a period corresponding to a 2°C rise in the mean global temperature under the RCP8.5 scenario. The response is found to depend on whether the mean state underlying the technique is calculated using observations, the present-day simulation, or the future projection; indeed, the bias in extratropical response to tropical precipitation because of errors in the basic state is much larger than the projected change in extratropical circulation itself. We therefore propose the linear step response method as a semiempirical method of making near-term future projections of the extratropical circulation, which should assist in quantifying uncertainty in such projections [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lower post-prandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) responses to foods are associated with reduced diabetes risk and progression. Several plant extracts have been proposed to reduce PPG or PPI by inhibiting enzymes or transporters involved in carbohydrate digestion and uptake. This study evaluates a range of such extracts, consumed with a carbohydrate load, for their effects on PPG, PPI and indicators of (gastrointestinal) tolerance. Methods: Interventions were extracts of mulberry fruit (MFE, 1.5 g), mulberry leaf (MLE, 1.0 g), white bean (WBE, 3.0 g), apple (AE, 2.0 g), elderberry (EE, 2.0 g), turmeric (TE, 0.18 g), AE + TE, and EE + TE. Each of these 8 individual extracts or combinations were added to a rice porridge containing ~ 50 g available carbohydrate (control). In a within-subject (randomised, balanced incomplete block) design, individual subjects received the control and a subset of 4 of the 8 extracts or combinations. Participants were 72 apparently healthy adults (mean [SD] age 31.2 [5.5] yr, body mass index 22.1 [2.0] kg/m2). The primary outcome was the percentage change in 2-h PPG (positive incremental area under the curve) relative to control. Secondary measures were the 2-h PPI response, 7-h breath hydrogen, measures of gastrointestinal discomfort, and urine glucose. Results: In the 65 subjects who completed the control and at least one intervention treatment, additions of AE, MFE and MLE produced statistically significant reductions in PPG vs control (p < 0.05; mean effect − 24.1 to − 38.1%). All extracts and combinations except TE and WBE significantly reduced PPI (p < 0.01; mean effect − 17.3% to − 30.4%). Rises in breath hydrogen > 10 ppm were infrequent, but statistically more frequent than control only for MLE (p = 0.02). Scores for gastrointestinal discomfort were extremely low and not different from control for any treatment, and no glucosuria was observed. Conclusions: Additions of AE, MFE and MLE to rice robustly reduced PPG and PPI. EE significantly reduced only PPI, while TE and WBE showed no significant efficacy for PPG or PPI. Breath hydrogen responses to MLE suggest possible carbohydrate malabsorption at the dose used, but there were no explicit indications of intolerance to any of the extracts. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04258501. Registered 6 February 2020 - Retrospectively registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of habitable planets beyond our solar system is a key goal of current and future space missions. Yet habitability depends not only on the stellar irradiance, but equally on constituent parts of the planetary atmosphere. Here we show, for the first time, that radiatively active mineral dust will have a significant impact on the habitability of Earth-like exoplanets. On tidally-locked planets, dust cools the day-side and warms the night-side, significantly widening the habitable zone. Independent of orbital configuration, we suggest that airborne dust can postpone planetary water loss at the inner edge of the habitable zone, through a feedback involving decreasing ocean coverage and increased dust loading. The inclusion of dust significantly obscures key biomarker gases (e.g. ozone, methane) in simulated transmission spectra, implying an important influence on the interpretation of observations. We demonstrate that future observational and theoretical studies of terrestrial exoplanets must consider the effect of dust. In this study, the authors investigate in the influence of atmospheric dust on the habitability of exoplanets. They find that atmospheric dust may postpone planetary water loss; for tidally locked planets in particular, dust can significantly widen the habitable zone by cooling the day side and warming the night side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates mechanisms and nonlinearities in the response of the Asian Summer Monsoons (ASM) to high-latitude thermal forcings of different amplitudes. Using a suite of runs carried out with an intermediate-complexity atmospheric general circulation model, we find that the imposed forcings produce a strong precipitation response over the eastern ASM but a rather weak response over the southern ASM. The forcing also causes a precipitation dipole with wet conditions over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and dry conditions over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and southeast Asia. A moderate increase of precipitation along the southern margin of the TP is also produced. Simulations designed to isolate the causal mechanisms show that thermodynamic interactions involving the tropical surface oceans are far less important than the water-vapour feedback for the transmission of information from the high-latitudes to the ASM. Additionally, we assess the nonlinearity of the ASM precipitation response to the forcing amplitude using a novel application of the empirical orthogonal function method. The response can be decomposed in two overlapping patterns. The first pattern represents a precipitation dipole with wet conditions over the eastern TP and dry conditions over BoB, which linearly increases with forcing amplitude becoming quasi-stationary for large forcing amplitudes (i.e. amplitudes leading to Arctic temperature anomalies larger than 10 °C). The second pattern is associated with increased precipitation over the southeastern TP and is nonlinearly dependent on forcing, being most important for intermediate forcing amplitudes (i.e. amplitudes leading to Arctic temperature anomalies between 5 and 10 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a new simple jerk system with sine hyperbolic nonlinearity which gives the hidden attractor. An autonomous simple implementation of jerk system experiences an important and striking feature of hidden attractors with both stable equilibrium and unstable equilibrium using a reverse nonlinearity function with parametrically controlled approach. Some basic properties of the system are well studied and analyzed in terms of route to chaos, basins of attraction, Lyapunov exponent (LE), bifurcation sequences, coexistence of attractor and phase portraits. The chaotic behavior of the new system is investigated through numerical simulation and their equivalent electrical circuit implementation using single amplifier with few passive elements. The justification of theoretical observation of the proposed chaotic system is perfectly observed in PSPICE simulation and laboratory experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FORTE 2.0 is an intermediate resolution coupled Ocean Atmosphere General Circulation Model (AOGCM) consisting of IGCM4, a T42 spectral atmosphere with 35 σ layers, coupled to MOMA, a 2° x 2° ocean with 15 z layer depth levels. It is capable of producing a stable climate for long integrations without the need for flux adjustments. One flexibility afforded by the IGCM4 atmosphere is the ability to configure the atmosphere with either 35 σ layers (troposphere and stratosphere) or 20 σ layers (troposphere only). This enables experimental designs for exploring the roles of the troposphere and stratosphere, and the faster integration of the 20 σ layer configuration enables longer duration studies on modest hardware. A description of FORTE 2.0 is given, followed by analysis of a 2000 year long control integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper reports a novel design for third order chaotic and hyperchaotic oscillator with cubic nonlinearity using single operational trans-resistance amplifier (OTRA) and few passive elements. The key nonlinear dynamical characteristics in terms of sensitivity, divergence, equilibrium point and Lyapunov exponent are recorded in this literature. The operational activity of the proposed oscillator based on OTRA is integrated using 0.25 µm TSMC CMOS parameter. For the generation of hyperchaotic oscillator, an external capacitor is added to the third order chaotic oscillator. To justify the theoretical nonlinear dynamics of proposed chaotic oscillator, PSPICE simulation by using CMOS based OTRA and experimental investigation using IC AD844 based OTRA are well implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over geological timescales, mountain building or orogenesis is associated with increased weathering, the drawdown of atmospheric CO2, and global cooling. However, a multimillion‐year delay appears to exist between peaks in low‐latitude mountain uplift and the maximum extent of Phanerozoic glaciation, implying a more complex causal relationship between the two. Here we show that global silicate weathering can be modulated by orogeny in three distinct phases. High, young mountain belts experience preferential precipitation and the highest erosion. As mountains are denuded, precipitation decreases, but runoff temperature rises, sharply increasing chemical weathering potential and CO2 drawdown. In the final phase, erosion and weathering are throttled by flatter topography. We conclude that orogeny acts as a capacitor in the climate system, granting the potential for intense transient CO2 drawdown when mountain ranges are denuded; the mechanism suggests such a scenario potentially happening 10–50 × 106 years in the future. Plain Language Summary: Over timescales of tens of millions of years or more, plate tectonics can raise large mountain ranges. CO2 can be removed from the atmosphere through a complex series of processes involving the weathering of rocks, which depends on processes such as rainfall, which in turn is affected by the presence of mountains. The result is that mountain ranges are associated with a reduction of atmospheric CO2 and global cooling on these very long timescales. An analysis of geological data suggests a multimillion‐year delay between peaks in mountain range uplift at low latitudes and the maximum extent of glaciation over the last 400 × 106 years. Our manuscript explains the delay using two numerical or computer models: a climate and circulation model and a geochemical model that simulates weathering processes. We show that weathering, and the implied reduction of atmospheric CO2, happens most intensely when mountain ranges are eroded, because the ability of weathering to remove CO2 depends not just on precipitation but also on the temperature of river runoff. Our mechanism intriguingly suggests such a scenario potentially happening 10‐50 × 106 years in the future associated with projected changes to the height of the Tibetan plateau. Key Points: A multimillion‐year delay appears to exist between peaks in low‐latitude mountain uplift and the maximum extent of Phanerozoic glaciationWe describe a mechanism to explain the delay using a combination of climate and geochemical modeling of the periods surrounding upliftThe mechanism suggests such a scenario potentially happening 10–50 × 106 years in the future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the relationships in models and reconstructions between the multidecadal variability of surface temperature in East Asia and two extratropical modes of variability: the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). We analyse the spatial, temporal and spectral characteristics of the climate modes in the last millennium, historical and pre-industrial control simulations of seven Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5)/Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (PMIP3) global climate models (GCMs) to assess the relative influences of external forcing and unforced variability. These models produce PDO and AMO variability with realistic spatial patterns but widely varying spectral characteristics. AMO internal variability significantly influences East Asian temperature in five models (MPI, HadCM3, MRI, IPSL and CSIRO) but has a weak influence in the other two (BCC and CCSM4). In most models, external forcing greatly strengthens these statistical associations and hence the apparent teleconnection with the AMO. PDO internal variability strongly influences East Asian temperature in two out of seven models, but external forcing makes this apparent teleconnection much weaker. This indicates that the AMO–East Asian temperature relationship is partly driven by external forcing, whereas the PDO–temperature relationship is largely from internal variability within the climate system. Our findings suggest that external forcing confounds attempts to diagnose the teleconnections of internal multidecadal variability. Using AMO and PDO indices that represent internal variability more closely and minimising the influence of external forcing on East Asian temperature can partly ameliorate this confounding effect. Nevertheless, these approaches still yield differences between the forced and control simulations and they cannot always be applied to paleoclimate reconstructions. Thus, we recommend caution when interpreting teleconnections diagnosed from reconstructions that contain both forced and internal variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the relationships in models and reconstructions between the multidecadal variability of surface temperature in East Asia and two extratropical modes of variability: the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal oscillation (PDO). We analyze the spatial, temporal and spectral characteristics of the climate modes in Last Millennium, Historical and pre-industrial control simulations of three CMIP5/PMIP3 GCMs, to assess the relative influences of external forcing and unforced variability. These models produce PDO and AMO variability with realistic spatial patterns and their spectral characteristics. AMO internal variability strongly influences East Asia temperature in one model (bcc-csm1-1), but has a weak influence in the other two (CCSM4 and MPI-ESM-P). In all three models, external forcing greatly strengthens these statistical associations and hence the apparent teleconnection with the AMO. PDO internal variability strongly influences East Asian temperature in two of the three models, but external forcing makes this apparent teleconnection much weaker. This indicates that the AMO-East Asian temperature relationship is partly driven by external forcing whereas the PDO-temperature relationship is largely driven by internal variability. External forcing confounds attempts to diagnose the teleconnections of internal multidecadal variability. Using AMO and PDO indices that represent internal variability more closely and minimising the influence of external forcing on East Asia temperature can partly ameliorate this confounding effect. Nevertheless, these approaches still yield differences between the forced and control simulations and they cannot always be applied to paleoclimate reconstructions, so we recommend caution when interpreting internal variability teleconnections diagnosed from reconstructions that contain both forced and internal variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, more than 72 million people have diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a vision-threatening complication of people with diabetes, is an important cause of avoidable blindness. The delay in the detection of DR is due to lack of awareness and shortage of ophthalmologists trained in the management of DR. With this background, in 2015, we initiated a capacity-building program "Certificate Course in Evidence Based Management of Diabetic Retinopathy (CCDR)" with an objective to build the skills and core competencies of the physicians across India in the management of diabetes and DR. The program has completed four cycles and 578 physicians have been trained. The course elicited an excellent response, which reflects the much-felt need for skill improvement in DR diagnosis and management for physicians in India. This model demonstrates an innovative modality to address DR-related avoidable blindness in a resource-restraint country like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]