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Copyright of Oilseeds & Fats, Crops & Lipids (OCL) is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Irvingia gabonensis is a non-timber forest product, whose fruit contains an edible fat-rich kernel. This fat can be used not only in human food but also as a source of raw materials in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. This work aimed to provide a physicochemical description of components present in the almonds and butter of I. gabonensis. Oil was extracted by soxhlet and hot-pressing from almonds. Cryo-MEB analyses allowed the observation of oleosomes in which the triglycerides of almonds are located. The triglyceride profile and the fatty acids profile of the butter were determined by gas chromatography, and a statistical analysis was performed. The thermal properties of oil were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that oil bodies have sizes ranging from 30 to 60 µm. With a 63.8 ± 0.2% fat content, I. gabonensis is composed of 98.4% triglycerides. The hot-pressing yield is 47.9%. The main triglycerides are essentially made up of lauric (38.5 ± 0.1%) and myristic (51.9 ± 0.2%) acids. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the butter melted at 43.4 °C and decomposed at 415.2 °C. These results show that I. gabonensis butter may be proposed as a good source of lauric acid for food and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oilseeds & Fats, Crops & Lipids (OCL) is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was employed in the esterification of oleic acid (OA) and the trans-esterification of oleic oil (OO) with 1-butanol as alcohol in the presence of various degrees of excess water. Under these conditions DBSA was found to be a highly active esterification catalyst regardless of excess water content, but was found to be a less effective for trans-esterification reactions. Lipophilic alcohols of differing straight and branched C3-6 chains were also tested on mixtures of OA/water (1:1) in DBSA-catalyzed esterifications; OO/water (1:1) in trans-esterifications; and OA/OO/water (1:1:1) in simultaneous esterifications and trans-esterifications. While longer straight chain alcohols generally gave a two-fold increase in yield of their corresponding alkyl oleates to 80%+, we observed a doubling from 30-50% to 60-95% of alkyl oleate yield for the OO/OA/water mixture. DBSA-catalyzed amidations of OO and methyl oleate emulsions in water were conducted with 1-butyl and 1-heptyl amine where it was found that the more lipophilic the ester moiety the higher the yield of alkyl amide. Practical applications: The practical advantages of DBSA as catalyst are high conversions to the desired product along with its tolerance to high quantities of water, emulsified within the lipid material. A capacity to transform a range of substrates with varying lipophilic character in a range of condensation reactions. In addition, we demonstrate that esterification and trans-esterification reactions could be performed simultaneous and in the presence of high quantities of water. This is of direct interest to the transformation of waste sources of lipids that often contain a mixture of triglycerides and free fatty acids in various concentrations, emulsified with waste water. Furthermore, we demonstrate that all of the value-added products/co-products can be separated by an effective and industrially relevant methodology, including recovery of the DBSA catalyst as well as the water and water soluble co-products, such as glycerol. A 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) is demonstrated to be an effective polyvalent catalyst for the recovery of aqueous emulsified lipids by conversion into value-added products. DBSA proved to be a polyvalent catalyst showing high activity using a range of substrates, performing esterification, trans-esterification, and amidations reactions efficiently despite the potential detrimental presence of high water loadings. The commercial incentive of our system is the phase separation of the product mixture into the converted lipids for use as biofuels and glycerol for resale as a fine chemical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outermost mucilaginous layer of the seed is a major, valuable component of flaxseed, but it induces a rapid thickening of the medium when the seeds are immersed in water, reducing the efficiency of oil body extraction. Ultrasound can be used to extract this mucilage rapidly before the seeds are ground in water. This makes it possible to extract the oil bodies as an emulsion, with the proteins present acting as dispersing and stabilizing agents. This emulsion is a thick fluid displaying shear-thinning and predominantly elastic behavior. This phase can be valorized directly due to its high concentration in polyunsaturated fatty acids, high content of valuable sterols, and high arginine content of its proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aqueous integrated process was developed to obtain several valuable products from sunflower seeds. With a high-shear rate crusher, high-pressure homogenization and centrifugation, it is possible to process 600× g of seeds in 1400× g of water to obtain a concentrated cream phase with a dry matter (dm) content of 46%, consisting of 74 (w/w dm) lipids in the form of an oil-body dispersion (droplet size d(0.5): 2.0 µm) rich in proteins (13% w/w dm, with membranous and extraneous proteins). The inclusion of an enzymatic step mediated by a lipase made possible the total hydrolysis of trigylcerides into fatty acids. The resulting cream had a slightly higher lipid concentration, a ratio lipid/water closer to 1, with a dry matter content of 57% consisting of 69% (w/w) lipids, a more complex structure, as observed on Cryo-SEM, with a droplet size slightly greater (d(0.5): 2.5 µm) than that of native oil bodies and a conserved protein concentration (12% w/w dm) but an almost vanished phospholipid content (17.1 ± 4.4 mg/g lipids compared to 144.6 ± 6 mg/g lipids in the oil-body dispersion and 1811.2 ± 122.2 mg/g lipids in the seed). The aqueous phases and pellets were also characterized, and their mineral, lipid and protein contents provide new possibilities for valorization in food or technical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]