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OBJECTIVE: Insufficient use of diuretics in combination antihypertensive therapy is a main cause of poor blood pressure (BP) control in Russia. The objective of the ARGUS-2 study was to demonstrate that a rational use of a thiazide-like diuretic, indapamide sustained release (SR), alone or in combination, improves BP control in patients with arterial hypertension difficult to control due to isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic nephropathy, or metabolic syndrome. METHODS: The open-label, non-comparative, 3-month study without preliminary washout included 1438 hypertensive patients (mean age: 57.3 +/- 10.7 years, mean BP: 158.8 +/- 14.2/93.4 +/- 10.0 mmHg), with difficult-to-control arterial hypertension and who had never been treated with diuretics previously. Throughout the study, patients received indapamide SR 1.5 mg OD. BP control was defined as <140/90 mmHg for all patients and <130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes mellitus or chronic nephropathy. RESULTS: Indapamide SR was given as initiation monotherapy to 13.7% of the patients, as substitutive monotherapy to 6.8% of the patients uncontrolled by a previous monotherapy, as additive therapy to 31.9% of the patients uncontrolled by previous monotherapy, and as additive therapy to 47.6% uncontrolled by previous combination therapy without a diuretic. Among included patients 75.7% received also an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptors blocker, 43.9% a calcium channel blocker, and 32.8% a beta-blocker. In 3 months after indapamide SR administration, average BP level decreased to 131.8 +/- 9.7/80.5 +/- 6.9 mmHg and 84.5% of the study population achieved BP control. BP was controlled in 91.9% of patients with ISH (n = 477), 74.8% of those with diabetes (n = 214), 75.6% of those with chronic nephropathy (n = 82), and 85.1% of patients with metabolic syndrome (n = 745). No case of hypokalemia was reported. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the value of including the thiazide-like diuretic indapamide SR in a combined antihypertensive regimen to control BP in hypertensive patients with added cardiovascular risk factors whose hypertension is difficult to treat. Methodological limitations of this study are its open-label design and the possibility of a change in concomitant antihypertensive treatment during the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]