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BACKGROUND: Genistein increases CPT1A, a rate-limiting enzyme in the beta-oxidation pathway, enzyme activity by increasing CPT1A transcription in HepG2 cells and, consequently, suppresses high fat induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Genistein and daidzein are the most abundant isoflavones in soy.AIM OF STUDY: To investigate the effect of co-treatment of genistein and L-carnitine on CPT1A enzyme activity and to determine whether daidzein also increases CPT1A activity and to establish a cell line that can be used to screen chemicals to regulate CPT1A transcription.METHODS: The enzyme activities of CPT1A were determined after HepG2 cells were incubated with 10muM genistein or 10muM daidzein or 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10muM genistein and 1 mM L-carnitine or in combination with 10muM daidzein and 1 mM L-carnitine. The mRNA expression levels of CPT1A were determined by real time PCR method after HepG2 cells were incubated with 10muM genistein or 10muM daidzein. A suggested CPT1A promoter region was cloned from human genomic DNA and the CPT1A promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct was made, and the promoter-reporter gene construct was transfected into human hepatoma cell line Huh7.RESULTS: The enzyme activity of CPT1A was at least 2.3- fold higher in L-carnitine and genistein co-treated HepG2 cells than either single-agent treated cells. Daidzein also significantly increased the mRNA expression of CPT1A as well as the enzyme activity of CPT1A. A stable Huh7 cell line, which was selected after Huh7 cells were transfected with CPT1A promoter luciferase reporter gene construct, was characterized by confirming that luciferase activity of the cell line can be regulated by genistein and daidzein as well as clofibrate, a well-known CPT1A mRNA up-regulating drug.CONCLUSIONS: Genistein and daidzein can up-regulate CPT1A enzyme activity through up-regulation of CPT1A transcription. Co-treatment of L-carnitine and genistein additively increases CPT1A enzyme activity in HepG2 cells. A stable Huh7 cell line transfected with the CPT1A promoter luciferase reporter gene was established and characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a larger study, female student nurses from overseas and Britain in four training schools for the general nursing register were interviewed to obtain their perceptions of their reception at the hospital. their later welfare, and some of their general reactions to their training. Differences between the British and overseas student nurses were mainly related to experience before training and their reception at the hospital. Many similarities between the two groups were also found with respect to their later experiences and attitudes toward nursing. A proportion of the overseas students had experienced expressions of racial prejudice from patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]