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To ensure the fire resistance performance of modular construction, various methods such as spray-applied fire resistive material (SFRM), intumescent paint, and gypsum board can be used. Rectangular steel tube columns, commonly used in modular construction units, are fireproofed by attaching fireproofing boards. The required thickness of the fireproof board increases with the duration of fire exposure, which in turn increases the self-weight. To address these issues, this study proposes two conditions for improving fire resistance: (1) SFRM application, and (2) mortar filling or finishing on both the inside and outside of small-sized rectangular steel tube columns in modular units. Experimental and analytical approaches were employed to evaluate the behavior of these columns over time under fire exposure and to analyze the required sheathing thickness according to the fire-resistant sheathing method. The results indicated that mortar filling suppressed the temperature rise due to its thermal storage effect. The application of fireproofing spray after mortar filling extended the fire resistance time by approximately 143 to 146% compared to the unfilled specimen. It was also found that SFRM provided a 149% higher fireproofing performance compared to finishing mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A N–Co–N core is embedded within [Co(CNC)2]2+ (1) supported by two bis(4-methyl-2-(3-methyl-imidazolium)phenyl)amine (CNC) ligands. This species reveals a stable S = 1/2 state and its spin density is significantly delocalized within the N–Co–N core via parallel π-bonding interaction. Interestingly, it displays unusual stability towards O2 and water, proving that the core is well protected. Upon reduction, compound 1 was converted to its reduced diamagnetic species [Co(CNC)2]+ (2) having two amide donors and a low-spin Co(III) ion, which can be oxidized by air to regenerate 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting actionable fusions has emerged as a promising approach to cancer treatment. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based techniques have unveiled the landscape of actionable fusions in cancer. However, these approaches remain insufficient to provide optimal treatment options for patients with cancer. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the actionability and clinical development of targeted agents aimed at driver fusions. It also highlights the challenges associated with fusion testing, including the evaluation of patients with cancer who could potentially benefit from testing and devising an effective strategy. The implementation of DNA NGS for all tumor types, combined with RNA sequencing, has the potential to maximize detection while considering cost effectiveness. Herein, we also present a fusion testing strategy aimed at improving outcomes in patients with cancer. Fusion detection in cancer is pivotal for precise diagnosis and tailored treatment, warranting their integration into clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are major contributors to the production of fermented vinegar, offering various cultural, culinary, and health benefits. Although the residual unpasteurized AAB after vinegar production are not pathogens, these are necessary and require safety evaluations, including antibiotic resistance, before use as a starter. In this research, we investigated the antibiotic resistance profiles of 26 AAB strains, including various species of Komagataeibacter and Acetobacter, against 10 different antibiotics using the E-test method. All strains exhibited resistance to aztreonam and clindamycin. Komagataeibacter species demonstrated a 50% resistance rate to ciprofloxacin, analogous to Acetobacter species, but showed twice the resistance rates to chloramphenicol and erythromycin. Genomic analysis of K. saccharivorans CV1 identified intrinsic resistance mechanisms, such as multidrug efflux pumps, thereby enhancing our understanding of antibiotic resistance in acetic acid-producing bacteria. These findings enhance understanding of antibiotic resistance in AAB for food safety and new antimicrobial strategies, suggesting the need for standardized testing methods and molecular genetic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bearing capacity of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) helical screw piles is determined by the lesser of the breaking load at the bolted joint and the resistance provided by the screw tip area. In this study, compression and tensile tests were performed with the number of bolts and edge distance as variables. It showed similar strength when compared to the failure stress derived from material testing. In addition, considering load resistance performance, the optimal screw cross section was obtained through parametric analysis. Considering the structural behavior of the screw, a prediction equation was presented to design the screw cross-section as a tapered cross-section using a theoretical method. As a result of comparing the screw cross-section with the finite element analysis results, it was confirmed that the design stress and analysis stress showed an error of 1.1 MPa and were within the allowable stress of 80 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textbooks have long been considered resources for empowering nationalism within historical, social and political contexts. In particular, nations which have experienced socio-political turmoil place emphasis on promoting learners' national identity through a national curriculum and designated textbooks (So, Kim & Lee, 2012). These textbooks serve as a pedagogical tool that plays a pivotal role in how learners should position themselves in the face of globalization (Matsuda, 2012; Matsuda & Friedrich, 2011). By the same token, they are artifacts that reflect realities alongside certain ideologies and values that society expects its citizens to learn while consolidating national identity through formal language education (Norton, 2013; Pavlenko, 2003; Pavlenko & Norton, 2007). Recent studies have also revealed that government-authorized English textbooks tend to be less hesitant about dealing with historical disputes regarded as contentious in nature (see Kim & Lee, 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has spread rapidly, and many coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) cases have occurred in Gwangju, South Korea. Viral mutations following the COVID‐19 epidemic have increased interest in the characteristics of epidemics in this region, and pathogen genetic analysis is required for infection control and prevention. Methods: In this study, SARS‐CoV‐2 whole‐genome analysis was performed on samples from patients with COVID‐19 in Gwangju from 2020 to 2022 to identify the trends in COVID‐19 prevalence and to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of dominant variants. B.41 and B.1.497 prevailed in 2020, the early stage of the COVID‐19 outbreak; then, B.1.619.1 mainly occurred until June 2021. B.1.617.2, classified as sublineages AY.69 and AY.122, occurred continuously from July to December 2021. Since strict measures to strengthen national quarantine management had been implemented in South Korea until this time, the analysis of mutations was also able to infer the epidemiological relationship between infection transmission routes. Since the first identification of the Omicron variant in late December 2021, the spread of infection has been very rapid, and weekly whole‐genome analysis of specimens has enabled us to monitor new Omicron sublineages occurring in Gwangju. Conclusions: Our study suggests that conducting regional surveillance in addition to nation‐level genomic surveillance will enable more rapid and detailed variant surveillance, which will be helpful in the overall prevention and management of infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop the Health Belief Model scale for premature birth prevention (HBM-PBP) and evaluated its psychometric properties in women of childbearing age. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design and included 724 women of childbearing age with intentions of future childbirth or in their first trimester of pregnancy. An item pool was formulated from the literature and in-depth interviews based on the health belief model. Content validation was conducted by experts and through cognitive interviews with women of childbearing age. Construct and concurrent validity and reliability were evaluated using factor analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis, and Cronbach's alpha. Results: The HBM-PBP consisted of 96 items, including perceived susceptibility (21 items, 5 subscales), severity (26 items, 5 subscales), benefits (27 items, 5 subscales), and barriers (22 items, 5 subscales). Convergent and discriminant validity were supported. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the domains ranged from 0.87 to 0.94. Conclusion: The HBM-PBP is a valid and reliable measurement scale with good psychometric properties. It can be used to measure health beliefs in women, either as a whole or in individual domains. Health professionals can leverage the HBM-PBP to discern women's health beliefs on premature birth, facilitating tailored interventions and educational efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social restriction measures implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the pattern of occurrences of respiratory viruses. According to surveillance results in the Gwangju region of South Korea, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) did not occur during the 2020/2021 season. However, there was a delayed resurgence in the 2021/2022 season, peaking until January 2022. To analyze this, a total of 474 RSV positive samples were investigated before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Among them, 73 samples were selected for whole-genome sequencing. The incidence rate of RSV in the 2021/2022 season after COVID-19 was found to be approximately three-fold higher compared to before the pandemic, with a significant increase observed in the age group from under 2 years old to under 5 years old. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that, for RSV-A, whereas four lineages were observed before COVID-19, only the A.D.3.1 lineage was observed during the 2021/2022 season post-pandemic. Additionally, during the 2022/2023 season, the A.D.1, A.D.3, and A.D.3.1 lineages co-circulated. For RSV-B, while the B.D.4.1.1 lineage existed before COVID-19, both the B.D.4.1.1 and B.D.E.1 lineages circulated after the pandemic. Although atypical RSV occurrences were not due to new lineages, there was an increase in the frequency of mutations in the F protein of RSV after COVID-19. These findings highlight the need to continue monitoring changes in RSV occurrence patterns in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to develop and manage strategies in response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PDL1) is a transmembrane protein that is characterized as an immune regulatory molecule. We recently developed a recombinant single‐chain fragment of variable domain (scFv) against PDL1, which showed high binding efficiency to purified recombinant PDL1 protein. However, at that time, proof‐of‐concept data for the effect of scFv using PDL1‐expressing cells was lacking. In this study, we conducted two kinds of cell‐based immunoassays, western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, using anti‐PDL1 scFv. The results indicate that scFv can selectively and sensitively detect PDL1 from PDL1 positive human cancer cell lines. Our findings suggest that scFv could be used as a potential PDL1 inhibitor agent and probe for cell‐based immunoassays to detect PDL1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete sleepers in operation are commonly damaged by various internal and external factors, such as poor materials, manufacturing defects, poor construction, environmental factors, and repeated loads and driving characteristics of trains; these factors affect the vibration response, mode shape, and natural frequency of damaged concrete sleepers. However, current standards in South Korea require only a subjective visual inspection of concrete sleepers to determine the damage degree and necessity of repair or replacement. In this study, an impact hammer test was performed on concrete sleepers installed on the operating lines of urban railroads to assess the field applicability of the modal test method, with the results indicating that the natural frequency due to concrete sleeper damage was lower than that of the undamaged state. Furthermore, the discrepancy between the simulated and measured natural frequencies of the undamaged concrete sleeper was approximately 1.87%, validating the numerical analysis result. The natural frequency of the damaged concrete sleepers was lower than that of the undamaged concrete sleeper, and cracks in both the concrete sleeper core and the rail seat had the lowest natural frequency among all the damage categories. Therefore, the damage degrees of concrete sleepers can be quantitatively estimated using measured natural-frequency values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reinforcing fibers in filament winding fiber-reinforced polymer (FFRP) are not arranged in the axial direction; thus, the members are vulnerable to bending and shear stresses. To address the limitations, this study evaluated FRP-concrete composite piles with reinforcing fiber arranged in circumferential directions. In particular, modular pultruded FRP (PFRP) members were fabricated with reinforcing fibers arranged in the axial and circumferential directions. The exterior of the fabricated PFRP members was reinforced with FFRP, and the flexural performance of these members was investigated through flexural strength tests. The results obtained from the flexural tests and flexural-stiffness prediction formula differed by approximately 0.72–1.36 times. A comparison between the results of the flexural test and flexural-strength prediction equation showed an error of approximately 1 to 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, conducted on a group older than 60-years-of-age, sought to verify if healing garden activities control stress in older people. The experimental group performed garden activities once a week for 12 weeks, for 2 h each day, and the control group continued their daily lives. Each group's cumulative stress at the beginning and end, along with total power (TP), the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal interval (SDNN), and the root mean square differences of successive R–R intervals (RMSSD), were measured using u-Bio MACPA, a stress index meter. The analysis showed that the experimental group had a statistically significant decrease in cumulative stress, compared to the control group; and also that TP significantly increased, compared to the control group. The SDNN and RMSSD of the experimental group increased, and decreased in the control group, but the changes were not statistically significant. The fact that cumulative stress decreased and stress evaluation indicators increased shows that daily stress can be controlled through healing garden activities. However, due to the small number of participants in the experiment, its ability to be generalized to all elderly people is subject to a number of limitations. Nevertheless, I think it is meaningful that the finding that garden activities are significant in mediating stress in the elderly was verified using a scientific measurement instrument. Future studies should explore the healing effectiveness of gardens in other age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of a self-management self-efficacy for premature birth prevention (SMSE-PBP) in women of childbearing age (WCA). Methods: Instrument development and validation were undertaken in three phases: conceptualization, item generation and evaluation of content validity, and evaluation of construct and concurrent validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using exploratory and second-order confirmatory factor analyses, and concurrent validity was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficients. The reliability was analyzed using omega hierarchical and Cronbach's ⍺. Results: Content validity was assessed by experts and cognitive interviews of WCA. The SMSE-PBP consists of a second-order 3-dimension and 10-factor scale with 60 items; therefore, the construct and concurrent validity of the SMSE-PBP were supported. The omega values were 0.93 for pre-pregnancy SMSE-PBP, 0.92 for pregnancy SMSE-PBP, and 0.94 for hospital SMSE-PBP. Cronbach's ⍺ was 0.88 for pre-pregnancy SMSE-PBP, 0.96 for pregnancy SMSE-PBP, and 0.96 for hospital SMSE-PBP. Conclusions: The SMSE-PBP scale is valid and reliable for WCA; it is helpful for WCA and health professionals to assess women's SMSE-PBP and pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or hospital SMSE-PBP. The next steps should include assessing the relationship with pregnancy health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of steel composite wall (SC wall) standards, this study explores the relaxed provisions outlined in AISC N690 (2018), particularly concerning commonly used materials in general building construction, such as faceplate thickness, concrete strength, shear connector spacing, and steel tie spacing. These provisions were then applied to assess the viability of a "relaxed steel composite wall" as a seismic force-resisting system suitable for mid- and low-rise structures. Experimental investigations were conducted to achieve these objectives. A dedicated SC wall specimen was constructed, and various variables were examined, including the presence or absence of shear connectors, shear connector spacing, steel tie spacing, and faceplate types. The results were analyzed to assess fracture behavior, the relationship between shear force (V) and transverse displacement (Δ), shear stiffness variations, maximum in-plane shear strength, displacement ductility ratio (μ), and energy dissipation characteristics. Moreover, their displacement ductility ratios remained below 10, and they exhibited substantial energy dissipation capabilities. These findings suggest that the application of "relaxed SC walls" as seismic force-resisting systems is feasible for mid-, low-, and high-rise structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms affected by germline and somatic genetic alterations. The incidence of MDS increases with age but rarely occurs at a young age. We investigated the germline and somatic genetic alterations of Korean patients with young-onset MDS (<40 years). Among the thirty-one patients, five (16.1%) had causative germline variants predisposing them to myeloid neoplasms (three with GATA2 variants and one each with PGM3 and ETV variants). We found that PGM3 deficiency, a subtype of severe immunodeficiency, predisposes patients to MDS. Somatic mutations were identified in 14 patients (45.2%), with lower rates in patients aged < 20 years (11.1%). Nine (29%) patients had U2AF1 S34F/Y mutations, and patients with U2AF1 mutations showed significantly worse progression-free survival (p < 0.001) and overall survival (p = 0.006) than those without U2AF1 mutations. A UBA1 M41T mutation that causes VEXAS syndrome was identified in a male patient. In conclusion, a germline predisposition to myeloid neoplasms occurred in ~16% of young-onset MDS patients and was largely associated with primary immunodeficiencies, including GATA2 deficiency. Furthermore, the high frequency of somatic U2AF1 mutations in patients with young-onset MDS suggests the presence of a distinct MDS subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates wind load distribution in float PV plants. Wave and wind load are dominant environmental load factors in determining design load in float PV plants. In particular, wind load is determined based on the numerical analysis results. The literature indicates that several input parameters exist, such as inlet angle and space between PV modules. An exemplary structure with ten arrays of PV modules was generated in this study. To investigate the wind load distribution in a float PV plant, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was conducted with variables including wind direction (inlet angles) and three wind speeds (36.2, 51.7, and 70 m/s) in PV modules in the floating structure. Based on the numerical analysis, the wind load distribution of PV modules can be characterized with respect to the inlet angle and wind speed. The numerical results show that the wind loads in the central arrays are dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a flexural test and residual stress evaluation using the aspect ratio (65 and 80) and steel fiber content (20, 30, and 40 kg/m3) as variables were conducted according to the EN 14651 standard to investigate the flexural toughness of concrete reinforced with high-performance arched steel fibers. The result of the flexural test show that the residual stress was 114.5% higher in the test specimen with high curvature and high content of arched steel fibers than that in the other conditions. In addition, the energy absorption capacity of arched steel fiber-reinforced concrete increased by 138.88% compared to concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire resistance steel maintains strength at high temperatures and its allowable temperature is higher when compared with generic steel. Thus, it is needed to analyze its fire resistance quantitatively. In this study, high temperature creep tests of fire resistance steel specimens were conducted with variables of stress ratio and temperature to analyze their mechanical properties and behavior at a fire. The creep limit temperature of the Steel New (SN) steels observed from the high temperature tests was below 538 °C. The FR (Fire Resistance) steels showed stable creep behavior until 600 °C and maintained lower level of deformation for a longer period of time when compared with what was observed from previous studies. It is deduced that the FR steels are very effective in resisting deformation at high temperatures. As stress ratio increased, strain increased almost tenfold. Since strain increased very rapidly approximately from 1%, it is required not only to compare difference in final strain but also to quantitatively analyze creep behavior when strain is 0.5–1% and build up critical deformation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have affected the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses. In South Korea, Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) typically occurs from winter to the following spring; however, it was not detected for two years during the COVID-19 pandemic and re-emerged in the fall of 2022, which is a non-epidemic season. To examine the molecular genetic characteristics of HMPV before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed 427 HMPV-positive samples collected in the Gwangju area from 2018 to 2022. Among these, 24 samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence rate of HMPV in 2022 increased by 2.5-fold. Especially in the age group of 6–10 years, the incidence rate increased by more than 4.5-fold. In the phylogenetic analysis results, before the COVID-19 pandemic, the A2.2.2 lineage was predominant, while in 2022, the A2.2.1 and B2 lineage were observed. The non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented after COVID-19, such as social distancing, have reduced opportunities for exposure to HMPV, subsequently leading to decreased acquisition of immunity. As a result, HMPV occurred during non-epidemic seasons, influencing the age distribution of its occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to recent trends in recognizing English as the language of international communication, this study examines the extent to which English textbooks used in the South Korean education system incorporate properties of what it means to be a legitimate Korean speaker of English. By adopting a thematic approach to critical discourse analysis, the study explores seven government‐authorized middle school English textbook series widely used in Korea. Analyses center around the themes of ownership of English and identity formation, naming order convention, national independence, contentious territorial disputes, and repatriation. Findings reveal how asserting national identity and learning English are jointly framed and reflected in the textbooks. The study discusses how discourses are constructed to present opportunities for promoting learners' cultivation of Koreanness pertaining to dominant ideologies and contemporary identity issues while enhancing their awareness in positioning themselves as competent members in the global community through the course of learning of English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete sleepers used in railway engineering are subject to damage, such as cracks and breakage. Damaged concrete sleepers undergo changes to their material and structural properties, including response, mode shape, and natural frequency. Therefore, we have proposed modal testing in this study to quantitatively evaluate the structural integrity of concrete sleepers. The results of modal testing were compared with those of numerical analysis and visual inspection. In addition, an impact hammer test was conducted to evaluate the structural performance of damaged concrete sleepers. The results show that natural-frequency analysis using the modal-testing technique can usefully complement visual inspection for structural performance evaluation in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the level of patient activation, and its association with self‐care behaviours in older people with heart failure. Design: Cross‐sectional secondary data analysis was conducted. Methods: We included a total of 182 Korean patients with heart failure who were aged ≥65 years for a cardiovascular outpatient clinic visit. Baseline characteristics, the Patient Activation Measure (PAM), health literacy, disease knowledge and self‐care behaviours were collected via a self‐administered questionnaire. Results: The proportion of patient activation at Levels 1 and 2 was 22.5% and 14.3%, respectively. Highly activated patients had a high level of health literacy, disease knowledge and self‐care behaviours. After adjusting for confounding factors, we observed that patient activation was the only statiscally significant predictor of self‐care behaviours among older people with heart failure. Healthcare professionals should help patients take active roles in their self‐care through a comprehensive needs assessment including health literacy and disease knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomically-informed therapy requires consideration of the functional impact of genomic alterations on protein expression and/or function. However, a substantial number of variants are of unknown significance (VUS). The MD Anderson Precision Oncology Decision Support (PODS) team developed an actionability classification scheme that categorizes VUS as either "Unknown" or "Potentially" actionable based on their location within functional domains and/or proximity to known oncogenic variants. We then compared PODS VUS actionability classification with results from a functional genomics platform consisting of mutant generation and cell viability assays. 106 (24%) of 438 VUS in 20 actionable genes were classified as oncogenic in functional assays. Variants categorized by PODS as Potentially actionable (N = 204) were more likely to be oncogenic than those categorized as Unknown (N = 230) (37% vs 13%, p = 4.08e-09). Our results demonstrate that rule-based actionability classification of VUS can identify patients more likely to have actionable variants for consideration with genomically-matched therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of royalties on the use of foreign-made inoculum strains or starters as a result of the implementation of the 'Nagoya Protocol' has led to efforts and healthy competition to secure useful biological resources in each country. In this study, we recognized the necessity and importance of securing useful strains in Korea and produced starters using five strains of fungi (Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger). Specifically, the quality characteristics exhibited by different strain inoculum concentrations (1, 3, 5% (v/w)) and drying conditions (low-temperature air drying at 35 °C for 24 h and high-temperature hot air drying at 45 °C for 18 h) during the starter manufacturing process were analyzed. Parameters such as enzyme activity and free amino acid and volatile flavor compound content, which may vary based on production conditions, are expected to produce basic data for the production of Korean-type starters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) form a bacterial film on the surface of alcoholic solutions and ferment ethanol to acetic acid while also producing bioactive compounds. To discover functional AAB for industrial use, we isolated and selected strains from farm-produced vinegars using a CaCO3-containing medium. The seven isolated strains belonged to Acetobacter cerevisiae and Acetobacter pasteurianus. These strains were tolerant to ethanol concentrations up to 12% (v/v). Acidification was seen for GHA 7, GYA 23, JGB 21-17, and GHA 20 strains at a growth temperature of 40 °C. The seven AAB isolates had strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant activity, as assessed using the DPPH and ABTS assays, was two- and four-fold higher than that for the negative control (1% acetic acid), respectively. We also observed 91.3% inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity for the KSO 5 strain, which was higher than that for the positive control, 0.1% captopril (76.9%). All strains showed complete inhibition of α-glucosidase, except JGB 21-17 and GHA 7, which showed 98.3% inhibition. Our work suggests the usefulness of the selected strains as seed strains for the highly efficient production of functional vinegar and illustrates the identification of useful functional characteristics on a scientific basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional grain vinegar is fermented using multiple acetic acid bacteria (AAB) at various temperatures. A single AAB showed high acid-producing ability at 30 °C with a 5% alcohol concentration and an initial pH adjusted to 4.0. Multiple AAB were similar to a single AAB; however, the optimal initial pH was 3.0. Acid production ability according to the type of AAB was higher in multiple AAB than in single AAB. That is, using multiple AAB helped increase the titratable acidity of traditional grain vinegar. In addition, increasing the titratable acidity and content of volatile flavor compounds was advantageous when two, rather than four, AAB types were mixed and used. The titratable acidity was high at medium temperatures (30 °C); however, volatile flavor compounds increased at low temperatures (20 °C) under multiple AAB. A 16S rDNA-based microbiome taxonomic profiling analysis identified differences in beta diversity due to multiple AAB and fermentation temperatures. In particular, beta diversity analysis revealed a specific pattern when a mixture of Acetobacter ascedens GV–8 and Acetobacter pasteurianus GV–22 was fermented at a low temperature (20 °C). Therefore, we propose the application of multiple AAB with acidic and flavor-producing properties in traditional grain vinegar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study investigates the fundamental mechanical characteristics of the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars, including the tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, and modulus of elasticity of the CFRP bar. The properties need to be accurately determined to understand the behavior of the concrete structures reinforced with CFRP rebars. The CFRP rebar was coated with sand to enhance the adhesive strength of the concrete. Three diameters of CFRP rebar (D10, D12, and D16) were considered in accordance with ASTM provisions. A coefficient, i.e., the ratio of shear strength to tensile strength, was employed to predict the tensile strength of the CFRP rebar specimens. The test results confirm that the tensile strength of CFRP rebar is dependent on its diameter due to the shear lag effect. A coefficient in the range of 0.17 to 0.2 can be used to predict the tensile strength of CFRP rebar using shear strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reductive amination has been widely used for manufacturing carbon–nitrogen-containing building blocks. Despite its versatility, the need for a chemical reductant or harmful hydrogen gas has limited its further utilization in modern chemical applications. Here, we report electrochemical reductive amination (ERA) to pursue sustainable synthetic routes. Faradaic efficiencies of about 83% are achieved using Cu metal electrodes. In-depth electrokinetic studies reveal the rate-determining step and overall reaction nature of ERA. Through the experiments using deuterated solvent and additional proton sources, we scrutinize the origin of protons during the ERA. Furthermore, CW–EPR analysis captures the radical intermediate species, formed during the catalytic cycle, advancing mechanistic understanding of ERA process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mumps is the second‐most reported infectious disease in South Korea; however, due to the low pathogen confirmation rate in laboratory diagnoses, we proposed a method for reevaluating the high incidence rate via the laboratory verification of other viral diseases. In 2021, 63 cases of pharyngeal or cheek mucosal swabs of suspected mumps cases in Gwangju, South Korea, were assessed for causative pathogens using massive simultaneous pathogen testing. More than one respiratory virus was detected in 60 cases (95.2%), 44 (73.3%) of which were codetected. Human rhinovirus was detected in 47 cases, followed by human herpesvirus (HHV)6 in 30; HHV4 (17), human bocavirus (17), HHV5 (10), and human parainfluenza virus 3 (6) were also detected. Our findings suggest the need for further investigations on the pathogenesis of diseases mimicking mumps, which are considered to aid with appropriate public health responses, treatment, and the prevention of infectious disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban railway sleeper floating track (STEDEF) reduces the block vibration transmitted to the subgrade structure by structurally separating the sleeper and the concrete bed, using a rubber boot and a resilient pad. Recently, the replacement of rubber boot material (SBR) after long-term wear and tear has become of utmost importance because of durability problems such as deformation, tearing, and abrasion. This study investigates rubber boots—a component of the urban railway sleeper floating track—to resolve these concerns and proposes the material and shape of a novel rubber boot. The proposed rubber boot reduces the maximum displacement and strain by more than 83% and 90%, respectively, compared with the existing rubber boots. In addition, the results of numerical analysis and indoor tests show that type 3 rubber boots can prevent displacement and stress generation in rubber boots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 25 years, maintenance processes for the wooden sleeper turnouts of sleeper floating tracks (known as STEDEF) have been insufficient, lacking accurate maintenance history and failure cause analyses. Currently, damaged parts are repeatedly replaced without an analysis of the cause of their failure. Therefore, it has been difficult to predict potential damages due to the lack of maintenance history data on the replaced items and the timing of the turnout component. This study proposes a turnout maintenance plan using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) technique to analyze the turnout maintenance history data for a period spanning 10 years. The maintenance damage type of the turnout was classified to confirm the cause of damage and the damage frequency. Additionally, components that could lower the occurrence score were selected based on a risk analysis of the turnover. Therefore, it was possible to reduce the risk occurrence score by improving the size of the turnout top plate and the number of bolts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, whooping cough or pertussis caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) is described as an acute disease with severe symptoms. However, many individuals who contract pertussis are either asymptomatic or show very mild symptoms and yet can serve as carriers and sources of bacterial transmission. Biofilms are an important survival mechanism for bacteria in human infections and disease. However, bacterial determinants that drive biofilm formation in humans are ill-defined. In the current study, we show that Bp infection of well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells leads to formation of bacterial aggregates, clusters, and highly structured biofilms which are colocalized with cilia. These findings mimic observations from pathological analyses of tissues from pertussis patients. Distinct arrangements (mono-, bi-, and tri-partite) of the polysaccharide Bps, extracellular DNA, and bacterial cells were visualized, suggesting complex heterogeneity in bacteria-matrix interactions. Analyses of mutant biofilms revealed positive roles in matrix production, cell cluster formation, and biofilm maturity for three critical Bp virulence factors: Bps, filamentous hemagglutinin, and adenylate cyclase toxin. Adherence assays identified Bps as a new Bp adhesin for primary human airway cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate the multi-factorial nature of the biofilm extracellular matrix and biofilm development process under conditions mimicking the human respiratory tract and highlight the importance of model systems resembling the natural host environment to investigate pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies. Author summary: Despite widespread vaccination, pertussis or whooping cough caused by the gram-negative obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) is resurging in many countries. The mechanisms by which Bp infects human hosts, causes disease, and persists in the nasopharynx are ill-defined. We show herein that Bp forms aggregates, clusters, and highly structured biofilms colocalized with cilia on well-differentiated and ciliated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE). The biofilm extracellular matrix (ECM) on HBE cells was heterogenous and consisted of the polysaccharide Bps, extracellular DNA, and bacterial cells arranged in different complexes (mono-, bi-, and tri-partite). Utilizing mutant strains, we discovered positive roles of three Bp virulence factors, Bps, filamentous hemagglutinin, and adenylate cyclase toxin in matrix production, cell cluster formation and biofilm maturation. Our study provides a human-relevant model for studying bacterial biofilms, reveals the nature of ECM and bacterial determinants required for biofilm formation on primary human airway cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study entailed performance tests to confirm the bond performance of the proposed new repair material and the pressurization effect of the developed mechanical pressurizing equipment. The physical property changes of the new repair material were reviewed by varying the mixing ratio of high aluminate cement (HAC)-mixed mortar. Strength tests were performed according to the mixing ratios of polymer and silica fume to improve the bond performance. To improve water retention, the mixing ratios of the cellulose and nylon fibers were adjusted, and the change in water retention was measured. The proposed repair material mixing ratio yielded the best performance when pressure was applied to the repair surface. Comparing the existing repair materials and the new repair material prepared by adjusting the ratios of HAC-mixed mortar, cellulose fiber, redispersible powder resin, and other factors confirmed that the new repair material has a high bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine and compare the mediating effect of adolescent lifestyle profiles in the relationship between male and female adolescents' smartphone addiction and health-related quality of life. This model was investigated with 1338 Filipino senior high school students. Using Google Forms, the participants completed the survey on smartphone addiction, health-related quality of life, and adolescent lifestyle profiles. The correlation analyses demonstrated that smartphone addiction was significantly and negatively correlated with health-related quality of life and adolescent lifestyle profiles. Furthermore, adolescent lifestyle profiles were positively correlated with health-related quality of life. The mediation analyses revealed that adolescent lifestyle profiles significantly mediated the relationship between smartphone addiction and health-related quality of life for both male and females after controlling for demographics and nomophobia with females, who were highly addicted to smartphones, getting more mediating effects than males. Implications of these findings are discussed with recommendation for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalently linked dimers (CLDs) and their structural isomers have attracted much attention as potential materials for improving power conversion efficiencies through singlet fission (SF). Here, we designed and synthesized two covalently ortho-linked pyrene (Py) dimers, anti- and syn-1,2-di(pyrenyl)benzene (Anti-DPyB and Syn-DPyB, respectively), and investigated the effect of molecular configuration on SF dynamics using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies. Both Anti-DPyB and Syn-DPyB, which have different Py-stacking configurations, form excimers, which then relax to the correlated triplet pair ((T1T1)) state, indicating the occurrence of SF. Unlike previous studies where the excimer formation inhibited an SF process, the (T1T1)'s of Anti-DPyB and Syn-DPyB are formed through the excimer state. The dissociation of (T1T1)'s to 2T1 in Anti-DPyB is more favorable than in Syn-DPyB. Our results showcase that the molecular configuration of a CLD plays an important role in SF dynamics. Singlet fission excited-state relaxation, as observed in covalently linked dimers, could allow energy-conversion efficiencies in photovoltaic devices beyond the Shockley–Queisser limit. Here, the authors study the effect of the molecular configuration of two covalently ortho-linked pyrene dimers on singlet fission dynamics using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural metalloenzymes stabilize metal centers by utilizing multiple imidazole moieties. Inspired by nature's design principles, the introduction of multiple azoles into ligands has been an effective method for constructing transition metal complexes. Herein, we describe a post‐synthetic modification of peptoids to incorporate multiple azoles on side chains. A simple substitution reaction between an azole (imidazole, pyrazole, 1,2,3‐triazole, and tetrazole) and a chloroalkyl‐containing peptoid provided access to a variety of azole‐containing peptoids. Ten azole‐containing peptoids were synthesized from a single chloroalkyl‐containing peptoid, and the efficiency of each azole for the substitution reaction was evaluated. We have identified that several of the azole‐containing peptoids are capable of binding with Cu(II) and Fe(III). Our synthetic approach can contribute to the expansion of peptoids' chemical diversity and the development of novel peptoids for metal recognition and catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing development of underground infrastructure has led to the deformation of subway box structures and surrounding roadbeds, eventually resulting in cracks. Therefore, it is necessary to predict damage through effective analysis and evaluation techniques. This study examined the correlation between displacement behavior and damage in a subway box structure and proposed an analysis technique to predict the damage location and scale of a structure by comparing the results from visual inspection, on-site measurement, and numerical analysis. The proposed technique can be used to compute the external boundary conditions that may induce major deformations in a subway box structure, and to predict and evaluate the members and locations where the damage may occur. In addition, we confirm that the damaged location and scale in a subway box structure can be determined, and that the maintenance of a subway box structure can be achieved by repairing and reinforcing the damaged part. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to help accurately predict damage in subway box structures, thereby contributing to better maintenance and failure prevention of underground infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the unstable strength characteristics, the use of recycled aggregates is used only for non-structural members. To use recycled aggregates for structure members, shear performance evaluation experiments were conducted with the variables such as the replacement rate of recycled aggregates, steel fiber reinforcement, and shear span-to-depth ratio. A total of nine experiments were produced. The loading force proceeded at a speed of 0.03 mm/s, and the upper and lower points were asymmetrically arranged to make the shear force and bending moment act on the column without the actual axial force. At this time, the shear span (a) was adjusted according to the experimental variable shear span ratio, and the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD) acting on the test object. The shear load was calculated as 0.875 P when the shear span ratio was 0.8, and 0.78 P when it was 1.6. The load and displacement of the experiments increased proportionally and acted elastically, and the load tended to increase gradually even after yield load. The shear strength and initial stiffness of the experiments in which the recycled aggregate replacement rate was a variable decreased as the replacement rate increased, and the shear strength and initial stiffness of the experiments reinforced with steel fibers increased compared to the non-reinforced experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation of traditional vinegar is a spontaneous and complex process that involves interactions among various microorganisms. Here, we used a microbiome approach to determine the effects of networks, such as fermentation temperature, location, physicochemical and sensory characteristics, and bacterial profile, within traditional grain vinegar samples collected from various regions of Korea. Acetic acid and lactic acid were identified as the major metabolites of grain vinegar, and sourness and umami were determined as taste fingerprints that could distinguish between vinegar samples. Acetobacter ghanensis and Lactobacillus acetotolerans were the predominant bacterial species, and the functional composition of the microbiota revealed that the nucleotide biosynthesis pathway was the most enriched. These results reveal that vinegar samples fermented outdoors are more similar to each other than vinegar samples fermented at 30 °C, when comparing the distance matrix for comprehending bacterial networks among samples. This study may help obtain high-quality vinegar through optimized fermentation conditions by suggesting differences in sensory characteristics according to the fermentation environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatic CALR mutations occur in approximately 70% of patients with JAK2 V617F-negative essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). We evaluated the effects of the CALR mutant type and burden on the phenotype of CALR-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Of the 510 patients with suspected or diagnosed MPN, all 49 patients detected with CALR mutations were diagnosed with ET (n = 32) or PMF (n = 17). The CALR mutant burden was significantly higher in PMF than in ET (45% vs. 34%), and type 1-like and type 2-like mutations were detected in 49% and 51% patients, respectively. Patients with MPN and type 2-like mutation showed a significantly higher median platelet count than those with type 1-like mutation. Particularly, patients with ET and type 2-like mutation had no thrombotic events, despite higher platelet counts. The effect of CALR mutant burden differed depending on the mutant type. A higher mutant burden tended to be associated with a cytopenic phenotype (i.e., lower hemoglobin levels and platelet counts) in patients with the type 1-like mutation and a proliferative hematological phenotype (i.e., higher platelet and neutrophil counts) in patients with the type 2-like mutation. This study suggests that the disease phenotype of MPN may be altered through CALR mutant burden and mutant type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to identify the job change status and related factors among nurses during the first 4 years of their professional life. Background: The early turnover and job change of nurses results in negative patient and nurse outcomes and financial losses. Methods: A prospective longitudinal observational design and convenience sampling were used. From five nursing schools in South Korea, 526 individuals participated in the first survey conducted before graduation; 317 and 338 individuals participated in the second and third surveys, respectively (4 months after employment, and 4 years after graduation). Results: In total, 42.0% of the participants remained at the hospital of their first job, 26.6% switched hospitals, and 12.1% moved to a nonhospital job. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that switching hospitals was associated with nurses' grade point average, type of hospital, first job satisfaction, and current pay. Moving to a nonhospital job was related to gender, type of hospital, current pay, and work–life balance. Conclusion: To reduce the early turnover and job change, hospitals should provide educational programmes for nurses, support male nurses, and increase job satisfaction and work–life balance. Implications for Nursing Management: Since this study addresses the working conditions and satisfaction of individuals who were re‐employed after experiencing job turnover, it clarifies how nurse managers may reduce turnover. Namely, nurse managers should establish a work environment promoting good work–life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the material properties of the damage-vulnerable parts and the residual strain of tension clamps comprising many curved parts, such as those used in urban railroads, were tested and analyzed. The effects of decreasing the strengths of the tension clamps on performance were then assessed. The permanent deformation characteristics of the tension clamps of aged specimens (6, 11, and 16 years of service) exhibited tendencies similar to the strain-hardening characteristics of the stress–strain responses reported in previous studies. As the service period increased, plastic deformation occurred in the middle bands of the tension clamps. When used for 16 years in urban railroads, the tension clamps underwent ~10% deformation compared with their initial shapes. Furthermore, based on laboratory tests, the deterioration levels of the tension clamps according to the service period were examined as functions of Young's modulus. Stress levels close to the yield strength occurred in the middle band of the tension clamp when the clamping force was introduced. As a results, it is possible to determine whether the clamping force confirms that decrease by using the Young's moduli of tension clamps, and the deterioration of the function and the replacement time of tension clamps that may occur during service can be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: acute promyelocytic leukaemia; drug resistance; MAPK expression; metabolic reprogramming EN acute promyelocytic leukaemia drug resistance MAPK expression metabolic reprogramming 1 5 5 08/03/22 20220701 NES 220701 Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is a rare blood cancer, classified as a subtype of acute myeloid leukaemia, and is treated with targeted therapy.1 Cancer metabolism has been studied extensively in solid cancers; however, metabolic reprogramming in blood cancer has not yet been studied extensively. According to the Gene Ontology analysis, genes related to RA signalling were enriched in the thyroid hormone-signalling pathway and lipid cellular response (Figure 3E). [Extracted from the article]

Community mitigation measures taken owing to the COVID-19 pandemic have caused a decrease in the number of respiratory viruses, including the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), and a delay in their occurrence. HPIV3 was rarely detected as a consequence of monitoring respiratory viral pathogens in Gwangju, Korea, in 2020; however, it resurfaced as a delayed outbreak and peaked in September–October 2021. To understand the genetic characteristics of the reemerging virus, antigenic gene sequences and evolutionary analyses of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) genes were performed for 129 HPIV3 pathogens prevalent in Gwangju from 2018 to 2021. Unlike the prevalence of various HPIV3 strains in 2018-2019, the prevalence of HPIV3 by strains with reduced diversity was confirmed in 2021. It could be inferred that this decrease in genetic diversity was due to the restriction of inflow from other regions at home and abroad following the community mitigation measures and the spread within the region. The HPIV3 that emerged in 2021 consisted of HN coding regions that were 100% consistent with the sequence identified in Saitama, Japan, in 2018, and F coding regions exhibiting 99.6% homology to a sequence identified in India in 2017, among the ranks reported to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The emergence of a new lineage in a community can lead to a mass outbreak by collapsing the collective immunity of the existing acquired area; therefore, continuous monitoring is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]