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This study investigates the impact of financial stability on environmental degradation in Turkey, controlling for economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and primary energy consumption between 1990 and 2019. The study employs various statistical methodologies, including LS Unit Root, Fourier ARDL, DOLS, and FMOLS tests. The findings reveal an inverse relationship between financial stability and environmental degradation. Both economic growth and primary energy consumption are found to exacerbate environmental degradation. This study recommends that policymakers incorporate financial stability into policies aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of investing in renewable energy infrastructure and the transportation sector to effectively mitigate environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency offers a vast, low-cost energy resource for the economy, but only if the nation can craft a comprehensive and innovative approach to unlock it. One of the most viable options is to invest in energy productivity. This study examines the asymmetric and long-run effects of energy productivity on environmental degradation while controlling for renewable energy, economic growth, and financial development, utilizing the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag model and other robust econometric techniques in the United Kingdom during the period 1990Q1–2020Q4. The United Kingdom is one of the world's wealthiest countries; its environment is being severely strained and is challenged in boasting massive investments to reduce CO2 emissions to 78% by 2035. Given the important scenarios for energy efficiency, this study outcome indicates that (a) energy productivity has been beneficial for reducing carbon emissions; (b) renewable energy sources significantly mitigate carbon emissions in the United Kingdom, and (c) economic growth and financial development cause to increase carbon emissions in the United Kingdom. Given the findings, some policy recommendations abound. The negative statistically significant coefficient of renewable energy is an indication that the expansion of renewable energy is essential to achieving clean and sustainable growth. Furthermore, policymakers should enact new environmental laws that prioritize R&D and embrace cleaner technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable growth and the reduction of environmental pressures are important priorities that are issues of concern for both developed and developing countries. However, while carbon emissions and ecological footprint are commonly used by researchers in the context of environmental deterioration, a broader and more extensive metric for ecological quality is considered necessary. From this perspective, the load capacity factor provides a more detailed sustainable environment appraisal by simultaneously considering biocapacity and ecological footprint. Limited studies have examined the determinants of load capacity factor (LCAP). This survey attempts to fill the gap, using the case of Japan. Employing the dynamic ARDL approaches, the present research investigates the effect of renewable energy usage, economic growth, economic complexity, financial development, and trade globalization on load capacity factor in Japan for the period between 1980 and 2017. The empirical evidence indicates that economic complexity, economic growth, and financial development adversely impact LCAP, whereas renewable energy usage and trade globalization positively affect LCAP. Hence, we recommend that it is essential for Japan to attain self‐sufficiency in essential goods and minimize its reliance on the rest of the world. Furthermore, policymakers should capitalize on the benefits of trade globalization by adopting additional measures aimed at facilitating trade liberalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on investigating the effect of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption (REC and NREC), financial development (FD), and inflation (INF) on economic welfare (EW) in India during 1990–2019. In this research, we employ a novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag model and a kernel-based machine learning algorithm and regularise least squares to detect causal linkages among the variables. To measure the economic welfare index, this research uses the PCA analysis with GDP, human capital, environmental damage, number of employed persons, life expectancy at birth, and real consumption in households and by the government. According to the findings, the NREC and FD have been favourably contributing to EW. Conversely, the EW is adversely affected by REC. However, INF also has an adverse impact on EW, although it may be insignificant in the long run and significant in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acceleration of ecological footprint and trade openness are two major hot subjects that have received much attention in recent years. Thus, the current study evaluates the interrelationship between ecological footprint and trade openness in Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey (MINT) nations. The study utilized time series and panel analysis between 1961 and 2018. The research provides thorough information regarding this relationship for various time and frequency sub-periods by employing the partial wavelet, wavelet coherence, and multiple wavelet coherence techniques. The results from the wavelet coherence show that in the short and medium term, there is significant co-movement between ecological footprint and trade openness for Mexico and Indonesia, with trade openness driving ecological footprint positively at high and medium frequencies. Moreover, at all frequencies, trade openness drives ecological footprint positively for Nigeria and Turkey. The study validates that trade openness leads to the ecological footprint hypothesis in each nation. Furthermore, the multiple and partial wavelet coherence undoubtedly strengthens the occurrences spotted through the wavelet coherence in each nation. Based on these findings, policy recommendations are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of public–private partnership investment in energy and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, taking into account the critical role of economic growth and trade openness in Pakistan from 1992 to 2019. The linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models are employed to check the co-integration link between dependent and independent variables, further estimate short-run and long-run associations, and examine the symmetric and asymmetric effects of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The empirical findings show that public–private partnership investment in energy reduces environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. Similarly, economic development and trade openness harms the atmosphere by raising CO2 emissions. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption significantly negatively affects CO2 emissions. In addition, the findings also authenticate the asymmetric link between public–private partnership investment in energy and the environment, as CO2 emissions are caused mainly by positive shocks in public–private partnership investment in energy in the short and long run. This study proposes financing renewable energy projects through public–private partnership is needed for an environmentally friendly future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluates the effect of financial development (FD), economic growth (GDP), trade globalization (TGLO), renewable energy consumption (REC), and human capital (HC) on ecological footprint (ECF) in Italy using data between 1985 and 2018. We further assess the combined impact of trade globalisation and human capital on ecological footprint as well as the combined effect of trade globalisation and human capital on ecological footprint. In order to explore these associations, the present research utilizes autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to catch both long and short-run associations between ecological footprint and its drivers. Furthermore, we use dynamic OLS (DOLS) and fully modified OLS (FMOLS) long-run estimators as robustness checks. Lastly, causality at different frequencies is captured using the frequency domain causality test. The outcomes of the ARDL estimator disclose that (a) a surge in ecological footprint is attributed to an increase in economic growth; (b) a decrease in ecological footprint is attributed to an increase in renewable energy, trade globalisation, and human capital; (c) the combined impact of human capital and trade globalisation lessen ecological footprint, and (d) combined effect of trade globalisation and human capital mitigate ecological footprint in Italy. Furthermore, the outcomes of the causality test revealed that all the exogenous variables can significantly predict ecological footprint in the long run with the exemption of financial development. Based on the study's findings, an SDG-focused policy framework is advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the consequences for the climate and human well-being, there is unquestionable universal fear about the ecological impact of socioeconomic activity. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effects of carbon tax and resource efficiency on environmental sustainability while controlling economic growth and total energy supply in France between 1995 and 2020. As a result, the empirical findings would shed light on ecological sustainability in France and spark new debate. This study employs a novel Fourier autoregressive distributed lag cointegration method for cointegration and a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach for long-run estimation. The empirical outcomes show that resource efficiency is negatively connected to environmental pollution. Moreover, the impact of a carbon tax on environmental pollution is negative. Lastly, energy use and economic growth positively influence environmental pollution. The study concludes that carbon taxes can help to achieve sustainable development goals and resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using novel Fourier-based approaches, this paper investigates the effect of green logistics and financial innovation on environmental sustainability in China over the period 2000/Q1-2018/Q4. The Fourier ADL cointegration analysis indicates that all indicators are integrated. Additionally, the findings of the Fourier-ARDL long run indicate as follows: (i) Green logistics mitigate environmental degradation and increase environmental sustainability in China; (ii) in contrast, the impact of financial innovation and economic growth decreases the environmental quality and increases production-based CO2 emissions in the region. The research findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, providing a basis for adopting green logistics operations that promote sustainable practices in China. By implementing such practices, policymakers can mitigate the adverse impacts of economic and financial activities in the country, fostering sustainable development and environmental responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialized nations must significantly reduce their emissions, necessitating the use of linkages with other environmental initiatives, in order to keep global warming and other adverse socioeconomic effects within reasonable bounds. Increasing resource efficiency, or lowering the amount of resources needed to produce one unit of economic output, is a common objective sought at all scale levels. How does decarbonization link to resource efficiency? Does increasing energy efficiency lead to a drop in emissions for economies? Considering these important issues, the present study aims to capture the effect of resource efficiency and energy productivity on environmental sustainability while controlling globalization and economic growth between 1995 and 2020 in Germany. To the best of our understanding, this is the first research to seek to undertake this connection for Germany. Therefore, the empirical results are expected to bring insights into and start a fresh discussion on environmental sustainability. The present study used both asymmetric and symmetric autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approaches. The empirical outcomes of the nonlinear ARDL method showed that economic progress instigated a negative impact on environmental sustainability. Moreover, a positive shock in resource efficiency drops the pollution level while any negative shock in resource efficiency increases the environmental pollution in Germany. The impact of energy productivity is negative on environmental pollution. Lastly, globalization increases the consumption-based CO2 emissions. Moreover, the outcomes of ARDL estimation also validated the outcomes of nonlinear ARDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike previous studies in the environment-finance-energy linkage, to analyze the causal and long-run effects of renewable energy and financial innovation on the quality of the environment in India while taking into account GDP and primary energy consumption, this research employs Fourier base approaches, namely Fourier augmented Dickey–Fuller (F-ADF) unit root test, Fourier autoregressive distributive lag (F-ADL) cointegration test, Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (F-ARDL) cointegration test, and Fourier Toda Yamamoto (F-TY) causality test. The outcomes of the present study reveal that (i) financial innovation and renewable energy consumption cause to decrease in environmental degradation in India; (ii) GDP and primary energy consumption increase (and cause) environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) matters for environmental deregulations in Southern European countries over the period of 1990–2018 while controlling economic growth, globalization, and energy consumption. The present study uses the second generation panel based techniques, namely cross-sectional dependency test, cross-sectional unit-root test, Westerlund cointegration test, augmented mean group and common correlated effects mean group estimators, and Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality test to measure the effect of CO2 intensity of GDP, economic growth, globalization, and energy consumption on environmental degradation. The empirical finding of the present study reveals that the CO2 intensity of GDP is an important factor in determining environmental degradation in South European countries, as the outcomes show that a 1% boost in CO2 intensity of GDP is causing a 1.7728% increase in CO2 emissions. Moreover, a 1% increase in economic growth caused a 0.2568% boost in CO2 emissions. The result is crucial for policy decision-making and can perhaps be applied to take decisive policy actions to mitigate environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for ecological sustainability while reducing the impacts of environmental deterioration has become a worldwide endeavour. Furthermore, it is unclear how developing economies such as Brazil can considerably improve environmental quality (EQ). This paper contributes to the ongoing literature by evaluating the effect of green finance, economic growth, political risk, social globalization and green innovation on environmental quality in Brazil. The study used data spanning between 2000Q1 and 2018Q4. Unlike other investigations, the current study used load capacity factor as a proxy for environmental quality, which considers both demand and supply sides of environmental issues. The current study applied the novel dynamic ARDL to capture the short and long‐run nexus. The bootstrap causality test was also applied to capture causal connection instabilities over time. The results of this study are as follows: (1) a significant and positive association was found between political risk, green finance, green innovation and social globalization environmental quality; (2) a significant and negative interplay was detected between economic growth and environmental quality; (3) The time‐varying causality shows a feedback causality at various periods between political risk, green finance, green innovation, economic growth, social globalization and environmental quality. This study also serves as a reference point for governments and policymakers in terms of investing in eco‐friendly technologies in order to improve environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BRICS countries ratified the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals agenda whereby ensuring environmental sustainability is of paramount importance for these emerging market economies. Although the BRICS nations have recorded noteworthy economic growth trajectories over the last couple of decades, these nations have not fared well in terms of improving their environmental indicators, especially due to gradually becoming more fossil fuel dependent over time. Hence, this study aims to explore whether undergoing the renewable energy transition can directly and indirectly establish environmental sustainability in the BRICS countries by containing their annual growth rates of carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the emission growth rate–influencing effects of technological innovation, foreign direct investment receipts, urbanization, and institutional quality are also evaluated. Based on data spanning from 1996 to 2021 and considering the result obtained using advanced panel data estimators, the findings endorse that the yearly carbon emission growth rates are (a) unaffected by undergoing the renewable energy transition on its own; (b) positively impacted by technological innovation, net receipts of foreign direct investment, and urbanization; and (c) negatively impacted by improving institutional quality through effective controlling of the spread of corruption. More importantly, the results verify the joint carbon emission growth rate–mitigating impact of renewable energy transition and institutional quality improvement. Hence, for abating the emission growth rate figures, several policies are prescribed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swift decline in the quantity and quality of natural resources and the public's increased awareness about it is putting steep pressure on manufacturing and services firms to follow eco-friendly practices. The United Nations has made it imperative for organizations to ensure sustainability in their operations. This study investigates whether the quality management system within an organization helps them achieve environmental innovation and sustainable development goals? It also examines does environmental innovation facilitates firms in achieving sustainable development goals? Six quality management practices are taken from the American 'Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award'; environmental innovation includes product and process innovation, and corporate sustainability includes environmental, social, and economic dimensions. The authors followed the non-probability convenience sampling technique to collect data from the junior, middle, and senior managers from medium and large-size services and manufacturing firms from July 2019 to October 2019. The structural analysis indicated that quality management facilitates firms to achieve their environmental innovation and sustainability goals; environmental innovation significantly enables organizations to achieve sustainability goals. Dimensional analysis indicated that quality management significantly impacts all studied dimensions. However, environmental innovation is found to have an insignificant impact on social sustainability. The findings of this study provide valuable insights to the managers of the manufacturing and services firms concerning eco-innovation and sustainability goals and conclude by offering recommendations for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation has been one of the hot topics discussed since the 1980s. In the literature, CO2 emissions are generally used to represent environmental degradation. However, in this study, environmental degradation is examined in the context of ecological footprint. The study aims to investigate the effect of economic growth, energy consumption, and mineral saving on the ecological footprint in Turkey for the period of 1975–2017. For this purpose, the bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag model with a Fourier function (FARDL) method is utilized to test the long-term relationship between the variables. The findings indicate a long-term relationship between the variables. In addition, long-run estimation results based on the FARDL model show that economic growth and mineral saving increase the ecological footprint in Turkey. The conclusion discusses these findings and presents long-term policy recommendations for Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, economies have become complex and new technologies have transformed and facilitated the modernization of economies. In the previous literature, economic complexity approach has become one of the popular tools in the development and innovation studies of economic geography. Researchers have found that green technology and eco-innovation approaches should be used to decisively reduce the effects of carbon emission on the environment. However, debates about the impact of economic complexity on environment remain unsettled since some emerging production technologies have far-reaching pollution effects. This study explored the impacts of economic complexity on environmental sustainability in Turkey using the novel Fourier-based approaches, namely: Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller (FADF) and Fourier autoregressive-distributed lag (FARDL) models. The Fourier-based approaches indicated that all variables (economic complexity index (ECI), GDP, energy consumption, and CO2 emission (CO2E)) are cointegrated in the long run. Additionally, the FARDL model implied that (i) in the long run, the effect of ECI (as a proxy for economic complexity), GDP (as a proxy for economic growth), and energy consumption on CO2E (as a proxy for environmental quality) is important; (ii) economic complexity decreases environmental degradation in Turkey; and (iii) economic growth and energy consumption negatively affect environmental quality. The results also showed that economic complexity could be used as a policy tool to tackle environmental degradation. The findings also revealed that the fossil fuel-based economy will continue to expand and undermine Turkey's efforts to meet its net zero emission target by 2053. Therefore, policy-makers should take actions and establish diversified economic, environmental, and energy strategies. For policy insights, the Turkish governments can use the combination of tax exemptions and technical support systems to support knowledge creation and the diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies The governments can also impose strict environmental regulations on the knowledge development phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to capture the effect of environmentally related taxes on environmental quality in Canada while controlling economic growth, financial development, and energy consumption over the period of 1990Q1 to 2020Q4. The present study employs novel econometric approaches, namely, the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (N-ARDL) test and the gradual shift causality (GS-C) test. The outcomes of the study reveal that (i) there is long-run cointegration equation between environmental taxes (E-TAX), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E), economic growth (ECG), financial development (FD), and primary energy consumption (PREC); (ii) E-TAX causes to decrease in environmental degradation in Canada; (iii) PREC and ECG increase (and cause) environmental degradation in Canada; and (iv) financial development also positively affect the environmental sustainability. This effort may also be of great importance for policymakers and decision-makers to better understand the factors of environmental degradation for developing effective tax policies that will alleviate human impacts and contribute to reducing environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming, a persistent issue, needs comprehensive solutions. Shifting to sustainable resources and promoting green initiatives like green logistics, green investments, and environmental policies (such as environmental technology and environmental tax) are potential ways to address this challenge. The current study explores relationships between these factors and transportation emissions in China, with a focus on achieving the 2060 carbon neutrality goal. To investigate the research gap, the study employs the novel econometric, method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) for benchmark estimation and the bootstrap quantile regression (BSQR) technique for sensitivity estimations from 2000/Q1 to 2019/Q4, and the study confirms the hypothesis of "carbon neutrality." The results reveal that green logistics and green finance have a negative impact on transportation emissions across all quantiles. Environmental technology, environmental tax, and renewable energy also help reduce transportation emissions. On the contrary, economic growth increases transportation emissions, with a greater effect in the early quantile stages but a diminishing impact in later stages. Based on the study's findings, policymakers should prioritize sustainable development strategies to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality." Implementing green logistics and promoting green investments are essential steps in this direction. Additionally, greater support should be given to the renewable energy sector, green technologies, and sustainable growth to achieve the carbon neutrality goal in China by 2060. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change can be mitigated and policies can be catalyzed with the aid of financial institutions. By maintaining and strengthening financial stability, the financial sector's resilience could help mitigate climate‐related risks and uncertainties. Hence, an empirical investigation on the effect of financial stability on consumption‐based CO2 emissions (CCO2E) in Denmark is long overdue. This study investigates the financial risk‐emissions relationship in the presence of energy productivity, energy consumption, and economic growth in Denmark. Furthermore, by adopting an asymmetric approach to analyze the time series data for the period between 1995 and 2018, this study helps bridge this major gap in the literature. By adopting the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach (NARDL), we discovered that the positive variation in financial stability causes a reduction in CCO2E, but the neutral connection was reported between the negative shock in financial stability and CCO2E. The positive shock in economic growth and energy consumption intensifies CCO2E; however, a neutral interaction exists between the negative shock in economic growth and CCO2E. The negative shock in energy consumption has a positive effect on CCO2E, indicating a mitigating implication on environmental degradation. In addition, a positive shock in energy productivity enhances environmental quality, while a negative shock in energy productivity increases environmental degradation. In light of the results, we suggest some robust policies for Denmark and other smaller but wealthy nations. Moreover, in order to develop sustainable finance markets, policymakers in Denmark need to mobilize both public and private finance while maintaining a balance with other economic needs of the nation. The country must also identify and understand potential avenues for scaling up private financing for mitigating climate risk. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1485–1494. © 2023 SETAC Key Points: Positive shock in financial stability mitigates consumption‐based CO2 emissions, while the negative shock has neutral effect on consumption‐based CO2 emissions in Denmark.‐. A positive shock in energy productivity enhances the environmental quality, while a negative shock in energy productivity promotes ennvironmental degradation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the asymmetric and long‐run effects of energy productivity on the quality of the environment in Sweden. It covers the time series data from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. Sweden was the first country in 1972 to host a United Nations conference on the environment. Unlike other countries in Europe, Sweden is cognizant of an innovative environment; it hopes to achieve 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2040 and lead the way towards a low‐carbon community. The novelty of this study lies in the thorough analysis of how energy productivity affects the quality of the environment in Sweden while controlling for economic growth, trade openness, and financial development utilizing the non‐linear ARDL approach and other robust econometric techniques. Precisely, (i) results indicate non‐linear and asymmetric effects of the variables over long‐term horizons; (ii) energy productivity benefits the environment by lowering CO2 emissions (CO2E) in the long term; (iii) a growth in trade openness positively impacts CO2E; (iv) an increase in financial development and economic growth without eco‐friendly protocols contribute to an increase in CO2E. The findings of this study support the economic theory that energy productivity can stimulate green living and green economic growth. We recommend that policymakers in Sweden invest in energy productivity, pursue R&D that embraces cleaner technologies, and prioritize cleaner, cross‐cutting eco‐friendly policies to combat climate challenges and achieve the long‐term climate policy goals of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a body of evidence that financial development contributes to the quality of the environment, either positively or negatively. However, a limited number of studies consider the effect of financial stability or financial risk on environmental degradation. As part of the proposed research, the present study contributes to the existing literature on asymmetric financial stability's impact on Ireland's environmental quality, as a major gap needs to be added to the literature. Based on this aim, the present study explores the effect of financial stability on environmental degradation in Ireland while controlling primary energy consumption, economic growth, and renewable energy in Ireland. The study employs a novel Fourier autoregressive distributed lag model (FARDL) approach for Ireland, covering the period 1990Q1‐2019Q4 with quarterly data. FARDL cointegration test results indicate a long‐term relationship between financial stability, primary energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, and CO2 emissions. The outcomes from the long‐term coefficient estimation model based on the FARDL model reveal that (i) financial stability leads to a decrease in environmental degradation in Ireland; (ii) renewable energy consumption promotes environmental sustainability; (iii) primary energy consumption has a negative effect on Ireland's environmental quality. These results denote that Ireland should enhance financial stability and promote renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel consumption to achieve net‐zero targets by 2050. Ireland to implement long‐term financial stability policies to fill the emission gap and achieve a net zero emissions target by 2050. Specific policy recommendations for Ireland's environmental policies are also discussed in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent academic and political interest has increased in the capability of regulatory quality to facilitate realization of environmental sustainability goals. This surge in interest in regulatory interventions relates to questions of whether regulatory deterrence is effective or are better alternatives to state regulations. This study investigates relationships between environmental sustainability and regulatory quality for a cross-section of Eastern European economies between 1998Q4 and 2017Q4 using advanced feasible generalized least square (FGLS) panel cointegration, Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG), and Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality estimation approaches. The outcomes indicate there are cointegrating relationships between regulatory quality and environmental sustainability. Instructively, we find that countries with strong regulations have improved environmental quality controlling unsustainable growth and fossil energy consumption. The Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality check indicates bidirectional causality between ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions in the region. Additionally, there is unidirectional causality running (i) from CO2 emissions to regulatory quality and (ii) from gross per capital income to both regulatory quality and carbon dioxide emissions. For policymakers, it is important to reinforce stringent regulations as the economies begin to grow and consume more energy, which is considered a major cause of climate change and global warming. Similar strict environmental regulations are needed to ensure corporations are made accountable for their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsustainable development and rising environmental degradation are major challenges for emerging nations that tend to promote human welfare by expanding economic development. Green energy transition (GETR) can help these nations to continue their development, reduce fossil fuel utilization, and achieve environmental sustainability. However, previous literature overlooks the importance of green technologies, government stability, and economic globalization in the GETR process. Accordingly, this research takes a step forward and assesses the impacts of green technologies (GT), government stability (GOV), and economic globalization (EGL) on green energy transition including population density (POP) and economic growth (GDP) in emerging seven (E-7) countries from 1992 to 2020. The research applied the "continuously updated fully modified (CuP-FM)" methodology to acquire the long-run findings robust to endogeneity stationary regressors, autocorrelation, and cross-sectional dependence (CD). The results highlighted that green technologies can be enhanced to accelerate the energy transition process since GETR and green technologies are positively connected. Also, government stability and economic globalization support the green energy transition. However, both population density and economic growth obstruct the energy transition process. The Emirmahmutoğlu and Kose test unveiled that green technologies, economic globalization, and government stability Granger cause the green energy transition. Based on these findings, policies are directed to promote the GETR by enhancing green technologies, economic globalization, and government stability for achieving ecological sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent time, Turkey could be said to have experienced different levels of Economic Risk, Financial Risk, and Political Risk from low- to high-level. This study investigates the linkage between country risks, namely Financial Risk, Economic Risk, and Political Risk (FEP risk) in Turkey for the period 1984Q1 to 2019Q1 by using threshold cointegration, Markow-switching regression (given the nonlinearity and structural breaks observed in the time series variables), and frequency domain causality approaches. The empirical findings of this study reveal that (i) nonlinear cointegration between Economic Risk, Financial Risk, and Political Risk in Turkey is statistically significant given the evidence of threshold cointegration test, which determines the structural breaks endogenously; (ii) there is positive linkage among the component of country risk at different volatility periods; (iii) there is a significant Granger causal linkage between Economic Risk, Financial Risk and Political Risk at the different frequency levels. The study is likely to open debate about the literature since the study concludes with a discussion on short-run and long-run implications for economic, political, and financial stabilises, thus offering policy suggestions for the policymakers in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to examine the relationship between financial inclusion (FNI), technological innovation (TIN), and natural resources (NRS) and their impact on environmental degradation in the 45‐belt and road initiative (BRI) region from 2001 to 2018. The study utilized advanced econometric techniques, including the generalized method of moments–panel vector autoregressive, as well as traditional methods such as ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares, to examine the relationship between these factors and environmental degradation, measured by carbon footprint (CFP) and ecological footprint (EFP). The long‐run estimate confirms that NRS and FNI appear to have led to higher regional CFPs and EFP pressure. Meanwhile, the relationship with TIN, economic governance institutions (government effectiveness and regularity quality), and human capital contribute to overcoming environmental degradation and increasing environmental sustainability. The findings of this study have important implications for policymakers and central authorities in the BRI region to address environmental degradation and promote sustainable development. Recommendations for Resource Managers: Natural resources (NRS) and financial inclusion increase the regional carbon footprint (CFP) and ecological footprint.Human capital and technological innovation positively contribute to environmental sustainability.Belt and road initiative (BRI) economies should retain innovative access to financial services, sustainable forest, and biocapacity development to meet environmental disasters.Moreover, BRI economies should not increase NRS used extensively to minimize the regional CFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of nuclear energy in promoting ecological sustainability in India, focusing on three ecological indicators: ecological footprint (EF), CO2 emissions (CO2), and load capacity factor (LF). In addition to nuclear energy, the study considers the influence of gas consumption and other drivers of ecological sustainability using data spanning from 1970 to 2018. The analysis also takes into account the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis on the model, employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and frequency domain causality approaches to assess the relationships. Unlike previous studies, this research evaluates both the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and load capacity curve (LCC) hypotheses. The ARDL results support the validity of both the EKC and LCC hypotheses in the Indian context. Furthermore, the findings reveal that nuclear energy and human capital contribute positively to ecological quality, while gas consumption and economic growth have a negative impact on ecological sustainability. The study also highlights the increasing effect of the 2008 global financial crisis on ecological sustainability. Additionally, the causality analysis demonstrates that nuclear energy, human capital, gas consumption, and economic growth can serve as predictors of long-term ecological sustainability in India. Based on these findings, the research presents policy recommendations that can guide efforts towards achieving SDGs 7 and 13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental deterioration is a substantial hazard to sustainable development. To add new dimensions to the discussion. This study aims to consider the impact of patents on environmental technology and environmental degradation in Iceland, along with other indicators, such as economic growth, primary energy consumption (PEC) and trade openness. This effect has not been comprehensively examined in the case of Iceland's economy. To this end, the study adopted novel econometric Fourier‐based estimators. The Fourier‐augmented Dickey–Fuller (F‐ADF) unit root tests, Fourier‐autoregressive distributive lag (F‐ARDL) cointegration test, F‐ARDL for long run estimation, and the Fourier‐Toda and Yamamoto (Fourier TY) causality test to determine the impact of explanatory and control indicators on production‐based CO2 emissions for the period 1995Q1 to 2019Q4. The findings revealed the impact of environmental technology and trade openness is negative and mitigates production‐based CO2 emissions and increases environmental sustainability in Iceland. In contrast, economic growth and PEC were found to have harmful and positive influences on production‐based CO2 emissions and increases environmental deterioration in the region. In addition, the Fourier TY causality test suggests unidirectional causality between these indicators in Iceland and the outcome further confirms that environmental technology and trade openness are vital for decreasing production‐based CO2 emissions in Iceland. Thus, the study findings benefit policymakers in adopting green innovation activities that increase sustainable energy resources and minimize the detrimental effects of a boost in economic activities in Iceland for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability has been a priority of energy study experts, yet, until recently, the approaches largely ignored innovation issues. This paper investigates the relationship between environmental innovation and environmental sustainability in a Nordic country, Norway, from 1990:Q1 to 2019:Q4. In Norway, climate change, protection of the ozone layer, biodiversity, urbanization, acidification, eutrophication, persistently high toxic waste, and increased fragility have injected volatility and uncertainty into the Norwegians—a reality that may continue for a while. This study is unique in that it uses the nonlinear ARDL approach to analyze in depth how environmental innovation affects environmental sustainability in Norway while controlling for economic growth, renewable energy, and financial development. In particular, the findings reveal that (i) environmental innovation improves the environment in Norway over long-term horizons; (ii) strengthening patents on environmental innovations can foster clean living, green growth, and zero CO2 emissions; (iii) investing in renewable energy sources benefits the Norwegian environment by reducing carbon emission growth; and (iv) economic growth and financial development promote CO2 emission growth. The policy consequence is that Norway's policymakers should continue to invest in cleaner technologies and encourage environmental education and training of employees, suppliers, and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the incessant quest for economic growth, global energy demand has increased to a level that requires urgent rethinking. The Netherlands depends heavily on traditional energy sources, which are finite and equally emit a lot of greenhouse gasses, causing further environmental destruction. To sustain economic growth and protect the ecosystem, it is crucial for the Netherlands to consume energy efficiently. Given that policy directions are required, this paper investigates the effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation in the Netherlands between 1990Q1 and 2019Q4, using the Fourier ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) and Fourier Toda–Yamamoto causality approaches. The Fourier ADL estimates indicate that all variables are cointegrated. Additionally, the long-run Fourier ARDL estimates indicate that investments in energy productivity could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the Fourier Toda–Yamamoto causality outcomes suggest that energy productivity, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption have a unidirectional causal effect on CO2 emissions. These revealing outcomes provide significant policy insights for the Netherlands' energy productivity objectives in their new energy policy proposed in 2022. The government could, through the new energy policy, increase investment in smart meters and review existing fossil fuel subsidies and energy trade taxes. Additionally, the government could consider reviewing the Netherlands' economic structure by increasing the share of the primary and tertiary sectors to the rising economic growth to reduce energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate the factors influencing carbon emissions in the emerging economies while particularly focusing on the energy efficiency and financial expansion. Since the debate regarding the influence of economic growth, energy efficiency, and financial expansion is still ongoing with the contradictory arguments during the last few years, such issue may lead to inefficient policy adoption, which lead this research to re-investigate the impact of these variables on CO2 emissions. This study uses advance econometric approaches on the data for emerging economies covering the period from 1990 to 2021. The examined results indicate the validity of cross-section dependence and long-run cointegration association between the study variables. Dur the issue of non-normal distribution of the variables, this study uses the novel non-parametric method which offers comprehensive evidence of the positive impact of economic growth and financial expansion on carbon emissions. In contrast, the results illustrate that energy efficiency and research and development investment significantly and adversely affect carbon emissions in the emerging economies and improve environmental sustainability. The robustness of the model is validated via bootstrap quantile regression. This study suggests strengthening financial expansion, improving energy efficiency, and increasing research and development investment to attain low carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, environmental problems are considered the biggest challenges. Turkey is one of the emerging markets that need to improve the quality of their environment. In the literature, how political risk affects the environment in Turkey has not been studied. In order to contribute to the issue, this study aims to determine the impact of political stability on the quality of the environment in Turkey. The present study investigates the effect of political stability on environmental quality, taking into account the critical role of economic growth, environmental regulation, patents in environmental technologies, and renewable energy consumption in Turkey from 1990 to 2019. The present study used nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models to investigate the effect of political stability on environmental quality in Turkey. The empirical findings show that political stability in Turkey reduces environmental deregulation by declining CO2 emissions. Similarly, patents in environmental technologies and renewable energy consumption positively contribute to the environmental quality in Turkey by decreasing CO2 emissions. On the other hand, economic growth has a significant positive effect on CO2 emissions. This study suggests that political stability is an important indicator of environmental quality in Turkey. In order to ensure the continuity of Turkey's environmental sustainability, political tension in the country should be controlled by politicians, and it is recommended that Turkey should turn to and invest in renewable energy sources by following technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globally increasing trend of fossil fuel consumption has culminated in a historical degradation of the environment and the rising threat of global warming. Researchers and policymakers aim at examining critical relationships between energy productivity and environmental degradation to make recommendations for global policy action. This paper aims to capture the effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation in Poland from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4, using novel Fourier-bases ADF unit root and Fourier-based ARDL approaches. First, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL bounds test indicate that variables are integrated; second, outcomes of the Fourier ARDL long-run estimates indicate that (i) energy productivity has long-run negative effects on CO2 emissions; and (ii) economic growth, globalization, and primary energy consumption have positive effects on CO2 emissions. Among the options available to Polish policymakers are (i) liberalizing domestic energy markets to offer an opportunity for electricity consumers to switch companies and (ii) continuing to pursue a policy of decarbonizing energy supply by investing heavily in renewable energy, nuclear power, e-mobility, and energy productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to capture the effect of an environmental tax on environmental degradation in the Netherlands while controlling economic growth, primary energy consumption, and trade in the Netherlands. As part of its climate change plan, the Netherlands government aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to industrial levels by 2030 and reach net-zero emissions by 2050. The present study used novel Fourier ADL cointegration, Fourier ARDL, and Fourier TY causality approaches. The outcomes of this study reveal that environmentally related taxes cause the mitigation of environmental degradation in the Netherlands, while primary energy consumption affects environmental sustainability negatively. This study provides policy implications based on the empirical results of this study, which support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2030 through (SDG 7) affordable and sustainable energy, (SDG 9) innovation, and (SDG 13) environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite Portugal's effort to reduce carbon emissions, the country still emits about 1.6% of the European Union's CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, limited empirical studies have been undertaken in the context of Portugal. As a result, this study examines the asymmetric and long-term impact of CO2 intensity of GDP, energy consumption, renewable energy and economic growth on CO2 emissions in Portugal from 1990 to 2019. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) is employed to uncover the asymmetric connection. The findings show that there is nonlinear cointegration among the variables. The long-run estimation reveals a positive change in energy consumption positively affects CO2 emissions, while a negative shock in energy consumption has a neutral effect on CO2 emissions. Furthermore, positive shocks of economic growth and CO2 intensity of GDP enhance environmental deterioration by increasing CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, the negative shock of these regressors positively impacts CO2 emissions. In addition, positive shocks in renewable energy enhance environmental quality, while negative shocks in renewable energy increase environmental deterioration in Portugal. Policymakers should focus on reducing per-unit energy usage and CO2 efficiency gains, which would necessitate a significant reduction in CO2 intensity and energy density of GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the relationship between globalization, GDP, the carbon intensity of GDP, patents, and its effect on consumption-based carbon emissions (CCO2E). For analysis, novel econometric approaches include nonlinear ARDL and Fourier ARDL, and for robustness, dynamic OLS applied. The results from cointegration tests reveal that there exists a significant long-run relationship between CCO2E, globalization, economic growth, patents, and the carbon intensity of GDP. Additionally, the empirical results indicate that only positive shock in patents on environmental innovations have a negative and significant impact on CCO2E, while positive and negative shocks in GDP and carbon intensity of GDP significantly increase CCO2E. However, only a negative shock in globalization demonstrates the increase in CCO2E. Also, dynamic OLS findings confirmed the robustness. Given the outcome, it is recommended that the Danish government be cautious when approving policies intended to increase economic growth, as this could negatively affect environmental sustainability. More so, research and development must contribute to technological advancement in the Danish manufacturing sector. Despite this, it is important to prioritize patent promotion. Patent protection can enable Denmark to develop eco-friendly technologies that can reduce carbon emissions, thus enabling life to be more sustainable by utilizing fewer resources and energy. Denmark can reduce CO2E and foster economic development through a strong patent system on environmental technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of the world pandemic uncertainty index on the German stock market index (DAX index) for the 1996Q1 to 2020Q3 period while controlling real effective exchange rate, industrial production index, and consumer price index. The present study performs the Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fulle Unit Root, Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration, Bayer-Hanck Cointegration, and Markov switching regression tests. The outcomes disclose that there is a long-run cointegration association between the stock market index and world pandemic uncertainty index, real effective exchange rate, industrial production index, and consumer price index in Germany, indicating that the combination of these factors significantly affects the German stock market index in the long-run. Moreover, in both high and low volatile regimes, the world pandemic uncertainty index and real effective exchange rate negatively affect the German stock market index while industrial production and consumer price indices impact positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Fourier-based ARDL and Fourier Toda Yamamoto causality methods, this study aims to detect the impact of financial risk on environmental sustainability in Poland while controlling economic growth, primary energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. The outcomes of the Fourier ADL cointegration test indicate all variables are cointegrated. Additionally, the Fourier ARDL long-form estimates indicate both renewable energy consumption and financial risk contribute to reducing environmental degradation in Poland. However, the Fourier ARDL long-form estimates show that both primary energy consumption and economic growth have detrimental impacts on the economy's level of environmental degradation. Analysis of causality direction with the Fourier Toda Yamamoto causality test indicates both financial risk and renewable energy consumption for the period had a one direction causal effect on environmental degradation. For policy insight, the government could support environmental policies requiring companies to factor climate-related risks into their supervision and financial stability monitoring. The Polish government requires financial institutions to prioritize climate risk scenarios in stress testing to control catastrophic weather-related losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between the Turkish stock market returns, namely XU100, and foreign exchange rates, namely USD/TRY and EUR/TRY, in Turkey using the wavelet coherence approach. In this study, we focus on the period from April 2000 to March 2019. Our findings reveal the following: (i) While we identify substantial volatility in the exchange rate during the 2000 November (banking crisis), 2001 February (economic crisis), and 2018 July (exchange rate crisis) periods, significant volatility was observed in the Turkish stock market during the 2000 banking crisis, 2001 economic crisis, and 2008 global crisis periods; (ii) There is a negative correlation between the Turkish stock market and foreign exchange rates at different frequencies over the selected sample period; (iii) A unidirectional causality runs from the Turkish stock market to foreign exchange rates between 2000 and 2004 at a scale of 4 months and between 2008 and 2012 at a scale of 32 months; (iv) Although inconsistent results are observed for the models of USD/TRY‐XU100 and EUR/TRY‐XU100, our empirical results show that the correlations between USD/TRY and XU100 are stronger than between EUR/TRY and XU100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the long-run asymmetric impact of energy productivity on environmental quality in Ireland. The data set covers the period from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. Although the border issue has been the source of contention and terrorism for decades in Ireland, the country is conscious of modern innovations and has a coherent body of environmental law. Ireland's goal is to achieve 80% of its electricity as renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions by 51% in 2030. Unlike earlier studies, the novelty of this study lies in the thorough analysis of how energy productivity affects the quality of the environment in Ireland while controlling for financial development, primary energy consumption, and economic growth utilizing the nonlinear ARDL approach and other robust econometric techniques. Precisely, the results indicate that (i) energy productivity benefits the environment by lowering CO2 emissions (CO2E) in the long term; (ii) financial sector development enhances the quality of the environment in Ireland; (iii) increase in primary energy consumption and economic growth without eco-friendly protocols propel an increase in CO2E. These findings support the economic theory that energy productivity can stimulate steady green living and green technological growth. We recommend that policymakers in Ireland invest in energy productivity and prioritize R&D that embraces cleaner technologies and cross-cutting eco-friendly policies to combat environmental challenges in Ireland and the world at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Western European countries, many macroeconomic factors that have influenced environmental quality in several studies have been investigated. In this region, no empirical inquiry has explored the relationship between green technologies, renewable electricity, financial development, economic expansion, and eco-quality. To fill this gap, this inquiry is conducted to estimate the role of green technology innovation and green electricity on ecological balance in Western European countries. This study investigates how carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E) may be influenced by its determinants (economic expansion, renewable energy, environmentally friendly technology) through some robust econometric techniques (second-generation panel unit root, Westerlund cointegration, FMOLS, and DOLS). Empirical findings confirm that renewable electricity and environmentally friendly technological innovations reduce CO2E. However, the economic upsurge is positively correlated with CO2E, suggesting that expanding the market has a deterioration effect on environmental quality. Policymakers in this region should allocate more resources to renewable electricity generation capacities and green technologies in order to minimize environmental damage. Further, the promotion of green and low-carbon energy development will contribute to a new form of global environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the financial technology (FinTech) factors influencing Chinese banking performance. Financial expectations and global realities may be changed by FinTech's multidimensional scope, which is lacking in the traditional financial sector. The use of technology to automate financial services is becoming more important for economic organizations and industries because the digital age has seen a period of transition in terms of consumers and personalization. The future of FinTech will be shaped by technologies like the Internet of Things, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. The involvement of these platforms in financial services is a major concern for global business growth. FinTech is becoming more popular with customers because of such benefits. FinTech has driven a fundamental change within the financial services industry, placing the client at the center of everything. Protection has become a primary focus since data are a component of FinTech transactions. The task of consolidating research reports for consensus is very manual, as there is no standardized format. Although existing research has proposed certain methods, they have certain drawbacks in FinTech payment systems (including cryptocurrencies), credit markets (including peer-to-peer lending), and insurance systems. This paper implements blockchain-based financial technology for the banking sector to overcome these transition issues. In this study, we have proposed an adaptive neuro-fuzzy-based K-nearest neighbors' algorithm. The chaotic improved foraging optimization algorithm is used to optimize the proposed method. The rolling window autoregressive lag modeling approach analyzes FinTech growth. The proposed algorithm is compared with existing approaches to demonstrate its efficiency. The findings showed that it achieved 91% accuracy, 90% privacy, 96% robustness, and 25% cyber-risk performance. Compared with traditional approaches, the recommended strategy will be more convenient, safe, and effective in the transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy has never been used in the same way or to the extent that it is today. The CO2 level in the atmosphere surpassed the previous record established in 1958 in May 2019 when it hit 415.26 ppm, and the climate system has reached a tipping point. New corporate initiatives are required to create more sustainable eco-market opportunities and enhance stewardship in order to make the transition to net zero carbon emissions. This research investigates the asymmetric and symmetric impact of energy efficiency on environmental quality in Portugal from 1990Q1 to 2020Q4, while accounting for the role of total energy consumption (TEC), trade openness (TRA), and economic growth (GDP) in driving environmental quality in the era of industry 4.0. Portugal has emerged as a crucial player, experiencing rapid economic and financial growth, and attracting an unprecedented inflow of foreign trade. While country growth is appreciable in the monetary sense, this research employs the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) technique and econometric robustness tests to examine the consequence of CO2 emissions in Portugal. The results verify the asymmetric (different magnitude) impacts across the modeled variables; specifically, a 1% volatility to energy productivity (EP) reduces environmental degradation in Portugal by 3.247606%, while a 1% volatility to GDP, TRA, and TEC increase environmental degradation in Portugal by 0.29119%, 0.717775%, and 0.034088% over the long-term. Energy productivity sources are a great way to help Portugal keep its energy independence and reduce environmental erosion simultaneously. Switching from nonrenewable energy to investing in low-carbon technology is a crucial strategy for decarbonization and the best practical course of policy action for reducing climate change in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes material footprint (MF), which can be essential in achieving net zero emission targets and sustainable development goals for EURO-26 countries. Increasing the efficiency of MF rather than domestic material consumption is more effective in reducing emissions. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between MF, economic growth, and CO2 emissions for EURO-26 countries. For empirical analysis, second-generation panel cointegration tests and long-term coefficient estimators, which consider the cross-sectional dependence, are employed. The empirical results indicate that (i) there is a long-term relationship between the variables and (ii) MF increases the CO2 emissions. However, the positive relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions is statistically insignificant. According to the individual results, while the impact of MF on CO2 emissions is negative in developed countries, MF increases CO2 emissions in developing countries in general. Overall findings reveal that long-term material footprint strategies should be implemented in EURO-26 countries and material footprint policies can be used as a strategic tool to achieve net zero emission targets and sustainable development goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since renewable energy is essentially non-carbohydrate in nature, it can generate little or no pollutants and can therefore help in achieving both sustainable development and environmental quality. In this regard, the question that continues to persist is whether economic growth, economic globalization, and political risk can potentially affect renewable energy in the presence of environmental deterioration. In this context, the current research provides evidence to support this theoretical context by investigating the impact of economic globalization, economic growth environmental degradation, and political risk, on the usage of renewable energy in Vietnam using a dataset spanning the period between 1984 and 2019. For empirical analysis, the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag approach is utilized. Based on our analysis, economic growth positively impacts renewable energy in the long and short term. Economic globalization also positively affects renewable energy in the long term, but a neutral impact is uncovered in the short term. Political risk and environmental degradation are adversely related to renewable energy in the short and long run. The findings from the frequency domain approach reveal a causal interaction from political risk to renewable energy, and from renewable energy to economic globalization, whereas a feedback causal interaction is discovered between renewable energy and environment degradation, as well as between economic growth and renewable energy. From a policy standpoint, we propose that the Vietnamese policymakers need to consider economic globalization as a renewable energy promotion tool via capital inflow, foreign direct investment, and technological transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, banks, which act as financial intermediaries, ensure the growth of the economy. Banks, being a channel in monetary policies and monetary issues, are effective institutions in ensuring sustainable macroeconomic stability. In addition, banks are one of the institutions that are exposed to the most financial risk by nature. This article explores the long-term effects of economic, financial and political stabilities on the banking sector. This research covers the 21-year period between 1996–2017. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of economic, financial and political stabilities, which are the components of country risk, on the banking sector in selected Balkan countries and using the panel data analysis technique, which is one of the econometric analysis methods. Panel cross-sectional dependence, unit root tests, cointegration and causality tests were applied according to country risk indicators for the six selected Balkan countries. The selected Balkan countries have paid attention to their development in the country's economies and their involvement in global trade and to adopt the modern banking system. In addition, six Balkan countries have been selected as examples in the study due to their close relations with Turkey in the socio-cultural and economic fields. The results of the panel tests indicated the of unit root tests as well as the existence of cointegration. The p values obtained as a result of cointegration analysis are less than 0.005, indicating the existence of cointegration. It has been concluded that there is a cointegration relationship in all three hypotheses, which have the effects of economic, financial and political stabilities on the banking sector. According to the Granger causality test results, there is a bidirectional causality relationship between the banking variable and the economic stabilities variable. Having long-term and causal relationships between selected Balkan economies requires financial and economic stability to be supported simultaneously. In short, it has been determined that economic, financial and political stabilities have a relationship with sustainable banking in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many European nations, including Spain, are having difficulties achieving their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) objectives. Resultantly, the current research discusses the development of an SDG framework for Spain, which can be utilized as a model for other EU nations. This research examines whether GDP growth, technological innovation, and energy sources (renewable and non-renewable) have any effect on CO2 emissions utilizing data from 1980 to 2018. The study applied the non-linear ARDL (NARDL) to investigate these interrelations. The outcomes from the NARDL revealed that positive (negative) shocks in renewable energy improve environmental quality in Spain. Furthermore, positive (negative) shocks in technological innovation lead to a decrease (increase) in CO2. Lastly, positive (negative) shocks in energy consumption lead to an increase (decrease) in CO2. The results reveal that Spain is on the right path towards decarburization. This research has important policy ramifications for the policymakers and government of Spain as well as neighbouring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study fills a gap in the relevant literature by exploring the linear and nonlinear effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation based on economic growth, trade openness, and energy consumption variables for the case of Cyprus, over the period from 1990Q1 to 2018Q4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study attempt to conduct this nexus for Cyprus, so the empirical findings are likely to shed light on and open a new debate on the subject of environmental sustainability. The empirical findings of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach revealed that the outcomes of energy productivity instigated a positive (negative) impact on the atmosphere, where a 1% upsurge in positive shock of energy productivity decreased CO2 emissions (CO2E) by 0.265%, and a 1% rise in negative shock caused a 0.837% increase in pollution in the long run. GDP is positively related to pollution in both shocks. Trade results disclosed that trade openness stimulated a positive (negative) influence on the atmosphere. A 1% increase in positive shock of trade openness decreased CO2E by 0.268%, and a 1% growth in negative shock instigated a 0.423% rise in pollution in Cyprus. These results are consistent and supported by both linear and nonlinear techniques. As a part of its long-term climate policy goals, policymakers in Cyprus should invest in energy productivity and R&D that embraces cleaner technology innovations and prioritize cross-cutting environmental technology policies to combat climate challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iceland aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040 and to cut carbon emissions by 40% by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. Iceland’s major policy instrument for reaching its emissions reduction and carbon neutrality objectives is a Climate Action Plan, which was amended in 2020 and included 48 initiatives. Therefore, the research investigates the impact of carbon intensity, economic growth, globalization, and energy productivity on consumption-based emissions in Iceland from 1995Q1 to 2019Q4. The Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (FARDL) is used in this study to investigate the ramifications of a long-term association. Long-run estimations demonstrate that Iceland’s environmental quality is deteriorating due to carbon intensity and economic development. It implies that increasing the carbon intensity and economic growth is environmentally damaging. Furthermore, economic expansion has a significant impact on environmental sustainability. Increased energy production also decreases consumption-based emissions, which contributes significantly to Iceland’s sustainable environment. Globalization has a positive and significant influence. A 1% rise in globalization, in particular, enhances consumption-based emissions over time. The finding is crucial for policy preferences and might be used to implement robust policy measures to address environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]