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Caregiver sensitivity builds a basis for children's sense of security and effective emotion regulation during their development. Applying a cross-cultural lens, caregiver sensitivity can be divided into two subtypes, reactive and proactive, and its prevalence and meaning may differ across cultures. Guided by the theoretical frameworks of developmental niche and parental ethnotheories, the current study examines culture-specific meanings of caregiver sensitivity across five countries: India, Nepal, Korea, the United States of America (USA), and Germany. We examine the prevalence of maternal reactive and proactive sensitivity, children's emotional lability and regulation, and how mothers' sensitivity types are related to children's emotional characteristics. Participants included 472 mothers from the five countries with children aged between 6 and 7 years. Mothers reported their sensitivity preference in multiple vignettes and completed an emotion regulation checklist to report their children's emotional lability and regulation. A set of analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) found cultural differences in mothers' preference for proactive and reactive sensitivity. Mothers in India and Nepal reported the highest preference for proactive sensitivity followed by Korea and the USA, while German mothers reported the lowest preference for proactive sensitivity. Consequent regression analyses revealed varying associations between proactive sensitivity and child emotional characteristics in all five countries either directly or as moderated by child sex. These results evidence that parental ethnotheories are part of the developmental niche embedded in a larger cultural context. Findings on the differential links between the types of sensitivity and child emotion regulation provide cultural models of parental emotion socialization and children's emotional functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims Since the establishment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), multiple studies have characterized its extent and prognosis in comparison with traditional non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there has been little information on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to these old and new disease categories. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of NAFLD- versus MASLD-related HCC. Methods This retrospective cohort study involved non-B, non-C patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC at Asan Medical Center from January 2008 to December 2019. We compared preoperative characteristics and overall survival between patients meeting the NAFLD and MASLD criteria. Results Among the 233 patients with MASLD (n=207) or NAFLD (n=160), 134 fulfilled both steatotic criteria. Patients with MASLD exhibited a significantly higher incidence of underlying cirrhosis (54.1%) compared to those with NAFLD (26.3%; p<0.05). Otherwise, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (56.5% vs. 43.8%; p<0.05) and hypertension (66.2% vs. 55.0%; p<0.05) was significantly higher in patients with MASLD compared to those with NAFLD. The 5-year overall survival was 82.6% (77.6%–87.9%) for MASLD patients versus 85.0% (79.6%–90.7%) for NAFLD patients, with no significant difference between the groups (log-rank test: p=NS). Among cirrhotic patients, the 5-year overall survival was also comparable at 77.7% (70.3%–85.8%) for MASLD and 81.0% (69.9%–93.7%) for NAFLD (p=NS), and among non-cirrhotic patients, it was 88.4% (82.2%–95.1%) for MASLD and 87.3% (81.5%–93.5%) for NAFLD (p=NS). Conclusion Patients with MASLD-related HCC had significantly higher rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cirrhosis compared to those with NAFLD-related HCC, though this did not significantly influence overall survival. Our findings suggest that previous data and experiences on NAFLD-related HCC could be utilized in caring and studying MASLD-related HCC patients, particularly in non-cirrhotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which evaluated the spiro-beta-lactams synthesized from imines. Topics discussed include the pharmaceutical significance of tropane alkaloids, the Staudinger synthesis of compounds with phenoxyacetyl chloride, the initial acylation of imines and use of an electrothermal capillary melting point apparatus to determine the melting points.