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Study Design: Retrospective comparative study. Objective: To compare the accuracy of intra-operative navigation-assisted percutaneous pedicle screw insertion between bone fixed and skin fixed dynamic reference frame (DRF) in Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). Methods: Between October 2018 and September 2022, patients who underwent MIS-TLIF were included in this study with DRF fixed either on bone (group B) or skin (group S). Pedicle screws were inserted under the guidance of intra-operative Cone bean Computed tomography (cbCT) based navigation. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement was immediately checked by a final intra-operative cbCT Spin. Results: Among 170 patients, group B included 91 patients and group S included 79 patients. Out of total 680 screws, 364 screws (group B) and 316 screws (group S) were placed. Patient's demographic data and distribution of screws showed no statistically significant difference. The accuracy showed no significant difference between both the groups (94.5% in group B and 94.3% in group S). Conclusion: Skin fixed DRF can serve as an alternate way for placement and avoids extra incision with similar accuracy in pedicle screw insertions with bone fixed DRF using intra-operative CT guided navigation in MIS TLIF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Retrospective observational study. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the utility of cervical dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) in the assessment of cervical canal stenosis. Overview of Literature: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy has been intricately linked to both static and dynamic narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. Traditional MRI with the neck in a neutral position fails to identify the dynamic changes and may lead to misdiagnosis. Cervical dMRI is a promising tool for evaluating cervical myelopathy, enabling clinicians to assess spinal cord compression, segmental instability, and alterations in range of motion, often missed on conventional imaging. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 369 patients with symptoms of cervical myelopathy assessed using cervical dMRI. After assessing the subaxial cervical spine at each disc level (C3–T1), significant changes in the degree of central canal stenosis were determined. The appearance and extent of hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted sequences were also noted. Results: Overall, 653/1,845 (35.39%) disc levels showed an increase in stenosis grade on extension MRI, with 168/653 (25.72%) and 180/653 (27.56%) disc levels changing from grades 0/1 to grades 2 and 3, respectively. Moreover, 120/369 (32.52%) patients showed a mean increase of 1.55±0.75 levels of compression on extension MRI when compared to neutral MRI. A fresh-appearing hyperintense lesion was observed in 79 (4.28%) disc levels on flexion MRI, which was not visualized on neutral MRI. Conclusions: Cervical dMRI may help surgeons plan for surgery, discuss the prognosis with the patient, and safeguard themselves from medico-legal issues arising from improper or missed diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemoradiation in head and neck carcinoma (HNC) shows significant anatomical resulting in erroneous dose deposition in the target or the organ at risk (OAR). Adaptive radiotherapy (ART) can overcome this. Timing of significant target and OAR changes with dosimetric impact; thus, most suitable time and frequency of ART is unclear. Methods: This dosimetric study used prospective weekly non‐contrast CT scans in 12 HNC patients (78 scans). OARs and TVs were manually contoured after registration with simulation scan. Dose overlay done on each scan without reoptimization. Dosimetric and volumetric variations assessed. Results: Commonest site was oropharynx. Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) reduced from 47.5 ± 19.2 to 17.8 ± 10.7 cc. Nodal GTV reduced from 15.7 ± 18.8 to 4.7 ± 7.1 cc. Parotid showed mean volume loss of 35%. T stage moderately correlated with GTV regression. Conclusion: Maximum GTV changes occurred after 3 weeks. Best time to do single fixed interval ART would be by the end of 3 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design: Prospective, observational. Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess the amount of reduction in lean muscle mass (LMM) of multifidus muscle (MFM) between conventional open Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (CO-TLIF) as compared to Minimally invasive spine Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). Methods: This study was conducted between 2017 and 2020. It included 100 patients divided into two groups, 50 patients treated with CO-TLIF, 50 treated with MIS-TLIF. Only patients undergoing single level, primary lumbar fusion at L4-5 or L5-S1 level for degenerative pathologies were included. All patients were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans 1-year post surgery. Measurements were performed using ImageJ image processing program. Results: Mean percentage reduction in LMM in CO-TLIF group was 45.52 ± 12.36% and MIS-TLIF group was 25.83 ± 9.64% [statistically significant (t = 8.78, P <.001)]. Mean percentage reduction in LMM on side of cage insertion was 39.63 ± 15.96% and opposite side was 31.40 ± 15.01% [statistically significant (t = 9.06, P <.001)]. Mean reduction of LMM among males was 29.38 ± 15.23% and females was 40.42 ± 12.67% [statistically significant (t = −3.95, P <.001)]. We observed significant but weak degree of correlation between age and percentage reduction of LMM (r =.22, P =.028). Conclusion: Mean reduction in LMM was greater in CO-TLIF group as compared to MIS-TLIF. There was greater reduction in LMM in females and on side of cage insertion. We also found greater reduction in LMM with increasing age in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) was developed for the treatment of cervical disc disease with the potential advantages of preservation of physiological motion at a discal level, thereby potentially reducing adjacent level stresses and degeneration, which were a known complication of anterior cervical arthrodesis. The objective of this study was the assessment of long‑term functional and radiological outcomes overtime in all the patients who underwent CDA from 2011 to 2019 at our institute. Materials and Methods: Forty‑eight patients who underwent CDA (2011–2019) with a minimum 2‑year follow‑up were retrospectively evaluated. The functional outcome included the Visual Analog Score (VAS) and Neck Disability Index (NDI). Radiographs were assessed for range of motion (ROM) at the index surgical level, presence of heterotopic ossification (HO), and adjacent segment degeneration. Results: The mean follow‑up was 5.79 ± 2.96 (2.16–11.75) years. Significant improvement (P < 0.05) was observed in the VAS (8.91 ± 2.52 [preoperative] to 0.89 ± 1.27 [follow‑up]) and NDI (65.5% ±23.06% [preoperative] to 4.79 ± 3.87 [follow‑up]) score. Motion at index level increased significantly from 5.53° preoperatively to 7.47°, and 92% of the implanted segments were still mobile (referring to the threshold of ROM> 3°). HOs are responsible for the fusion of 4/50 (8%) levels at the last follow‑up. Distal and proximal adjacent disc degeneration occurred in 36% and 28% of patients, respectively. No migration of the implant was observed on the radiograph. Conclusion: Our study showed favorable clinical outcome of CDA with preservation of ROM at the index surgical level. CDA can be a promising alternative to anterior cervical arthrodesis when properly indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Neurological recovery in cervical myelopathy remains unpredictable. There is contradictory literature regarding the prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in such cases. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the morphological changes in the spinal cord in cervical spondylotic myelopathy and compare them with clinical outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a single‑center, prospective, observational study. All patients with multilevel (two or more levels) cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing anterior spine surgery were included in the study. Patient demographics and radiological findings were recorded. MRI was repeated immediately post‑op and at 1‑year follow‑up. MRI classification system based on axial images was used to evaluate presurgery and postsurgery changes and correlate them with clinical information. Results: The study comprised 50 patients (40 males and 10 females) with a mean age of 59.5 years. Average duration of symptoms before surgery was 6.29 months. Thirty‑four patients underwent two‑level decompression, while 16 patients underwent more than two‑level decompression. Average duration of follow‑up was 26.82 months. Mean pre‑op Nurick grade was 2.84, and mean recovery rate was 56.73. Most common pre‑op MRI type was type 1. Analysis of data by logistic regression showed better recovery rate with lower age, lower pre‑op Nurick grade, and lower pre‑op MRI type. Conclusion: MR classification based on signal intensity changes in axial images have been found to correlate with recovery rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To measure the pedicle dimensions in high grade lytic spondylolisthesis (HGL) and to classify them, which helps the spine surgeon in proper selection of pedicle screws. Methods: A study of CT scans in 100 consecutive patients between Jan 2017 and April 2021 diagnosed as single-level HGL on standing radiographs. Pedicle height (PH), Pedicle width (PW), Differential pedicle height (DPH), Screw length (SL) and Transverse pedicle angle (TPA) were measured and analyzed. PH and PW were classified into four grades as—grade A less than 5.0 mm, grade B between 5.0 and 6.0 mm, grade C between 6.0 and 7.0 mm, and grade D above 7.0 mm. Results: 5 males and 95 females with mean age of 49.1 years. PH in 44% lytic vertebra were grade A, B (less than 6 mm) and the rest 56% had grade C, D (greater than 6 mm). PH averaged 6.6 mm in grade 3 HGL, 5.61 mm in grade 4 HGL. Change in PW, SL and TPA was not statistically significant with regards to grade or level of listhesis. A total of 37 cases were noted to have DPH (25 cases had a difference < 2 mm and 12 had a difference > 2 mm). Conclusion: 44% of the PH in lytic vertebra was grade A and B (less than 6 mm) that stresses the importance of pre-op CT assessment and planning the appropriate screw dimensions. Change in PH was statistically significant with regards to the grade of listhesis (P-value < 0.01). Differential pedicle height also need to be looked for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite emerging techniques, sample inadequacy remains the most important factor that necessitates need for repeat biopsy. Transpedicular Biopsy has diagnostic accuracy ranging from 75 to 90% in both computed tomography guided or percutaneous C-arm guided biopsy. Presenting in this article is an add on technique as a modification to enhance quality and quantity of sample obtained using a self designed trocar cannula with computed tomography-based Navigation. Main body: We have used transpedicular biopsy technique under C Arm fluoroscopy, previously, where we used a self-designed trocar and cannula in our study of 71 cases & reported an accuracy of 88.7% with no reported complications. This is add on modification of same technique where under 3D navigation, we introduce a pituitary forceps through a correctly positioned cannula. This helps for biopsy of soft lesions/ discal level pathologies. Also, multi-planar adjustment of cannula after initial Stealth O-Arm navigation helps in sampling of different regions of vertebral body by reinsertion of pituitary forceps with simple manipulation of cannula without withdrawal. This minimizes risk of fracturing pedicle. With our technical modification, cannulated drill bit with core opening can be drilled through cannula to retrieve a sample. Our technique has limitations being experience driven and also enabling technology dependent. However, same method can be applied using 2-dimensional fluoroscopy without navigation. Conclusion: Our technique of using pituitary forceps through cannula is highly effective in getting adequate representative sample with spectrum ranging from hard sclerotic lesions to soft lesions and discal pathologies. This procedure can be used with traditional 2-dimensional fluoroscopy as well as with 3-dimensional navigated precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital spinal pedicle agenesis is rare. The majority of cases are asymptomatic. Few present with either low back pain or radiculopathy. Pedicle screw insertion may pose difficulties in view of abnormal anatomy. Case presentation: Between Jan 2005 and March 2021, all the data were retrospectively reviewed for the cases operated for congenital anomalies. Three such cases were operated. Case 1 had bilateral agenesis of L5 vertebra with an ectopic kidney in right iliac fossa, absent uterus, absent ovaries and vaginal atresia. Case 2 had absent S1 pedicle with conjoint left L5 nerve root. Case 3 had hypoplastic left L5 pedicle, contained disc herniation, facetal arthropathy. Pedicle screws were placed using O-arm and navigation. Conclusion: Pedicle agenesis increases the difficulty in pedicle screw fixation and fusion. Anomalous facet and conjoint nerve root need to be looked for intraoperatively. Use of O-arm and CT navigation is of great help in getting safe and accurate anchor points for screw placement avoiding neurological injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gorham-Stout disease (GSD), a fibro-lymphovascular entity in which tissue replaces the bone leading to massive osteolysis and its sequelae, rarely leads to spinal deformity/instability and neurological deficits. Here, we report a 12-year-old female who was diagnosed and treated for GSD. Case Description: A 12-year-old female presented with back pain, and the inability to walk, sit, or stand attributed to three MR/CT documented L2-L4 lumbar vertebral collapses. Closed biopsies were negative. However, an open biopsy diagnosed GSD. She underwent a dorsal-lumbar-to-pelvis fusion (i.e., T5-T12 through L5/S1/S2) using multilevel pedicle screw/rod stabilization and human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) matched allograft (i.e. from her father). Postoperatively, she was treated with "off-label" teriparatide injections, bisphosphonates, and sirolimus. Four years later, while continuing the bisphosphonate therapy, she remained stable. Conclusion: Surgical multirod stabilization from T5 to S2, supplemented with HLA compatible allograft, and multiple medical "off-label" therapies (i.e., teriparatide, sirolimus, and bisphosphonates) led to a good 4-year outcome in a 12-year-old female with GSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gorham-Stout disease (GSD), a fibro-lymphovascular entity in which tissue replaces the bone leading to massive osteolysis and its sequelae, rarely leads to spinal deformity/instability and neurological deficits. Here, we report a 12-year-old female who was diagnosed and treated for GSD. Case Description: A 12-year-old female presented with back pain, and the inability to walk, sit, or stand attributed to three MR/CT documented L2-L4 lumbar vertebral collapses. Closed biopsies were negative. However, an open biopsy diagnosed GSD. She underwent a dorsal-lumbar-to-pelvis fusion (i.e., T5-T12 through L5/S1/S2) using multilevel pedicle screw/rod stabilization and human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) matched allograft (i.e. from her father). Postoperatively, she was treated with "off-label" teriparatide injections, bisphosphonates, and sirolimus. Four years later, while continuing the bisphosphonate therapy, she remained stable. Conclusion: Surgical multirod stabilization from T5 to S2, supplemented with HLA compatible allograft, and multiple medical "off-label" therapies (i.e., teriparatide, sirolimus, and bisphosphonates) led to a good 4-year outcome in a 12-year-old female with GSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas, either alone or in combination with other modalities of treatment like surgery/chemotherapy. It is always essential to know the nature of tumor response to the irradiation for successful outcomes and prognosis. With this view, the study has been conducted to document the usefulness of nuclear changes, karyolysis (KL), and karyorrhexis (KR) in particular as prognostic markers during the treatment. Materials and Method: Sixty patients, aged between 28 and 73 years (56 males and 4 females) years, histopathologically confirmed cases of oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma of different degrees of differentiation, were included in the study. The mode of treatment for the patients was radiotherapy with a radiation dose plan of 4 Gy, 14 Gy, 24 Gy, and 60 Gy on the 2nd, 7th, 12th, 30th days, respectively. The mucosal scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion at each interval were stained with Giemsa and May‑Grunwald’s stain. The stained slides were studied to assess the frequency of KL and KR. Results: It was observed that there was no significant difference between the site of lesion and tumor differentiation with the frequency of KL or KR. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the KL and KR indices with each interval of treatment. The percentage of relative increment among both the studied parameters was also significant, indicating their efficiency as a promising prognostic marker in radiotherapy. Conclusion: Hence, assessment of KL and KR at different intervals of time during radiotherapy could be used as an efficient tool to determine the radiosensitivity and prognosis in oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A printed and built-in geometry with a capability of detecting temperatures over a wide range are highly sought-after characteristics for a structural health monitoring temperature sensor. In this work, we describe a printable copper-graphene electronic sensor for temperature monitoring with real-time deployment into a printed metal structural component. The smart component is manufactured using a combination of three additive processes: a direct-ink writing, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), and ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM). The sensor is printed on a flexible ceramic substrate, embedded in the stainless steel LPBF component and capped with a UAM aluminum layer. The sensor exhibits a high resistance temperature sensitivity in a wide temperature detection range, with the performance capping at 500°C. These results, and the demonstrated ability to read temperature wirelessly, provide a path for remote structural health monitoring applications for additively manufactured components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: A prospective case--control study. Purpose: To determine the effect of axial loading on the cervical spine when weights are carried on the head. Overview of Literature: Traditionally, carrying weights on the head has been a common practice in developing countries. The laborers working in agriculture, construction, and other industries, as well as porters at railway platforms, are required to lift heavy weights. Since controversy exists regarding carrying weights on the head, we decided to evaluate its effect on the cervical spine. Methods: The study comprised 62 subjects. Of this number, 32 subjects (group A) were unskilled laborers from the construction industry; the other 30 subjects (group B) were in the control group and had never previously carried heavy weights on their heads. Cervical spine radiographs were taken for all the 62 subjects. Subjects in group A were asked to carry a load (approximately 35 kg) on their heads and walk for about 65 m, with their cervical spine radiographs taken afterward. Results: The mean ages of patients in groups A and B were 27.17 and 25.75 years, respectively. The mean cervical lordosis observed in group A (18.96°) was dramatically less compared with group B (25.40°), showing a further decrease in head loading (3.35°). Five subjects had a reversal of lordosis (-5.61°). A statistically significant reduction in disc height and listhesis was observed when the load was carried on the head with a further decrease after walking with the load. Accelerated degenerative changes, particularly affecting the upper cervical spine, were observed in head loaders. Conclusions: Carrying a load on the head leads to accelerated degenerative changes, which involve the upper cervical spine more than the lower cervical spine and predisposes it to injury at a lower threshold. Thus, alternative methods of carrying loads should be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thoracic kyphosis is not so uncommon, which presents with devastating myelopathy. In the past, the surgical treatment for it had been somewhat controversial. Traditionally, it had been addressed by open decompression and stabilization with significant dissection and disruption of normal tissues and complications. Main body: Recently, correction techniques have evolved as the standard of care. A substantial body of evidence now supports the benefits of correction but can be questioned in view of the fact that upper dorsal kyphosis is never a cosmetic concern in our part of the world. New technique has reduced complications, but it is not solely due to the technique but due to accessory gadgets like O-arm, navigation, and IONM making it safer. We describe a method of 360° decompression alone with the use of an Ultrasonic Bone Scalpel (UBS) that preserves maximum bony stability and achieves an optimum bone sculpting that negates the need for correction. Conclusion: This technique of ventral sculpting decompression in the thoracic spine may be more utilized in the future to be applied for more wider indications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to present the current evidence on various risk factors and surgical treatment modalities for recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH). Using PubMed, a literature search was performed using the Mesh terms “recurrent disc prolapse," “herniated lumbar disc," “risk factors," and “treatment." Articles that were published between January 2010 and May 2017 were selected for further screening. A search conducted through PubMed identified 213 articles that met the initial screening criteria. Detailed analyses showed that 34 articles were eligible for inclusion in this review. Sixteen articles reported the risk factors associated with rLDH. Decompression alone as a treatment option was studied in seven articles, while 11 articles focused on different types of fusion surgery (anterior lumbar interbody fusion, posterior lumbar interbody fusion, open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion [TLIF], and minimally invasive surgery-TLIF). Management of the rLDH requires consideration of the possible risk factors present in individual patients before primary and at the time of second surgery. Both, minimally invasive and conventional open procedures are comparably effective in relieving leg pain, and minimally invasive techniques offer advantage over the other technique in terms of tissue sparing. Non-fusion surgeries involve the risk of lumbar disc herniation re-recurrence, and the patient may require a third (fusion) surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to determine the age- and sex-related changes in facet orientation and facet tropism in lower lumbar spine.Methods: Between June 2015 and December 2017, magnetic resonance imaging scans of the consecutive 600 patients performed in the outpatient department for low back pain were analyzed. The data were divided according to age into four groups: group A (< 30 years), group B (31-45 years), group C (46-60 years) and group D (> 60 years). The orientation of the facet angles at L3-4, L4-5 and L5-S1 was measured using the method described by Noren et al. Sagittal angles and tropism were determined at each level.Results: Average facet angle is noted to increase from L3-4 to L5-S1 level in all groups irrespective of age and sex. A positive correlation is noted between age and sagittal facet orientation at all levels across all groups. Tropism was noted to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) at L5-S1 level. L3-4 and L4-5 levels did not show a positive correlation with respect to age. Facet angle sagittalization was significantly associated in males at L5-S1 level (p < 0.05) and in females at L4-5 level (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Predominant morphological changes in superior articular process are responsible for remodeling of facets that occur with increasing age, resulting in sagittalization. Even though the facet orientation changes over a period of time, differential changes within the facets at the same level might not be seen. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: A retrospective comparative analysis of 64 patients with cauda equina syndrome (CES), who underwent either decompression alone (NF) or fusion (F) surgery. Purpose: We compared the outcomes and timing effects. Overview of Literature: CES can cause loss of autonomic control of vesicular function and lower limb neurological deficits. Prompt diagnosis and emergency surgery markedly improve outcome. Although decompression only is a mainstream technique, there is guarded recovery of vesicular dysfunction. Decompression ventrally in a narrow window requires manipulation of neural tissue in an already jeopardised critical canal and may accentuate irreversible damages. In F surgery, the adequate exposure leads to a lower neural manipulation. Methods: Until January 2008, we treated CES with decompression (laminectomy and/or discectomy). However, from that month forward, all our single-level CES patients have received a fusion operation. In this study, characteristic categorical variables and outcomes were analysed. Results: In a retrospective analysis of 64 patients, NF (n=37) and F (n=27) who received treatment, we found that both groups improved significantly on follow-up in all objective parameters. Although, the comparison of clinical and functional outcome data between the two groups was statistically insignificant, the average value of objective outcome such as vesicular function, low back pain (LBP), and complications was better for patients in F group compared with NF group. However, the patient satisfaction for the F group was also lower, in view of their residual symptoms and disabilities. Contrary to common perceptions, we found that the timing of surgery does not influence the recovery rate for either approach. Conclusions: Although both the techniques appear to be equally effective, the fusion approach overall showed a definite edge over non-fusion, with respect to reduced incidence of iatrogenic dural tears, LBP, and overall outcome, even despite the lower patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design: Retrospective study. Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the relationship of both facet tropism (FT) and the sagittally aligned facet (SAF) joint with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS). Overview of Literature: Despite several studies conducted, there is no consensus on the association of the SAF joint and FT with DH and DS. Methods: Between June 2015 and December 2017, magnetic resonance imaging scans of 250 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for LDH and DS were analyzed. The facet angles at all the lower lumbar levels were calculated, and SAF and FT were noted. The relationship between the side of disc herniation and that of the SAF joint were also determined. Statistical analysis was performed, and the relation of SAF and FT to LDH and DS was noted. Results: We observed a positive relationship between SAF and LDH at L4-5 and L5-S1 with a p-value of 0.02 (<0.05). FT demonstrated a positive association with LDH at L4-5 (p =0.047) but not at L3-4 or L5-S1. SAF demonstrated a positive relationship with DS at L3-4 (p <0.001) but not at L3-4 or L5-S1. FT demonstrated a significant relation with DS at L4-5 (p <0.001), whereas no positive association was observed at L3-4 and L5-S1. Conclusions: The L4-5 level demonstrated a significant association with SAF and FT in LDH and DS. Moreover, SAF at L5-S1 demonstrated a positive association with LDH. These findings provide useful information for future longitudinal studies to elucidate the possible causes for such phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) is a technically challenging surgery. Use of conventional instruments like high-speed burr and kerrison rongeurs is associated with high complication rates such as increased blood loss and incidental durotomy. Use of ultrasonic bone scalpel (UBS) in cervical corpectomy helps to minimize such adverse events.Methods: We performed a retrospective study based on the data of 101 consecutive patients who underwent cervical corpectomies with UBS for different cervical spine pathologies from December 2014 to December 2016. Total duration of surgery, time taken for corpectomy, estimated blood loss, and incidental durotomies were noted.Results: Total surgical time was 30-80 min (59.36 ± 13.21 min) for single-level ACCF and 60-120 min (92.74 ± 21.04 min) for double-level ACCF. Time taken for single-level corpectomy was 2 min 11  ± 10 s and 3 min 41  ± 20 s for double-level corpectomy. Estimated blood loss ranged from 20-150 ml (52.07 ± 29.86 ml) in single level and 40-200 ml (73.22 ± 41.64 ml) in double level. Four (3.96%) inadvertent dural tears were noted, two during single-level corpectomy and other two during double-level corpectomy.Conclusions: Use of UBS is likely to provide a safe, rapid, and effective surgery when compared to conventional rongeurs and high-speed burr. The advantages such as lower blood loss and lower intra-operative incidental dural tears were noted with the use of UBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a very common problem of adolescents. It is well known, easily recognizable, physiological process but is better regarded as a disease due to its inflammatory component. It causes disfigurement on the face, which is socially and psychologically the most important body region. This disfigurement leads to a greater psychological burden than a variety of other chronic diseases. Patients with severe acne and scarring have demonstrated a wide range of psychological abnormalities including depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, psychosomatic symptoms( pain and discomfort ), embarrassment, body dysmorphic disorder and social inhibition. We conducted a cross sectional case control study which included 50 cases and 50 controls in our Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy of a rural based tertiary hospital. Patients were asked to answer the preformed questionnaires according to Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Statistical analysis was done using EPI 6 Info software. By doing such study in adolescents in rural based tertiary hospital we know the actual incidence of these symptoms in acne patients and accordingly manage the condition. We found acne vulgaris to be the most common physiological condition in adolescents. It can be concluded from this study that acne is likely to be associated with anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design: Retrospective analysis of 53 patients who underwent single stage simultaneous surgery for tandem spinal stenosis (TSS) at single centre. Objective: To discuss the presentation of combined cervical and lumbar (tandem) stenosis and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of single-stage simultaneous surgery. Summary of background data: Combined stenosis is an infrequent presentation with mixed presentation of upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron signs. Scarce literature on its presentation and management is available. There is a controversy in the surgical strategy of these patients. Staged surgeries are frequently recommended and only few single-stage surgeries reported. Methods: All the patients were clinico-radiologically diagnosed TSS. Surgeries were performed in single stage by two teams. Results were evaluated with Nurick grade, modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score (mJOA), oswestry disability index (ODI), patient satisfaction index, mJOA recovery rate, blood loss and complication. Results: The mJOA cervical and ODI score improved from a mean 8.86 and 68.15 preoperatively to 13.00 and 30.11, respectively, at 12 months and to 14.52 and 24.03 at final follow-up. The average mJOA recovery rate was 48.23 ± 26.90 %. Patient satisfaction index was 2.13 ± 0.91 at final follow-up. Estimated blood loss of ≤400 ml and operating room time of <150 min showed improvement of scores and lessened the complications. In the age group below 60 years, the improvement was statistically significant in ODI ( p = 0.02) and Nurick's grade ( p = 0.03) with average improvement in mJOA score. Conclusion: Short-lasting surgery, single anaesthesia, reduced morbidity and hospital stay as well as costs, an early return to function, high patient satisfaction rate with encouraging results justify single-stage surgery in TSS. Age, blood loss and duration of surgery decide the complication rate and outcome of surgery. Staged surgery is recommended in patients above the age of 60 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Percutaneous aspiration of abscesses under ultrasonography (USG) and computer tomography (CT) scan has been well described. With recurrence rate reported as high as 66%. The open drainage and percutaneous continuous drainage (PCD) has reduced the recurrence rate. The disadvantage of PCD under CT is radiation hazard and problems of asepsis. Hence a technique of clinically guided percutaneous continuous drainage of the psoas abscess without real-time imaging overcomes these problems. We describe clinically guided PCD of psoas abscess and its outcome. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients with dorsolumbar spondylodiscitis without gross neural deficit with psoas abscess of size >5 cm were selected for PCD. It was done as a day care procedure under local anesthesia. Sequentially, aspiration followed by guide pin-guided trocar and catheter insertion was done without image guidance. Culture sensitivity was done and chemotherapy initiated and catheter kept till the drainage was <10 ml for 48 hours. Outcome assessment was done with relief of pain, successful abscess drainage and ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) score at 2 years. Results: PCD was successful in all cases. Back and radicular pain improved in all cases. Average procedure time was 24.30 minutes, drain output was 234.40 ml, and the drainage duration was 7.90 days. One patient required surgical stabilisation due to progression of the spondylodiscitis resulting in instability inspite of successful drainage of abscess. Problems with the procedure were noticed in six patients. Multiple attempts (n = 2), persistent discharge (n = 1) for 2 weeks, blocked catheter (n = 2) and catheter pull out (n = 1) occurred with no effect on the outcome. The average ODI score improved from 62.47 to 5.51 at 2 years. Conclusions: Clinically guided PCD is an efficient, safe and easy procedure in drainage of psoas abscess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The physical effects of the arthropod bites on human skin receive less attention, especially in the rural areas where the per capita income is less. Ours is a rural-based hospital, the vicinity having more of plants, trees, and forests; we undertook the study to find out the relation of insect bite dermatitis in a rural area. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the Dermatology outpatient department of our institute on 100 subjects of insect bite dermatitis who were questioned retrospectively about the sequence of events besides their environmental and living conditions. They were examined thoroughly and the relevant clinical findings were noted, also taking into account the prior treatment taken by them, if any. Results and Conclusions: It was found that insect bite dermatitis has no age or gender preponderance, and the protective factors for the same are use of full sleeve clothes and keeping the doors and windows closed at night. On the contrary, the risk factors are residence in areas of heavy insect infestation, use of perfumes and colognes, warm weather in spring and summer and the lack of protective measures. However, there was no direct association of atopy with increased risk of developing insect bite dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leprosy involves peripheral nerves sooner or later in the course of the disease leading to gross deformities and disabilities. Sadly, by the time it becomes clinically apparent, the nerve damage is already quite advanced. However, if the preclinical damage is detected early in the course of disease, it can be prevented to a large extent. Materials and Methods: We conducted an electrophysiological pilot study on 10 patients with clinically manifest leprosy, in the Dermatology Department of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram. This study was done to assess the nerve conduction velocity, amplitude and latency of ulnar and median nerves. Results and Conclusion: We found reduced conduction velocities besides changes in latency and amplitude in the affected nerves. Changes in sensory nerve conduction were more pronounced. Also, sensory latencies and amplitude changes were more severe than motor latencies and amplitude in those presenting with muscle palsies. However, further studies are going on to identify parameters to detect early nerve damage in leprosy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Vitiligo is an acquired progressive disorder characterized by destruction of melanocytes in the lesion and the lesional hair follicles. A number of new therapeutic options for vitiligo have become available over the last decade or so both on the medical as well as surgical side. One among them is the smashed skin grafting or simply smash grafting, which is a modification of split-thickness grafting. In this method, the graft undergoes 'smashing' before being applied to the recipient site. Though a simple and effective procedure, very few people are doing the procedure either due to lack of awareness or due to lack of published data. Materials and methods Smash skin grafting was performed in 26 patients with vitiligo in Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra, India. Results Smashed skin grafting helped to achieve more than 90% repigmentation of the vitiligo patches in our patients. Conclusions Smashed skin grafting is a simple procedure with fewer side effects, better outcome, and high patient satisfaction or, in simple words, it can be considered as an alternative to various conventional surgical modalities like punch grafting and melanocyte cell culture methods. This article deals with the steps of the procedure, results of the surgery in a small group of patients, and the necessity of increasing the awareness of smash grafting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Skin changes occur in about 90 % pregnant women in one form or the other. The various skin changes maybe either physiological (hormonal), changes in pre-existing skin diseases or development of new pregnancy-specific dermatoses. All of these dermatoses can be attributed to the profound hormonal, vascular, metabolic, and immunological changes occurring during pregnancy. Classification: Pregnancy-specific dermatoses have now been classified into dermatoses which are definitively associated and dermatoses with uncertain association with pregnancy. Though most of these skin dermatoses are benign and resolve in postpartum period, a few can risk fetal life and require antenatal surveillance. Most of the dermatoses of pregnancy can be treated conservatively but a few require intervention in the form of termination of pregnancy. Conclusion: Careful history taking and examination will help us to identify each condition clinically and appropriate management can be instituted for the well-being of the mother and the fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antihistamines are one of the most common drugs that are used extensively in various dermatological and nondermatological conditions. The use of H-1-antihistamines during pregnancy has been very controversial due to possible teratogenic effects of these drugs. None of the antihistamines available today have been categorized as safe during pregnancy. Control studies are available for certain first generation drugs regarding their safety in pregnancy, but the newer agents require further studies to be declared safer in pregnancy. A few drugs are comparatively safer to use in pregnancy than others. Every drug used in pregnancy carries a risk for teratogenicity and careful risk/benefit assessment should be done before prescribing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews the presentation, etiology, imaging characteristics and reasons for missed diagnosis of Andersson lesion (AL) and analyzes the surgical results of short segment fixation in the thoracolumbar region. This is a retrospective single center study. Fourteen patients (15 lesions) who were operated for AL were analyzed. The study was designed in two parts. The first part consisted of analysis of clinical and radiological features (MRI and radiographs) to highlight, whether definitive characteristics exist. The second part consisted of analysis of outcome of short segment fixation as measured by VAS, Frankel score, AsQoL index, and union, with assessment of complications. The follow-up was 42.33 ± 19.29 months (13 males and 1 female) with a mean age of 61.13 ± 19.74 years. There was predisposing trauma in five patients. There was a delay in presentation of the patients by 5.86 ± 2.50 months. There was misdiagnosis in all the cases, at primary orthopedic level (ten cases were put on anti-tuberculous treatment due to its MRI resemblance to infection) and all but one case at radiologist level. Radiographs and MRI had characteristic features in all cases, and MRI could detect posterior element affection in 14 lesions as against only 8 posterior lesions detected in radiographs. In all patients, there was a patient's delay and/or physician's delay to arrive at a diagnosis. Spinal fusion was seen in all the cases. Outcome measures of VAS, Frankel score, and AsQoL index showed significant improvement ( P < 0.002). No major complications occurred. There is a lack of awareness of AL leading to misdiagnosis. Definite clinico-radiological features do exist in AL and short segment fixation is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Buerger's disease conservative treatment is questionable. Arterial reconstructive surgery is not feasible and sympathectomy has limited role. Progression of the disease invariably leads to amputation. Ilizarov's method increases the vascularity of the ischaemic limb. Retrospective analysis of Ilizarov's technique in 60 patients was done. Immediate results took into account rest pain, colour of skin, venous return, temperature, pulse oxymeter measured oxygen saturation and ulcer/amputation stump wound healing. Early and late results took into account rest pain, healing of ulcers/amputation stump with or without plastic coverage, claudication distance, resumption of previous occupation and domestic ambulation. The mean follow up of patients was 63 months. Immediate results were promising except two amputations. Early result were excellent to good in 56 and late results were excellent to good in 48 patients. Deterioration had significant correlation with smoking. Ilizarov's method is an excellent and cheap procedure in treatment of Buerger's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Magnetic resonance myelography (MRM) after lumbar discectomy is all too often an unrewarding challenge. A constellation of findings are inevitable, and determining their significance is often difficult. MRM is a noninvasive technique that can provide anatomical information about the subarachnoid space. Until now, there is no study reported in literature showing any clinico-radiological correlation of post operative MRM. The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of MRM for the demonstration of decompression in operated discectomy patients and its correlation with subjective and objective outcome (pain and SLR) in immediate postoperative period. Materials and Methods: Fifty three patients of single level lumbar disc herniation (LDH) justifying the inclusion criteria were operated for discectomy. All patients underwent MRM on second/third postoperative day. The pain relief and straight leg raise sign improvement was correlated with the postoperative MRM images to group the patients into: A- Subjective Pain relief, SLR improved and MRM image showing myelo regression; B- Subjective Pain relief, SLR improved and MRM image showing no myelo regression; C- No Subjective Pain relief, no SLR improved and MRM image showing myelo regression and; D- No Subjective Pain relief, no SLR improved and MRM image showing no myelo regression. Results: The result showed that Group A had 46 while Group B, C and Group D had 4, 2 and one patients respectively. Clinico-radiological correlation (Clinically diagnosed patient and findings with MRM correlation) was present in 47 patients (88.68%) which includes both A and D groups. The MRM specificity and sensitivity were 92% and 33.33% respectively. Conclusion: MRM is a non-invasive, efficient and reliable tool in confirming postoperative decompression in lumbar discectomy patients, especially when economic factors are to be considered and the required expertise to reliably read a complex confusing post-operative MRI is not available readily. Further, controlled double blinded multicentric study in operated and non operated LDH, with MRI comparison would give better evidence to justify its use in screening to detect persisting compression and to document decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study concerning a 25-year-old man with 1-5 millimeter (mm) multiple asymptomatic hyperkeratotic papules of 15 years on both legs and hand along with lichenified plaques. It notes that similar lesions have been found in the eyelids. It cites that the patient has been treated with oral isotretinoin in a daily dose.

The article presents a study of a 50-year-old man with enlarging nodules in his elbow and wrist joints. It says that the patient was diagnosed with leprosy 15 years ago in India and was treated with multidrug therapy. It mentions that the cytological examination revealed the presence of epithelioid granulomas and acute suppurative necrosis. It adds that drainage and incision of the lesions were done after a nerve abscess diagnosis was made.

Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH) is an exceedingly rare benign tumor-like lesion prevalent in childhood which may produce pain and marked sweating. The histological features include proliferation of eccrine sweat glands and angiomatous capillary channels. We report an 8-year-old girl who had a single lesion on her left lower leg. Physical examination revealed a slightly elevated, 4×7 cm erythematous plaque on the lateral aspect of left leg. Sweating in the lesion was evoked by physical work or emotional stress. There was no pain or tenderness associated with the lesion. The patient had no history of trauma to the site. These lesions were clinically angiomatous, and we obtained the diagnosis by histopathological examination. Histopathological examination of the lesion showed increased numbers of eccrine glands, as well as dilated vascular channels in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. These findings are consistent with EAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Degenerative spondylolisthesis is a common spinal pathology. Traditionally, spinal fusion is an accepted standard surgical treatment for listhesis. But fusion is a major intervention with its known pitfalls. With technological progression, minimally invasive spinal fusion (MISF) procedures are becoming mainstream. Percutaneous trans-foraminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy/decompressions (PTELD) without stabilization has many advantages over even a MISF for select group of patients. Case presentation: In this case report, we describe using a uniportal unilateral trans-foraminal approach (TFA) for stable listhesis with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) causing chronic bilateral radicular symptoms and back pain with acute exacerbation. Under local anesthesia, we used a flat entry for PTELD, which facilitates an approach to both disc sides ventrally and even dorsal aspect lateral recess decompression on the dominant ipsilateral side. No fixation was done. An excellent outcome is obtained immediately at 6 weeks and maintained at 39 months of follow-up. Conclusion: PTELD is worth considering as an intermediate procedure before fusion is offered in lateral recess stenosis in stable listhesis patients who have consented and understand the progressive cascade of spinal degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor about the case of a 32-year-old male patient with a history of scaly skin lesions on the right ear which are consistent with the diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE).

Madarosis is window of diagnosis to various diseases and disorders. Though the patient presents to the dermatologist or the ophthalmologist for the treatment of this disease, a consultation with various other departments is necessary for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Madarosis occurs in leprosy frequently but its occurrence as a presenting manifestation of leprosy has seldom been reported. Here, we are presenting a case of lepromatous leprosy who presented with bilateral madarosis only with no obvious skin lesions of leprosy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on bronze baby syndrome.