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Ambient air pollution, especially from fine particles, contributes to human mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, for which high blood pressure (BP) is a major modifiable risk factor. This study aimed to analyze the influence of ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) on the risk of high BP leading to hypertension. This study used a cross-sectional design on 118 adult women living in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Participants were selected from a 1-km radius of the nearest air quality monitoring station with available data PM2.5. Linear regression was analyzed to examine the relationship between PM2.5 and systolic and diastolic BPs adjusted for potential confounders. The annual means of PM2.5 concentration was 36±5.74 µg/m3. The linear regression model showed that PM2.5 exposure was associated with systolic BP after controlling with age and body mass index (r = 0.408; R2 = 0.167). The second model showed that exposure to PM2.5 concentration could explain about 10.9% variation of diastolic BP after controlling with age, length of stay, body mass index, smoking status, and diabetes mellitus record. Ambient air PM2.5 has a risk of BP and hypertension among adult women in Central Jakarta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is one of ten hazardous chemicals of public health concern and is used in more than 900 occupations, including the battery, smelting, and mining industries. Lead toxicity accounts for 1.5% (900,000) of deaths annually in the world. In Indonesia, reports of high Blood Lead Level (BLL) were associated with residency in Used Lead Acid Battery (ULAB) recycling sites. The present study aims to investigate the BLL and the evidence of lead toxicity of children living in an ULAB recycling site in Bogor Regency, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study involving 128 children aged 1–5 years was conducted in September-October 2019. The socio-economic factors, BLL, nutritional status, and hematological parameters, were evaluated. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate using the Chi-Square test. Socio-economic factors revealed only 2.3% children have pica and 10.9% children have hand-to-mouth habits. Majority of parents had low income, education, and have stayed in the village for years. Analysis on BLL revealed that 69.5% children had BLL of >10 μg/dL, 25% had abnormal BMI, 23.4% had underweight, 53.9% had stunting, 33.6% had anemia, and 22.6% had basophilic stippling. The average BLL and hemoglobin levels of respondents were 17.03 μg/dL and 11.48 g/dL, respectively. Bivariate analysis revealed that children with high BLL had double risk of having underweight and protected from stunting. Analysis on the association between BLL and BMI for age revealed a higher risk to have abnormal BMI. The high BLL also had 1.017 times risk of developing anemia, and almost doubled risk of having basophilic stippling, although they were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the high BLL of children living in the ULAB recycling indicates that lead exposure as well as lead toxicity are still occurring in Cinangka Village, and alerts to the need for a systematic action to mitigate the exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymorphisms in the Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALAD) gene responsible for the ALAD1 and ALAD2 alleles have been implicated in susceptibility to lead toxicity. This study aimed to determine the allelic frequency of ALAD2 among children living in Bogor District, Indonesia, and its association with blood lead levels (BLLs) and lead toxicity. A cross-sectional study involving 128 children was conducted during September-October 2019 in the former ULAB area in Cinangka Village. The ALAD polymorphism, BLLs, and hematological parameters were evaluated. Blood samples were taken for dried blood spotting on filter paper, blood film, and BLL measurement. The PCR amplification and sequencing of the genomic DNA revealed the presence of two forms of the ALAD2 allele: 177C and 177T with a frequency of 0.05. Analysis of the correlation between the ALAD2 allele, BLLs, and basophilic stippling revealed that ALAD2 carriers had a five times higher risk of high BLLs, (OR = 5.359, p-value = 0.155) and had a slightly higher risk of exhibiting basophilic stippling (OR = 1.09, p-value = 1.000). Although not statistically significant, these findings suggested that the ALAD genotype may modify BLLs and lead to toxicity. The ALAD2 allele (177T) is firstly reported in any population in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to analyze the content of Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb in several species of fish taken from three lakes that are close to the disposal of industrial waste in Indonesia. The fish samples were taken from three lakes, namely, Muara Angke, Weda, and Morowali. The samples from Morowali were analyzed in April 2019, those from Weda from November to December 2019, and those from Muara Angke in June 2018. All the samples were then analyzed at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Indonesia, and the Integrated Laboratory of IPB. The main results showed that all types of fish from Morowali and Weda were no longer safe to consume because they contained Fe, Cu, Cd, and Cr exceeding the threshold of metal contamination. Meanwhile, all types of fish from Muara Angke, except for ayam-ayam, are still safe for consumption. The results of this study can be a source of information regarding metal content in fish and fish feed for safe consumption. Given the high consumption rate of fish and the hazards of heavy metals on humans' health, such research must be furthered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Particulate matter (PM) is the most common air pollutant found in West Jakarta, with the main source being the increase of the motor vehicle used. Methods: This study investigated the PM concentrations and the related health risk from PM exposure on primary school students in West Jakarta. The PM2.5 concentration was measured using instrument HAZDUST, Model: SKC EPAM-5000, PA 15330. Results: The highest mean concentration of PM2.5 measured from three primary schools in West Jakarta was 129 μg/m3. Discussion: The health risk analysis of the students showed that the PM2.5 intake was lower than the reference dose or safety limit. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that primary school students were not under the risk of exposure to PM2.5 in the school environment. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low-income countries, 90% waste accumulates in landfills without sorting processes and some are even eliminated by burning it. In 2019, the amount of waste in Depok reaches 1,300 tons every day, there is an increase from the previous year. Data shows that public sectors, such as schools, contributes 5% of the total waste. Based on this condition, the researchers held community service activities in schools to give motivation in managing the waste to reduce the volume of waste in landfills. The methods used were quantitative and qualitative. The activities held were in the form of training, improvement of soft skills in processing waste and preserving the environment, as well as monitoring and evaluation activities. From the results of the post-test scores after the training, it was found that the teachers' insight increased by 28.3%, while in the students by 25%. Adiwiyata school criteria achievement score also increased by more than 60% in each school. However, we need to know that changes in behavior cannot occur in a short time. Continuous change requires time and a strong commitment to ensure that the program continues to run routinely in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has become an endemic in major cities in Indonesia. Climate change, and poor level of awareness and knowledge of the community in Indonesia causes the case of DHF to continue to exist and it tends to increase. In the extraordinary events in 2015 the morbidity rate reached 50.75. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prediction in 1996 stated that the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia will increase threefold from 2070, if the environment and community conditions do not change. This study aims to produce a system dynamics model with ecological analysis to determine the dynamics of the DHF incidence with climate variability patterns in Depok and Bogor. The design of this study is ecologic study with hypothesis test, modeling, simulation, and intervention. Interviews with respondents include the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (PSP) of the community. Measurement of climate factor includes rainfall, temperature, humidity, and CO2 level in the ambient environment. The results of DHF system dynamics model simulation show the program intervention scenario that has the most significant effect on the decline of Breeding Places and the decrease of DHF cases by increasing the participation of the community to actively control water places that are potential for mosquito breeding places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to explain the correlation between workers health risks level (risk quotient/RQ) (influenced by the concentration of particulate matter 10 μm (PM10) exposures), characteristics and patterns of individual activities (including age, sex, smoking behaviors, and working periods) to lung function disorder of workers in traditional ceramic industry. This research was a quantitative study that used a cross sectional study design and was conducted in July-September 2019. Measurement of PM10 concentration in the air used High Volume Air Sampling (HVAS) with gravimetric method. The number of sample of workers was 107 workers. Interviews through questionnaires were conducted to the 107 workers. While the spirometry test (lung function measurement) by using a spirometer was conducted only to 30 sample of workers with the criteria of longest working period. There is a correlation between PM10 concentration and worker health risks level (risk quotient/RQ). However, there is no correlation between RQ, age, sex, smoking behaviors and working periods toward lung function disorder incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The ceramic industry produces SO2 derived from the combustion process with firewood. Many studies have been conducted to determine the health impact that can be caused by SO2 exposure, such as respiratory impairment. This study used cross-sectional method, the population in this research is workers of the ceramic industry. It obtained a sample size of 107 people using SRS method. Measurement of SO2 concentrations using the pararosaniline method and data collection of respiratory impairment, used SGRQCwith interview method. Analysis results of the relationship between intake with respiratory impairment symptoms obtained that workers with intake > 0.0126, there are 74.5% that have experienced respiratory impairment symptoms. Chi-Square test results obtained the P-value = 0.189 then it can be concluded there is no significant relationship between respiratory impairment symptoms among the workers.Even so, the value of OR = 1.6 (95% CI: 0.717 – 3.908), workers with the intake > 0.0126 have the odds of 1.6 times higher to experience respiratory impairment symptoms. The higher intake of SO2 exposure has been gained by the worker, the opportunity (risk) causes higher respiratory impairment symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cipayung Landfill operating with open dumping system which exceeded its capacity. The waste which enters the landfill is 800 tons/day and the height of the waste heap reaches 30 meters. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the risk level of H2S and to identify respiratory problems and malodor peceptions in people living around the landfill. Method: This study uses the method of descriptive quantitative with analysis health risk approach. H2S sampling was carried out at 2 points around the Cipayung landfill closest to resident areas. The number of samples in the study is 100 people who are in Hamlet 07, Cipayung Urban Village. Data collected uses three parts questionnaire consist; general characteristic of respondents, respiratory problems, and malodor perceptions. Results: The highest measurement result of H2S is 0.021mg/m3 with RQ value calculation is 2.98 . Out of 100 respondents, 81% had suffered respiratory problems during living near the landfill the most frequent symptom of respiratory problems in the last 2 weeks was coughing (25%). All respondents (100%) smell foul of the landfill, with the majority saying that the smell disturbs daily activities (70%) and causes unhealthy effects (75%). Conclusion: The RQ value >1 which means people living close to the landfill are at risk of non-carcinogenic effects in the next 30 years. Respiratory problems and malodor perceptions in people living close the landfill indicate that health effects have arisen from the potential hazards of H2S. Recommendation: It needs amelioration of processing system and other efforts by the stakeholders to decrease the risk of health and environment problems caused by H2S from Cipayung Landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the association between ozone (O3) exposure and the impairment pulmonary function of the highway sweeper workers This research applied a cross-sectional study design. The respondents of this study were 78 respondents and total samples of pulmonary function measurement were 30 people who have been working for more than 5 years which derived from 6 Villages in Jagakarsa. The measurement of O3 using an ultraviolet ray absorption method. The respondent data collection and impairment pulmonary functions were conducted through questionnaire distribution, body height and weight, also spirometry measurement. The data analysis was conducted with univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.The average of measurement within 3 days of O3 concentration was 193.96 ug/m³. The respondents intake average value is 0.000296 mg/kg/day; respondents age of ≤ 43 years old are 42 people (53.8%); mostly wearing mask when working, there are 68 people (87.2%); respondents who have smoking habit are higher which are 51 respondents (65.4%); most of the respondents who are not doing physical activity are 42 people (53.8%). From 30 respondents, 17 respondents (56.7%) have impaired pulmonary function. The bivariate analysis result shows that smoking habits (p=0.011) and physical activities (p=0.049) have a relation to the impaired pulmonary function. According to the multivariable analysis, the smoking habit has the most influence on the impaired pulmonary function with the Odds Ratio OR =7.779 (95%CI= 1.099-55.054). The study result shows that there is no significant relationship intake of ozone exposure in the ambient and impaired pulmonary function. There are other factors that may reduce pulmonary function which are ages, smoking habits, and physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health Safety Security and Environmental (HSSE) are common concept used to assess company’s operating performance and their supply chain majority in prominent company with high risk exposure. However, this concept has largely been underutilized within the ferry port terminal’s operation. This study asks whether the HSSE principles can applied in the ferry port terminal in Indonesia in regard sustainable aspect. In particular, it examines whether Ferry port terminal of Merak can be considered as Ecoseaport. It focuses on major ferry port terminals at inter-island hub because of the increasing volume and movement of people and vehicles in the last five years. This research is aligned with the Indonesia government policy on ‘Maritime Axis’ and is relevant with the cancellation of the Sunda Strait bridge development. Through at system dynamics simulation, this research ultimately aims to contribute to the improvement of knowledge of stakeholders that will influence a concept formulation and implementation of policy and stands appropriately of HSSE aspect. A System Dynamics approach of this research is intended to analysis and formulated all those elements involved in ferry port terminal operation against wharf capacity, port carrying and supportive capacity, passenger, vehicle and motorcycle inflow and vessel availability to transporting and movement. It was concluded that during Muslim’s feast period with number of passenger, motorcycle and vehicle stock were drastically increased than normal operation. This will affect to HSSE performance, especially health aspect which corresponding with escalate on number patient to be visited to health posts against safety, security and environmental dimension. Whilst vessel frequency for passenger and vehicle loading purpose are stagnant mode since in 2018 as per simulation being constructed. Meanwhile, health cases reported by port medical officer is becomes major concerned which need takes into attention by port management operation and governmental related parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, many schools were not yet equipped with good sanitation facilities. In Indonesia, 1.5 million children under five die of diarrhea every year. This community partnership program aims to increase students’ knowledge about environmental sanitation and improve environmental sanitation behavior. The method used quantitative and qualitative method. Quantitative method is resultant from questionnaires data and qualitative method used to direct observation through Focus Group Discussion (FGD. The data of students’ knowledge and behavior were analyzed using bivariate analysis. The results of this activity showed that at the pretest, the elementary school students’ knowledge was 90.62%, which was in the good category, and the peer educator’s knowledge was 82.14%, which was in the good category. At the posttest, the elementary school students’ knowledge increased to 94.08%, which was in the good category, and the peer educator’s knowledge increased to 90%, which was in the good category. The elementary school students’ sanitation behavior was 67.60%, which can be categorized as good. Correlation test results showed no significant relationship between students’ knowledge and behavior (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that there was an increase in students’ and peer educators’ knowledge about environmental sanitation after the implementation of community partnership program. Unfavorable sanitation behaviors were seen in the behaviors of littering, not washing hands before eating, and consuming unhealthy snack. Meanwhile, good sanitation behavior was seen in the behavior of bathing twice a day and defecating in the toilet/water closet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the relationship between the concentration of airborne lead exposure to anemia in children aged 7 to 13 living near the informal used lead-acid battery recycling area in Jabodetabek. A crosssectional study was conducted at four locations in Jabodetabek (Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi and Depok), in which there were informal battery recycling. The study population was children aged 7 to 13 living in the area of informal used lead-acid battery recycling units. The number of children who were willing to participate was 418 children. The respondents were interviewed by using structured questionnaires. Environmental samples measured the airborne lead concentration using High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). To identify anemia, blood Hb measurements were taken using HemoCue® Hb 201+ System. The Logistic Regression risk factor model was used to determine the correlation of airborne lead with anemia in children. The results showed an average concentration of airborne lead (n = 52) was 2.96 μg/m3. The average blood Hb level of children (n = 418) was 11.89 g/ dL, with prevalence of anemia of 51.2%. High airborne lead concentration is strongly associated with an increased anemia incidence in children (OR: 3.96; 95% CI: 1.83-8.56) after behavioral factors of calcium intake was controlled (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.46-1.01). This study reveals the correlation between airborne lead exposures and anemia as well as underlines the needs to strengthen the policies, supervision, and development of strategies to reduce airborne lead exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoked fish is one of popular fish processed products in Indonesia. While smoke is one of problems in smoked fish industry. Benzo[a]pyrene is resulted by incomplete combustion. IARC stipulates benzo[a] pyrene as 2A category which means cancer cause in animals and probably also in humans. Analysis of health risk in smoked fish industry workers is needed in order to minimize the health risk. The aim of this research is to predict the health risk due to exposure of benzo[a]pyrene through inhalation on smoked fish industry workers. The research design uses environmental health risk analysis. The concentration value of benzo[a] pyrene in the air on 5 spots is <0.002 ppm or <0.02 mg/m³. The non-carcinogenic intake value (CDI) is 5.322 x 10-4 - 4.103 x 10-3 (mg/kg/day). The carcinogenic intake value (LADD) is 2.281 x 10-4 - 1.758 x 10-3 (mg kg/day). The non-carcinogenic risk value level is (RQ) 9.712 x 10² - 6.669 x 10³. The carcinogenic health risk level is 7.070 x 10-4 - 5.451 x 10-3. The conclusion of this research is carcinogenic risk level (ECR) is >10-4 and non-carcinogenic health risk value level is > 1, so the value of RQ and ECR is categorized as risky. The work pattern of smoked fish workers is 8-10 hours/day, for 7-46 years, exposure frequency is 317-353 days/year and the weight of the respondents is around 42-98.5 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All this time, the design of Bantargebang TPST follows the rules of landfilling with sanitary landfills which are equipped with leachate management and gas control, but in reality the implementation is open dumping (stacking without processing). Pollutants in leachates such as hardness, manganese, nitrites, iron and heavy metals will flow away from the landfill that causes pollution in surface and ground water, this way is very dangerous and harmful because it will cause permanent pollution to ground water. The resulting impact of poor water quality is the occurrence of various types of diseases and direct impact on humans. The danger of water pollution caused for human health is divided into two, namely direct and indirect hazards. This research uses quantitative method. Quantitative method is used to calculate groundwater quality analysis using laboratory instrumentation. The research results concludes that ground water quality, which is by chemical parameters all meet the quality standards, while by microbiological parameters all have not met the quality standard. This research can contribute to providing advice on building sanitation and governance of groundwater preservation at the Bantargebang TPST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has become an endemic in major cities in Indonesia. Climate change, and poor level of awareness and knowledge of the community in Indonesia causes the case of DHF to continue to exist and it tends to increase. In the extraordinary events in 2015 the morbidity rate reached 50.75. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prediction in 1996 stated that the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia will increase threefold from 2070, if the environment and community conditions do not change. This study aims to produce a system dynamics model with ecological analysis to determine the dynamics of the DHF incidence with climate variability patterns in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The design of this study is ecologic study with hypothesis test, modeling, simulation, and intervention. Interviews with respondents include the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (PSP) of the community. Measurement of climate factor includes rainfall, temperature, humidity, and CO2 level in the ambient environment. The results of DHF system dynamics model simulation show the program intervention scenario that has the most significant effect on the decline of Breeding Places and the decrease of DHF cases by increasing the participation of the community to actively control water places that are potential for mosquito breeding places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, in urban dwelling planning, the comfort and the health of the human living is set with parameters of the design standard. The human's dimension as the residents has not been considered to play actively in realizing the health of self and their residence. Meanwhile, the density and limitation of urban dwelling is an issue that causes the difficulty in designing the comfort and the health adequately. The purpose of this study was to reveal that the human dimension can play a role in the health of their home by identifying the indoor air quality. The method was quantitative and used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Human dimension in urban dwelling involved the dimension of residents and managers and was influenced by their knowledge. The residents' dimensions that assessed were the physical comfort, psychic comfort, potentially pollutant activity, and health participation. The result of this study indicates that the human dimension can contribute 19% in the realization of the residents' health via indoor air quality beside the design standard. The recommendation of this study is the need to include a human participation program in the policy of applicating the health in an urban dwelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is one of the toxic chemicals causing dangerous air pollution in the environment and its very dangerous for human health whose toxicity lasts for a lifetime because lead accumulates in the human body. Black lead is one of the components of the battery that is needed as the basic material for making batteries. Used batteries can be recycled by melting the lead contained in the plates into black bars that can be reused as raw material for making new batteries. This research was aimed to assess the magnitude of emerging health risk of ambient air Pb exposure to residence at smelter batteries area. This study uses a design of public health risk analysis or also called Public Health Assessment. The subject of this study is the human population at risk of being exposed to Pb in this case the people living around the former battery smelter in Cinangka Village. The smallest Pb concentration recorded in the study is 0.00004 mg/m3 which is outside the used battery smelting industry. While the largest Pb concentration recorded is 0.00091 mg/m3 which is located in the used battery smelting industry area. The results of the RQ values in this study indicate that only 4% of respondent has an unaccepted non carcinogenic risk which required risk management action. Futher research on particle toxicology evaluation is recommended to be carried out in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filariasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by filarial worm infection and is transmitted through the bite of various types of mosquitoes. The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental risk factors and the dynamics of transmission with the incidence of filariasis. The method used was observational analytic research with the case-control design. The sample size was 126 respondents with a ratio of case: control (1:2). The data collection was conducted by interview and observation. The results showed that there was correlation between the existence of swamp (P:0,000; OR:5,200), shrubs (P:0,001; OR:6,460), type of occupation (P:0,000; OR:9,500), level of knowledge (P:0,000; OR:5,399), the habit of doing an activity at night (P:0,000; OR:7,300), habit of using mosquito repellents (P:0,004; OR:3,300), habit of using mosquito net (P:0,000; OR:7,045), and the existence of a vector (P: 0,000; OR: 7,263) with the incidence of filariasis. Meanwhile, the logistic regression test showed the most significant risk factors on the existence of shrubs (P:0,002;OR:48,700), type of occupation (P:0,004; OR:39,919), level of knowledge (P:0,013; OR:11,206), the habit of doing an activity at night (P:0,040; OR: 5,833), habit of using mosquito repellents (P:0,005; OR:10,680), and the existence of a vector with the incidence of filariasis. It can be concluded that there was a correlation between environmental risk factors and the dynamics of transmission with the incidence of filariasis, thus, prevention efforts need to be conducted by reducing risk factors and educating the public about the efforts of promotion and prevention of filariasis transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are chemicals used to control agricultural pests. In addition to provide benefits, Pesticides use also affects the environment, as well as poisoning to humans. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between farmers’ internal factors such as age, gender, nutritional status, and smoking habits with pesticide poisoning. The design was cross-sectional, with analysis using T-independent test. The sample of this research is 82 farmers holtikltura located in District Cikajang, Garut Sub-district, West Java. The result of bivariate test showed significant difference of cholinesterase enzyme on gender variable (p = 0,037) and nutritional status (0.001) and showed no correlation between age and pesticide poisoning at farmer (0,222). The conclusion of this research is gender and nutritional status of farmer influence the status of pesticide poisoning based on cholinesterase enzyme concentration. Further research is expected to analyze other variables related to pesticide poisoning and measure the concentration of pesticide exposure in free air when spraying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Noise is defined as an unwanted noise that can cause auditory and non-auditory disorders, such as physiological, psychological, and communication conditions. One of possible physiological effects of noise exposure is can increased secretion of catecholamines and cortisol, which affects the nervous system which then affects the heart rate, and increases blood pressure. According to WHO, hypertension is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths, about 12.8% of all deaths. Hypertension is a health problem with a high prevalence of 25.8%, in accordance with Basic Health Research Republic of Indonesia's 2013 data. Objective: The objective in this study to analyze relationship between noise > 85 dB to hypertension. Methods: The research method used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, with cross sectional study design. The sampling technique used in this research is proportionate stratified random sampling with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data processing was done by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis with 95% confidence interval. In this experiment also conducted laboratory tests to validate and get the biological stress condition data on workers through testing the hormone cortisol by its saliva. Results: There were significant results by statistical testing for independent variables, which are noise, working period, age, hereditary factors, physical activity, use of PPE, BMI, and cortisol salivary value to hypertension. Meanwhile, for the variable smoking behaviour has p value> 0.05. Noise as the main variable has OR 19.067 through multivariate test, after controlled by confounding variables. Conclusions: Workers exposed to noise are at risk for hypertension. The risk for having hypertension will be greater in workers who have worked longer than five years, do no physical activity, do not use PPE, and have an abnormal BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its activities, a Fabrication Yard can produce up to. 400,000 kg of waste within 90 days despite implementing maintained procedure on hazardous waste management, which based on the government regulation. The objective of this study is to analyze the improvement efforts of hazardous waste management implemented in the Fabrication Yard..This study uses primary and secondary data with qualitative approach seen from the characteristics of the hazardous and toxic waste produced as well as the implementation of their overall hazardous waste management system. The study design is descriptive and data analysis using the data triangulation. The hazardous waste generated came from 12 facilities out of 17 facilities with 18 different types of waste. The amount of waste generated is influenced by the type of activity and types of materials used in the yard. While management efforts undertaken in the form of waste minimization, waste collection, waste storage, and waste transportation, on which the process of collection, storage and transportation of the hazardous and toxic waste are partially align with the requirements from government regulations. Although aligned, there are rooms to improve the hazardous waste management like implementing strict rules on working on waste segregation and provide necessary training to personnel involved regarding hazardous waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand rural communities' perception and attitudes on safe water and sanitation facilities. Additionally, provide evidence to showcase the impact access to safe water and improved sanitation facilities can have on rural communities. Design: A case study with mix-method data collection through household surveys and focus group discussions (FGDs). Setting: Two villages in Agam district, West Sumatera province, Indonesia, with contrasted performance on access to water and sanitation. Participants: 227 household respondents, 7 FGDs and 15 in-depth interview informants. Main outcome measures: To gain insight on respondents' perception and attitudes toward safe water and improved sanitation, to design stages of behavioral change. Results: Access to safe water and improved sanitation is not yet needed by rural communities due to insufficient information, nature condition, limited options for facilities, lack of reliable health workers and unclear policy. Behavioral change amongst community members requires more than awareness raising, it also needs planned activities, supplies and policy support with shared ownership between community and government. Conclusions: Sanitarians are key stakeholders in rural water and sanitation. They hold important leadership in gradually changing rural people's behavior towards safe water and improved sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides in addition to provide benefits to control pests can also have the impacts both on humans and the environment. Therefore, pesticides should be used simultaneously according to the type, dose, target, manner, and time of application. Incorrect use of pesticides can lead to various health effects, both acute and chronic. This study was aimed to determine relationships between knowledge, attitude, and actions of farmers in the use of pesticides with a health complaint of farmers in the Cikandang Village, Cikajang District, Garut Regency. The study used cross sectional design. The samples involved in this research were 100 people who were pesticide sprayers in Cikandang Village, using accidental sampling method. Based on univariate results, 57% farmers had poor knowledge, 82% farmers had good attitude, and 79% farmers had bad behavior. According to bivariate analysis, it was found that behavior (OR = 4,24) had significant relationship with health complaint. These results indicated that counseling on pesticides and personal protective equipment for pesticide sprayers (PPE) was needed to avoid health complaint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This study aims to understand basic elements that form and influence citizen engagement to sustain service delivery of rural water in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach -- Citizen engagement is elaborated through a sociological perspective of basic elements of social life that consist of structure, culture and process within the realm of a community's living environment. Sustainability is explored through the life cycle of rural water supply service delivery by means of a strategic plan, financing and budget allocation, construction/expansion, operational and maintenance and support system for sustaining services. A case study was conducted in four Pamsimas villages in two districts with comparable natural environment and water system but with a contrast sustainability performance. Pamsimas is the biggest rural water supply program in Indonesia that was started in 2008 and implemented in 27,000 villages. Findings -- Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the study found that appropriate citizen and government engagement since the implementation of the strategic plan throughout the rest of sub-cycles is key to sustainable service delivery. In the four aforementioned villages, sustainability is influenced more by structure elements such as government policy, program governance and source of water than by social and cultural elements. Research limitations/implications -- The study was done in four Pamsimas villages located in a mountainous area with a gravitation type of water system. The findings may be different in other locations or settings. Originality/value -- Lessons from this study will guide sector stakeholders to better define the engagement of citizens and the government and to create activities that trigger better engagement between citizens and the government, particularly the village government, so that citizens can avail the services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producers improve environmental performance to reduce the release of post-production waste. The positive environmental performance of producers is expected to influence consumer environmental attitudes positively, specifically toward post-consumption waste. However, research is deficient in exploring the impact of producer environmental performance (PEP) on retailer-consumer relationship quality (RCRQ) and consumer purchasing behavior (CPB) simultaneously to drive consumer environmental attitude (CEA) in the retail environment. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of PEP on RCRQ and CPB simultaneously to drive CEA in the retail environment. The survey was conducted at 17 retail outlets for 150 consumers of lubricant producers in the industrial city of Gresik, Indonesia. Partial Least Square analysis indicates that consumers perceive PEP has positive effects on CEA, but negatively affects RCRQ and positively affects CPB. Thereby, CPB has a more significant positive effect than RCRQ on CEA. Although RCRQ and CPB have significant positive total effects, CPB has a more significant indirect effect than RCRQ in mediating the effect of PEP on CEA. This study provides actionable guidance to reduce the negative impact of PEP on RCRQ to enhance the mediating role of RCRQ for more positive consumer environmental attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]