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Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are human-made chemicals that accumulate in the human body and the environment over time. Humans are primarily exposed to PFAS through drinking water, food, consumer products, and dust. These exposures can have many adverse health effects, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors contributing to CVDs. This study identified the molecular mechanisms of CVDs caused by PFAS. Methods: For this purpose, various computational tools, such as the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database, ShinyGO, ChEA3, MIENTURNET, GeneMANIA, STRING, and Cytoscape, were used to conduct in silico analyses. Results: The results showed that 10 genes were common between PFAS and CVDs, and among these common genes, the PPAR signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolic processes, and lipid binding were the most significantly associated gene ontology terms. Among the top 10 transcription factors (TFs) related to these common genes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and androgen receptor were the most prominent. Additionally, hsa-miR-130b-3p, hsa-miR-130a-3p, and hsa-miR-129-5p were featured microRNAs involved in PFAS-induced CVDs. Finally, PPARA and PPARG were identified as core genes involved in PFAS-induced CVDs. Conclusion: These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and reveal new potential targets in PFAS-induced CVDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of derivatives of pyrazole hybrid structures containing carbonitrile and substituted thiazole moiety were designed to search for selective COX‐2 inhibition. The designed target structures were synthesized with easy, practical, and efficient procedures. COX‐1/2 inhibition and cytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds were evaluated in NIH/3T3 and MDA‐MD‐231 cell lines for inhibition concentration and selectivity index. The results showed that the compounds have an inhibitory effect with higher selectivity towards COX‐2 overall in both cell lines and moderate antiproliferative activity by targeting the breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231. Among the 19 compounds synthesized (19 a–t), especially compound 19 m was found to be highly effective with COX‐2 inhibition of 5.63 μM in the NIH/3T3 cell line and 4.12 μM in the MDA‐MB‐231 cell line. Moreover, molecular docking studies showed that the compounds indeed exhibited higher affinity for the COX‐2 active site. The theoretical ADMET properties of the presented compounds were calculated, and the results showed that the compounds may have a more favorable pharmacokinetic effect profile than the selective COX‐2 inhibitor Celecoxib, thus promising COX‐2 inhibitor drug candidates for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of derivatives of thiazolyl-pyrazole hybrid structures were designed to search for new heterocyclic compound-based antitumor agents. The designed target structures were synthesized with easy, practical, and efficient procedures. The antiproliferative effect of the synthesized compounds against cancer cell lines A549, MCF-7, and HepG2 was evaluated regarding inhibition concentration and selectivity index against healthy cell line CCD-34Lu. The results overall showed that the compounds had high antiproliferation against cancer cells compared to the doxorubicin-positive control. In particular, compound 11 A549 (SI: 3.58) and HepG2 (SI: 12.36) had high selectivity in cancer cell lines, while compounds 10h and 10o had high selectivity (SI: 10.74 for both) in MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The calculated theoretical pharmacokinetic properties revealed that they could be suitable drug candidates. In addition, in vitro test results indicate a correlation between the structure-activity relationships of the compounds. The various molecular modifications of thiazolyl-pyrazole hybrid compounds are promising for developing new anticancer drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furandiones, alkaloids, Michael addition, decarboxylation, pyrrolizinones, pyrrolizinopyrrolizinones Therefore, compounds B 7 b are not formed by the well-known 1,4-Michael addition reaction of compounds B 6 b , as proven by the control experiment; they might, instead, be formed as the result of the addition of a second pyrrole ring to an intermediate at some stage (Scheme 5 B). Keywords: furandiones; alkaloids; Michael addition; decarboxylation; pyrrolizinones; pyrrolizinopyrrolizinones EN furandiones alkaloids Michael addition decarboxylation pyrrolizinones pyrrolizinopyrrolizinones 1265 1269 5 06/19/23 20230704 NES 230704 Pyrrolizinone, a bicyclic bridgehead-nitrogen skeleton, is valuable as a building block in medicinal chemistry and organic chemistry, because it can react with various nucleophiles at its C-1, C-2, or C-3 position, resulting in many useful synthetic and structural modifications. According to our previous experiences and our observations of the reaction, we propose the reaction mechanism for the formation of compounds B 6 b shown in Scheme 5 A. In the first step, a C-C bond is formed by a Michael addition through attack by the C-2 position of the pyrrole on the C-5 position of the furandione ( B A->B b ). [Extracted from the article]

In this study, a new tandem method was developed for the synthesis of thiazole-substituted pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one derivatives. The method consists of a tandem reaction involving a subsequent formation of first the thiazole and then the triazine ring upon the addition of phenacyl bromide to a product of the condensation reaction between ethyl 2-formyl-1H-pyrrole- 1-carboxylate and thiosemicarbazide. The tandem cyclization step was completed in just 30 minutes. In order to predict the reaction mechanism, the charge densities of atoms and HOMO and LUMO energy were calculated by DFT method for the compounds obtained in the intermediate stage. In addition, a series of pyrrolotriazinone derivatives synthesized in high yields by this method were found to be suitable drug candidates according to their druglikeness and theoretical pharmacokinetic profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs), which target angiogenesis by blocking VEGF signaling, are used in the treatment of many cancers including kidney cancer. Despite their efficacy in cancer, serious adverse effects such as hypertension and cardiovascular toxicities remain a clinical challenge. Natural non-toxic compounds targeting VEGFRs might be an alternative to VEGFR-TKIs. In the current study, we screened databases and literature which recommend natural compounds for kidney cancer and found approximately five hundred natural compounds. After screening for toxicity and drug-likeliness properties, fifteen of these compounds remained. Subsequently, we performed molecular docking studies against VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 with Lenvatinib, reported to be the most toxic of TKIs, and the fifteen natural compounds. As a result, Polydatin and Plakortide M gave the closest results to Lenvatinib in the interactions of the compounds with VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inability to meet the desired outcomes of anticancer treatment and decrease in treatment success of bacterial and fungal infections accelerated research in these areas. Our research group has conducted numerous studies, especially on benzimidazole ring systems' antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of benzimidazole compounds was tested against A549, A498, HeLa, A375, and HepG2 cancer cell lines by MTT assay. All compounds exhibited good to potent antiproliferative activity against all tested cancer cell lines. Compounds 6-chloro-2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (30) and 6-chloro-2-phenethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (46) were especially active against HeLa and A375 cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 0.02–0.04 µM. In contrast, compounds 6-chloro-2-((p-tolyloxy)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (67) and 5(6)-chloro-2-((4-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl)-1H-benzimidazole (68) were active against A549 and A498 cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 0.08 µM. These compounds (30, 46, 67, and 68) were less toxic to normal human cells than the positive control compound methotrexate, which was screened to determine its toxicity against normal cell lines (HEK293). In the second part of the study, all compounds were tested to demonstrate their antimicrobial properties. All compounds exhibited moderate activity against all tested bacteria and fungi. However, some phenoxy methyl derivatives 5-chloro-2-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (69) and 5,6-dichloro-2-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole and (74) were most active against Candida (<3.90 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies were carried out against certain proteins in order to identify potential targets of the antiproliferative effects of the synthesized compounds. The docking scores of the compounds were found to be significantly compatible with the antiproliferative activity results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In an attempt to develop potent and selective anticancer agents, some 5‐ or 6‐ and N‐substituted benzoxazol‐2‐carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cyclooxygenase inhibitory, antioxidant, and anti‐proliferative activity against MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines. Among them 5‐OMe, N‐piperidine substituted (compound 30), 5‐OMe, N‐4‐methylpiperidine substituted (compound 31) and 5‐Cl, N‐piperidine substituted (compound 34) benzoxazole 2‐carboxamide compounds have a moderate inhibitory effect in COX‐1 and COX‐2 enzymes. Anti‐proliferative studies show that compound 30 (IC50=5.35 μM) and compound 31 (IC50=5.82 μM) have similar activity to reference drug 5‐FU (IC50=3.95 μM) on MCF‐7 cell but they have lower toxic effect for healthy WI‐38 cell line. For the MCF‐7 cell line, compounds 30 and 31 show approximately 1.5 times higher selectivity compared to the 5‐FU control. Among the synthesized compounds 30, 31, and 34 had the best anti‐proliferative effect and were used to perform flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis on MCF‐7 cell line. To predict the binding modes and pharmacokinetic parameters of all compounds, in silico studies were carried out. These compounds may shed light on cancer treatment and cancer research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-2 and C-5 substituted imidazole skeleton was synthesized through a one-pot two-step strategy. Synthesized molecule emits the light on ESIPT (excited-state intramolecular proton transfer). This molecule was utilized for its proton donor ability, and we have observed that fluoride and cyanide ions can be detected selectively. Different cations and anions were selected to observe the response of the synthesized molecule. However, there were not any fluorometric and colorimetric response except for fluoride and cyanide ions. Detection limits of fluoride and cyanide ions were found to be 9.22 μM and 11.48 μM, respectively. 1H-NMR spectra for the solution of the sensor and TBAF (tetrabuthylammoniumfluoride) were used for the identification of [L]−[HF2]− species. 3 equiv. TBAF saturated the solution of the sensor in d6-DMSO, and some of the proton resonances shifted to upfield due to the through-bond effect. The disappearance of NH proton with 0.5 equiv. TBAF or TBACN (tetrabuthylammoniumcyanide) showed that there was a proton abstraction by fluoride and cyanide ions, instead of the hydrogen bond. Solid-state application was utilized, and paper test strips were applied. Emission differences emerged when the sensor loaded strips were reacted with TBAF. Time resolved experiments revealed that solution of the sensor and TBAF in DMSO have multiexponential decay, and one of the lifetime was measured as 13.4 ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Mitsunobu reagent, DEAD (diethyl azodicarboxylate) and PPh3, and ethyl‐oxalamide derivatives of 2‐aminophenol were reacted under mild reaction conditions. As a result of the cyclization reaction, benzoxazole derivatives bearing an ester group in the C‐2 position were obtained in a one‐pot protocol. It was observed that the electron‐donating groups at the C‐5 position and the electron‐withdrawing groups at the C‐6 position of the benzene ring increased the yield of the cyclic product. It was found that the cyclization does not occur when the carboxylic acid group is substituted in the benzene ring. The cyclization reaction we performed preferred the 5‐endo‐trig reaction instead of the 6‐exo‐trig. This experimental result was examined in detail with density functional theory (DFT) calculations as well. A computational exploration is presented herein that elucidates the detailed mechanism for Huisgen zwitterion's reaction with ethyl‐oxalamide derivatives of 2‐aminophenol. Potential alternative mechanisms were modeled with DFT calculations via CPCM/M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) level method in tetrahydrofuran to understand shed light on the mechanism. Our computational results are in good agreement with experimental findings that benzoxazole derivatives are the sole products in this reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten different N‐propargyl pyrrole derivatives having various substituents at the C‐2 position were synthesized. These derivatives were converted into indolizine derivatives by the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of pyrrole N‐allene, forming in situ, by heating in PrOH in basic medium. The structures were characterized by NMR and X‐ray crystallography. The N‐propargylated derivatives smoothly underwent intermolecular cyclizations to produce indolizine derivatives in good yields. We proposed a radical mechanism for the dimerization. Reaction of an allene product with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a radical scavenger, did not give any dimerization product. This result supports the radical reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out in the attempt to design a new class of potential anticancer agents comprising sixteen compounds (10-25) sharing the alicyclic diamide as a core. Their biological potential towards breast cancer was tested by using MTT assay on breast cancer (MCF-7)and non-tumorigenic breast (MCF-10- 2A)cell lines. Screening results show that the anti-proliferative effects of compounds (13, 19 and 20) correlate with the lipophilicity and selectivity of compounds. Interestingly, the active compounds distinguished from others with a quite high selectivity value that is comparable to 5-FU. Therefore, new small molecules containing alicyclic diamide fragments will have a significant contribution to the development of new era anticancer drug candidates for breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene transfer and gene therapy studies require high-efficiency gene delivery reagents. By transferring the piece of DNA that we are interested in, we can alter the expression of certain gene or genes to further characterize its role in the cell function or in the organism's development, metabolism, immune system, etc. Transfection reagents that enable efficient delivery of the DNA to the cells are important tools in the molecular and cellular biology studies. There are chemical products and tools that have been used for transfection of the cells but they are not as efficient as desired or they can induce cytotoxicity. It is crucial to design and generate new transfection reagents to further support the field of biotechnology, molecular studies, cellular biology, and in vitro studies relying on them. The more efficient and the less cytotoxic compounds will be especially useful for the field. We synthesized a new set of benzimidazole-based transfection reagents that have higher efficiency to carry GFP expressing plasmid in to the mammalian cells compared with the commercially available ones with low cytotoxicity. GFP expression levels were tracked by flow cytometry to determine the transfection efficiencies. Benzimidazole-based transfection reagents can be safely used for transfection studies in tissue culture as well as in gene therapy applications due to their high efficiency in the gene transfer to the mammalian cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel alicyclic oxalamide derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of the N‐alicyclic secondary amine analogs with the intermediates obtained from the reaction of 2‐aminophenol derivatives and diethyl oxalate. Due to their similarities to the thalidomide, these compounds were synthesized as alternative anti‐inflammatory drug candidates. In order to test their efficacies, an in vitro inflammation model was utilized. In this model, macrophages be activated by a danger mimic lipopolysaccharide to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Macrophages are the major cell types that produce cytokines against danger stimuli to regulate the local as well as systemic immune reactions. The alicyclic oxalamide derivatives' immunomodulatory potentials were tested in vitro on the macrophages. Based on our results, these molecules had differential effects on the production of the TNFα and IL6 pro‐inflammatory cytokines by the lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated macrophages. A set of the derivatives had adjuvant and immunostimulatory activities, while another group had anti‐inflammatory activities. Their differential effects on the production of the TNFα and IL6 open new venues for their medicinal applications. One can target a specific cytokine that has been associated with a certain disease while sparing the activity and production of the other cytokine by using a certain selection of the derivatives in our hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Propargyl-2-aroylimidazoles synthesized and converted into the corresponding ketoximes. Under various conditions, several mono- and diketoxime imidazole derivatives were formed by converting the carbonyl or carbonyl and propargyl groups into oxime groups. N-Propargyl monooxime imidazole derivatives were cyclized by treatment with CuI to give various imidazopyrazine N-oxides. Several copper salts, such as CuOAc, CuSO4, and CuOTf, formed the same cyclization product. This cyclization reaction occurred only in the presence of Cu(I) or Cu(II) salts; other transition metals such as Au, Ag, In, and Fe did not yield cyclic products. The nucleus-independent chemical shift method was used to calculate the aromaticity of the bicyclic rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some pyridazinones with ortho hydroxy hydrazone were investigated using DFT/B3LYP 6-311 G(d,p) method. Optimized molecules were taken account for NBO analysis by using DFT/B3LYP 6-311+G(d,p) method and information gained NBO analysis gave some important point for predicton of polarization of atoms. Furthermore, electrostaticpotential surfaces (MEP) were calculated and visualized in order to predict charge distribution as well as the shape/volume of the surface of the pyridazinones. HOMO-LUMO orbitals were computed and with these information hardness, electronegativity and global electronegativity index were calculated. For aromaticity of pyridazinone ring HOMA, BIRD and NICS indexes were calculated and aromaticity indexes revealed that which heterocyclic ring was the most aromatic and stable against metabolization effect of enzymes. Electron density map with projection for 2 was plotted and its localization of electron density was discussed. Lipinski's rule of five was calculated for investigated molecules for prediction of oral uptake and drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Imidazo‐1,5‐alkynyl alcohol derivatives were synthesized, and they were cyclized to imidazo‐1,4‐oxazines by means of cesium carbonate. Propargyl‐allene isomerization was examined, and the reaction mechanism was proposed. Moreover, cytotoxicity of synthesized molecules against LN405 cell lines was investigated by means of structure‐activity relationship (SAR). With SAR study, toxicities of some functional groups have been shown. In addition, two lead compounds were tested against DNA damaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]