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The over-use of fossil fuels leads to a sharp increase in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), which seriously contributes to the energy crisis and climate problems. The direct transformation of CO2 into high-value chemicals through photocatalysis offers an effective way to mitigate these problems. The key to achieving this goal is to discover a cost-effective, highly efficient, and durable photocatalyst. Due to their straightforward synthesis, high light absorption capacity, rapid exciton production efficiency, and long carrier diffusion length, nanoscale halide perovskites (NHPs) have great potential for solar photocatalysis. However, several crucial problems, like poor long-term stability, low product selectivity, and severe charge recombination, have become bottlenecks in the development of NHP photocatalysts. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the principles of the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), the structural features of halide perovskites nanocrystals (NCs) in the system, and the principal approaches to enhancing their photocatalytic activity. Factors that influence the selectivity of CO2RR final products are also discussed. Moreover, this review pays special attention to the techniques for studying photogenerated carrier transport processes and photocatalytic intermediates, which make a significant contribution to the insight into the reaction mechanism of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Finally, the main challenges and prospects for NHP's further development are also presented. This review will offer instructions for the design of NHP photocatalysts to further enhance the photocatalytic performance and product selectivity for CO2 reduction. It will also offer insights into studying the charge transport process and mechanism for the CO2 photocatalytic reduction reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction and operation of large‐scale reservoirs alter the natural river flow regimes and destroy the original suitable reproduction and living conditions of aquatic organisms. Especially during the spawning season, the fluctuating water flow process is particularly important for fish reproduction. A bi‐objective optimization model considering both the environmental flow demand for fish spawning and the stability of hydropower output is established in this study and solved by one of the most widely used algorithms for multi‐objective problems, the Non‐Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm‐II. The derived Pareto Front can be used to guide reservoir operation during fish spawning seasons. The model proposed in this paper is applied to the Yangqu Reservoir, currently under construction on the upper Yellow River in China. The results show that the stability of hydropower output can still be improved by 4.80% to 10.56%, even if the environmental flow demand is taken into account. Even for the scheme preferring ecological recovery, the stability of hydropower output can be increased by more than 0.85%. Highlights: Fish spawning demand and hydropower stability are considered simultaneously.Derived Pareto Front can be used for reservoir operation in fish spawning seasons.Room still exists for improving hydropower stability meeting ecological demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organometal halide perovskite photovoltaic (PV) cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) comparable to the leading crystalline silicon (c‐Si) PV technology. However, despite their exceptional performance, these perovskite solar cells (PSCs) face technological challenges such as large‐area fabrication complexities and outdoor stability concerns. These challenges need to be addressed to pave the way for the commercialization of PSCs. The key to commercializing PSCs lies in developing stable, large‐area solar modules that offer both high efficiency and reliability. Overcoming the hurdles of large‐area module design and fabrication is a crucial step, and researchers are exploring innovative solutions to tackle these challenges. This review article primarily focuses on the development of large‐area PSCs, recent advancements in this field, and the obstacles related to scaling up this technology. It delves into the techniques used to fabricate perovskite films, with a special emphasis on large‐area and large‐scale PSC manufacturing methods. Moreover, the review highlights stability concerns that perovskite solar modules (PSMs) face and reports on recent progress in addressing these issues. The article concludes by summarizing potential future research directions aimed at realizing the full commercial potential of this innovative and promising solar cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a robust digital image inpainting technology, the Criminisi algorithm (CA) has been widely used. However, its high running time that it needs to search in the entire undamaged area of the image to determine an optimal matching block presents a challenge. To address this issue, this study proposes an improved version of CA, named PSO-CA, which incorporates the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) with CA. The running time of the CA is significantly reduced benefiting from the parallel optimization capability of the PSO. In addition, the search space is restricted to the neighbouring region of the block that needs to be filled. The availability of the proposed PSO-CA algorithm is assessed in the laboratory colour model by the running time and three matching indices, such as the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The experimental results indicate that PSO-CA significantly enhances the inpainting speed and produces the same or better results compared with the initial CA and the Criminisi with search space algorithm (CWSS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate real-time forecasting of cloud positions relative to the sun is essential for photovoltaic (PV) scheduling. Due to its simplicity, the Cross-Correlation Method (CCM) has been widely used in short-term solar radiation prediction by estimating Cloud Motion Vectors (CMVs). However, comparing each pixel block in the current image with neighboring rectangular areas in the previous image results in increased computational complexity for CCM, which limits its application in short-term solar radiation forecasting. This study utilizes the parallel optimization capability of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to simultaneously search for the best matching block for multiple pixel blocks to improve CCM's usability. The results show that the proposed PSO-CCM can estimate CMVs at least five times faster while ensuring forecasting accuracy, significantly reducing the computational complexity of traditional CCM. In addition, as a crucial step in cloud image forecasting, the extrapolation strategy of cloud images also plays a crucial role. Thus, this study also explores and analyzes in detail the advantages and disadvantages of two extrapolation strategies: Block-Wise Forecasting Method and Frozen Cloud Advection Method, offering valuable insights for short-term solar radiation forecasting models based on ground-based sky images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION Can exposure to palmitic acid (PA), a common saturated fatty acid, modulate autophagy in both human and mouse trophoblast cells through the regulation of acyl-coenzyme A-binding protein (ACBP)? SUMMARY ANSWER PA exposure before and during pregnancy impairs placental development through mechanisms involving placental autophagy and ACBP expression. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY High-fat diets, including PA, have been implicated in adverse effects on human placental and fetal development. Despite this recognition, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell line HTR-8/SVneo and human trophoblast stem cell (hTSC)-derived EVT (hTSCs-EVT) were exposed to PA or vehicle control for 24 h. Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into PA and control groups (n = 10 per group) and subjected to a 12-week dietary intervention. Afterward, they were mated with male wild-type C57BL/6 mice and euthanized on Day 14 of gestation. Female ACBPflox/flox mice were also randomly assigned to control and PA-exposed groups (each with 10 mice), undergoing the same dietary intervention and mating with ACBPflox/floxELF5-Cre male mice, followed by euthanasia on Day 14 of gestation. The study assessed the effects of PA on mouse embryonic development and placental autophagy. Additionally, the role of ACBP in the pathogenesis of PA-induced placental toxicity was investigated. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The findings were validated using real-time PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and shRNA knockdown approaches. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Exposure to PA-upregulated ACBP expression in both human HTR-8/SVneo cells and hTSCs-EVT, as well as in mouse placenta. PA exposure also induced autophagic dysfunction in HTR-8/SVneo cells, hTSCs-EVT, and mouse placenta. Through studies on ACBP placental conditional knockout mice and ACBP knockdown human trophoblast cells, it was revealed that reduced ACBP expression led to trophoblast malfunction and affected the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3B-II and P62, thereby impacting embryonic development. Conversely, ACBP knockdown partially mitigated PA-induced impairment of placental trophoblast autophagy, observed both in vitro in human trophoblast cells and in vivo in mice. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Primary EVT cells from early pregnancy are fragile, limiting research use. Maintaining their viability is tough, affecting data reliability. The study lacks depth to explore PA diet cessation effects after 12 weeks. Without follow-up, understanding postdiet impacts on pregnancy stages is incomplete. Placental abnormalities linked to elevated PA diet in embryos lack confirmation due to absence of control groups. Clarifying if issues stem solely from PA exposure is difficult without proper controls. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Consuming a high-fat diet before and during pregnancy may result in complications or challenges in successfully carrying the pregnancy to term. It suggests that such dietary habits can have detrimental effects on the health of both the mother and the developing fetus. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82171664, 82301909) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality of China (CSTB2022NS·CQ-LZX0062, cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0749, and cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0236). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Despite the recognition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder, its core causes are still ambiguous. The objective of this study was to explore if the traits of circulating immune cells contribute causally to susceptibility to ADHD. Methods: By employing a unified GWAS summary data covering 731 immune traits from the GWAS Catalog (accession numbers from GCST0001391 to GCST0002121), our analysis focused on the flow cytometry of lymphocyte clusters, encompassing 3,757 Sardinians, to identify genetically expected immune cells. Furthermore, we obtained summarized GWAS statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium to evaluate the genetic forecasting of ADHD. The studies employed ADHD2019 (20,183 cases and 35,191 controls from the 2019 GWAS ADHD dataset) and ADHD2022 (38,691 cases and 275,986 controls from the 2022 GWAS ADHD dataset). Through the examination of genome-wide association signals, we identified shared genetic variances between circulating immune cells and ADHD, employing the comprehensive ADHD2022 dataset. We primarily utilized inverse variance weighted (IVW) and weighted median methods in our Mendelian randomization research and sensitivity assessments to evaluate diversity and pleiotropy. Results: After adjusting for false discovery rate (FDR), three distinct immunophenotypes were identified as associated with the risk of ADHD: CD33 in Im MDSC (OR=1.03, CI: 1.01~1.04, P=3.04×10-5, PFDR=0.015), CD8br NKT %T cell (OR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.04~1.12, P=9.33×10-5, PFDR=0.023), and CD8br NKT % lymphocyte (OR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.03~1.12, P=3.59×10-4, PFDR=0.066). Furthermore, ADHD showed no statistical effects on immunophenotypes. It's worth noting that 20 phenotypes exist where ADHD's appearance could diminish 85% of immune cells, including FSC-A in myeloid DC (β= -0.278, 95% CI: 0.616~0.931, P=0.008), CD3 in CD45RA- CD4+ (β= -0.233, 95% CI: 0.654~0.960, P=0.017), CD62L- monocyte AC (b=0.227, 95% CI: 0.038~1.518, P=0.019), CD33 in CD33br HLA DR+ CD14dim (β= -0.331, 95% CI: 0.543~0.950, P=0.020), and CD25 in CD39+ resting Treg (β=0.226, 95% CI: 1.522, P=0.022), and FSC-A in monocytes (β= -0.255, 95% CI: 0.621~0.967, P=0.234), among others. Conclusion: Studies indicate that the immune system's response influences the emergence of ADHD. The findings greatly improve our understanding of the interplay between immune responses and ADHD risk, aiding in the development of treatment strategies from an immunological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) has been considered as a golden standard for CKD diagnosis and is employed to identify potential therapeutic targets since 1950s. Post-biopsy hemorrhage is the most common complication, while severe bleeding complication might cause nephrectomy or death. Therefore, how to reduce the occurrence of complications while ensuring the success of PRB is always a clinical research topic. Methods: This study retrospectively collected and established a renal biopsy database of each patient who underwent ultrasound-guided PRB at a tertiary teaching hospital from September 2017 to December 2020 through the Health Information System. All the data were statistically processed by SPSS software. Results: A total of 1146 patients underwent PRB for various reasons. The overall rate of post-biopsy hemorrhage was 37.70% (432/1146). Of those bleedings, minor bleeding after PRB was found in 337 (29.41%), middle bleeding 84 (7.33%), major bleeding 11 (0.96%). Besides that, there were 96 patients (8.38%) reported their discomfort symptoms. There was no death. Females were at significantly increased risk of hemorrhagic complication than males (OR = 2.017, CI = 1.531–2.658). While the risk for hemorrhagic complication significantly decreased as BMI and platelet before renal biopsy increased (OR = 0.956, CI = 0.924–0.989; OR = 0.998, CI = 0.996–1.000). As the APTT time prolonged, the risk for hemorrhagic complication significantly increased (OR = 1.072, CI = 1.023–1.123). Those patients whose albumin were higher, also had higher risk for hemorrhagic complication than other patients (OR = 1.020, CI = 1.000–1.041). Specifically, postoperative urination within 4 h increased the risk for hemorrhagic complication (OR = 1.741, CI = 1.176–2.576). Conclusion: Our analysis finds that the incidence of post-biopsy bleeding complication is 37.70%, and its risk is associated with female, lower BMI, lower platelet before renal biopsy, prolonged APTT, higher albumin, and postoperative urination within 4 h. The findings highlighted the importance of perioperative management for renal biopsy, including adequate risk assessment, tailored careful observation after PRB. And medical staff should pay more attention to fluid management after ultrasound-guided PRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric river (AR) is a long, narrow, and transient corridor of strong horizontal water vapor transport. Various AR detection methods have been proposed, which have introduced significant uncertainty to the identified AR characteristics. This study has designed a data fusion algorithm to merge 12 data sets of different global and regional AR identification algorithms published by the Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) covering the period from 1980 to 2016. It aims to conduct frequency statistics to further research the global distribution, interannual variation, the trends in poleward shifting, and the impacted factors of AR occurrence. The quantitative results indicate an overall increasing trend in interannual variation, with a more pronounced growth trend observed in the oceanic region between 40 and 60ºS. Additionally, the study identifies a poleward shift in the peak latitude of AR occurrence frequency, with speeds of 0.589° and 0.769° per decade in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively. This shift may be associated with the tropical poleward expansion. Upon examining the relationship between AR frequency and sea surface temperature (SST) as well as zonal wind, the study finds that distinct dominant factors influence AR in different regions. AR events near the 30°N/S ocean are influenced more significantly by zonal wind than by SST. These findings shed light on the global characteristics of AR occurrences and provide insights into the factors governing their variability across different areas. Plain Language Summary: Researchers employ an array of tools to detect a weather phenomenon event known as the atmospheric river (AR), which is a long, narrow corridor in the atmosphere that transports water vapor originating from the tropics. Each tool employs a distinct methodology for identifying these atmospheric rivers, which can lead to varying results. This diversity makes it challenging for us to select a single methodology to study AR on a global scale and over long periods. To address this problem, we have developed an innovative algorithm. This algorithm merges the results from different tools to create a more consistent and comprehensive data set of atmospheric rivers. Utilizing this novel data set, we investigated how atmospheric rivers have evolved over time and across different locations. Our research indicates a poleward shift of AR positions throughout the research period. Moreover, we also examined the sea surface temperature and wind patterns, and their connections to the frequency of atmospheric rivers. These insights could provide insightful implications for how climate changes might influence these important weather phenomena in the future. Key Points: Proposed a data fusion algorithm merging 12 Atmospheric River Detection Tools data sets based on their identification results conflictsThe poleward shifts of the AR frequency peak and tropical expansion have a moderate correlation during the research periodAR events near the 30° N/S ocean are influenced more significantly by zonal wind than by sea surface temperature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic (PV) power plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. However, climate change may amplify weather variability and extreme conditions. The extreme conditions can increase the very low PV output and thereby increase the need for grid stabilization services. This study examined how weather variability affects PV power output in the near- (2025–2054) and far-future (2071–2100). The ensemble mean calculated using seven global climate models participating in the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 for three different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) (SSP126, SSP245, SSP585) was used for the assessment. The standard deviation of the monthly PV power output and the share of very low monthly PV power output were used to assess the variability of PV power output. The findings indicate that the summer PV power output was projected to decrease by 6%–8% in central and northern Tibet under a high emissions scenario (SSP585). The summer months with low PV power output were projected to increase in western regions of China, known for its abundant solar resources. The findings of this study provide valuable insight for energy planners to make up for the influence of future weather variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) as novel photocatalyst materials have attracted intensive attention for an impressive variety of photocatalytic applications due to their excellent photophysical (chemical) properties. Regarding practical application and future commercialization, the air–water stability and photocatalytic performance of OIHPs need to be further improved. Accordingly, studying modification strategies and interfacial interaction mechanisms is crucial. In this review, the current progress in the development and photocatalytic fundamentals of OIHPs is summarized. Furthermore, the structural modification strategies of OIHPs, including dimensionality control, heterojunction design, encapsulation techniques, and so on for the enhancement of charge‐carrier transfer and the enlargement of long‐term stability, are elucidated. Subsequently, the interfacial mechanisms and charge‐carrier dynamics of OIHPs during the photocatalytic process are systematically specified and classified via diverse photophysical and electrochemical characterization methods, such as time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, transient photocurrent densities, and so forth. Eventually, various photocatalytic applications of OIHPs, including hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and photocatalytic conversion of organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hierarchical zeolite (ZC) was synthesized by using electrospinning cellulose microfibers (ECM) with three-dimensional network structure as a hard template. The textual and structural properties of the prepared materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and TG-DSC. In terms of adsorption properties, the performance was examined by adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on the conventional zeolite (ZA) and ZC. The results showed that ECM templating could significantly increase the mesoporous area and volume of the traditional microporous zeolite, and thus improve the mass transfer performance and adsorption capacity. ZC exhibited much faster and higher MB removal performance than the traditional zeolite with adsorption rate constant and maximum adsorption capacity of ZC approximately 20 and 1.2 times greater than that of ZA. Besides, ZC exhibited better resistance to interfering ions than ZA. Moreover, ZC could be conveniently regenerated by washing with NaCl and the MB adsorption capacity was almost constant in five cycles of the regeneration. These features enable ZC to be an effective and promising adsorbent to remove MB from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn‐ion capacitors (ZICs) take advantage of batteries and supercapacitors in delivering high energy and power densities for energy storage by using porous carbons due to their low cost, lightweight, high conductivity, and good stability. However, it remains a grand challenge to regulate the mesoporous structures of carbons, including pore sizes and surface functional groups, which are essential for ion transport and electrochemical reactions of ZICs. Herein, a bi‐directional electrolysis strategy is developed to directly reduce CO2 to oxygen‐rich mesoporous carbons (OMCs) with adjustable pore sizes and oxygen‐bearing functional groups, which are preferred for ZICs as theoretically proved by density functional theory (DFT). The designed OMCs exhibit a remarkable energy density of 216.6 Wh kg−1 and performance retention of 90% after 15000 cycles. When assembled in the flexible ZICs, the OMCs demonstrate a high capacitance of 329.5 mAh g−1. This work presents a novel strategy for synthesizing OMCs through a decarbonization process and reveals the crucial role of microstructure and surface functional groups in promoting the performance of ZICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common complication characterized by impaired placental function and unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to elucidate the expression pattern of miR-181d-5p in FGR placentas and explore its effects on trophoblast fusion. Methods: The expression pattern of miR-181d-5p in human FGR placentas were evaluated using qRT-PCR. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and Immunofluorescence analysis were performed in a Forskolin (FSK)-induced BeWo cell fusion model following the transfection of miR-181d-5p mimic or inhibitor. Potential target genes for miR-181d-5p were identified by screening miRNA databases. The interaction between miR-181d-5p and Luman/CREB3 Recruitment Factor (CREBRF) was determined through a luciferase assay. Moreover, the effect of CREBRF on BeWo cell fusion was examined under hypoxic conditions. Results: Aberrant up-regulation of miR-181d-5p and altered expression of trophoblast fusion makers, including glial cell missing 1 (GCM1), Syncytin1 (Syn1), and E-cadherin (ECAD), were found in human FGR placentas. A down-regulation of miR-181d-5p expression was observed in the FSK-induced BeWo cell fusion model. Transfection of the miR-181d-5p mimic resulted in the inhibition of BeWo cell fusion, characterized by a down-regulation of GCM1 and Syn1, accompanied by an up-regulation of ECAD. Conversely, the miR-181d-5p inhibitor promoted BeWo cell fusion. Furthermore, miR-181d-5p exhibited negative regulation of CREBRF, which was significantly down-regulated in the hypoxia-induced BeWo cell model. The overexpression of CREBRF was effectively ameliorated the impaired BeWo cell fusion induced by hypoxia. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that miR-181d-5p, which is elevated in FGR placenta, inhibited the BeWo cell fusion through negatively regulating the expression of CREBRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most available long-term operation models for hydropower stations use deterministic historical data as inputs but cannot be employed to update the decision scheme in real time according to the actual solar radiation and inflow conditions, resulting in a disconnect between the given plan and actual decision-making process. In this study, a multistage rolling reservoir decision model considering the uncertainties in solar radiation and inflow is proposed to guide the formulation of long-term operational schemes for hydro-PV systems. We adopt the solar radiation and inflow series generated by the scenario tree (ST) method as inputs of the reservoir optimal operation model and use a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the model. In the solution process, the scheme is adjusted according to the actual solar radiation and inflow conditions. Typical wet, normal, and dry years are analysed. The results illustrate that the model can better inform the design of long-term operational schemes for hydro-PV stations relative to the actual operational scheme and the traditional deterministic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ternary alloy catalyst has been confirmed to be an effective catalyst for anode catalysis in direct formic acid fuel cells, which can improve the electrocatalytic performance of the fuel cell by introducing commonly used metal elements to change the Pd electronic structure and can reduce the use of precious metals and the cost of catalyst production. In this study, PdCuSn Ns/C with a special 3D structure was synthesized by a simple two-step wet chemical method. The PdCuSn Ns/C catalyst prepared exhibits excellent catalytic activity and stability for the formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR). The mass activity of 2420.1 mA mg−1Pd is 3.94 times that of the Pd/C catalyst. The improvement in the electrocatalytic performance stems from the introduction of Cu and Sn atoms and the unique 3D nanosheet structure, which changes the electronic structure of Pd to increase the reactive active site and accelerates the reaction mass transfer rate, and also reduces the content of precious metals, while improving the electrocatalytic performance. Therefore, the PdCuSn Ns/C catalyst has a promising future in the field of electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The evidence of breast-conserving therapy (BCT) applied in centrally located breast cancer (CLBC) is absent. This study aims to investigate the long-term survival of breast-conserving therapy (BCT) in centrally located breast cancer (CLBC) compared with mastectomy in CLBC and BCT in non-CLBC. Methods: Two hundred ten thousand four hundred nine women with unilateral T1-2 breast cancer undergoing BCT or mastectomy were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were assessed via log-rank test. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline features, and the multivariable Cox model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio [HR] and its 95% confidence interval [CI] for breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS). Results: With a median follow-up of 91 months, the BCSS and OS rates in patients who received BCT were greater than those patients treated with mastectomy in the entire CLBC set. Multivariable Cox analyses showed that CLBC patients who received BCT had better BCSS (HR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.55–0.80, p < 0.001) and OS (HR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.68–0.90, p = 0.001) than patients who received a mastectomy, but there were no significant differences of BCSS (HR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.47–0.90, p = 0.009) and OS (HR = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.65–1.04, p = 0.110) after PSM. In patients treated with BCT, CLBC patients had a similar BCSS (HR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.87–1.12, p = 0.850) but a worse OS (HR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.01–1.18, p = 0.040) compared to that of the non-CLBC patient, but there was no significant difference both BCSS (HR = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.88–1.24, p = 0.614) and OS (HR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.97–1.20, p = 0.168) after PSM. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that BCT should be an acceptable and preferable alternative to mastectomy for well-selected patients with CLBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising method to boost the effectiveness of bioelectrochemical systems is to combine the light-harvesting properties of semiconductors with the catalytic strength of bacteria. Here, we demonstrate the improved photocurrents generated by the interaction of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and a hematite nanowire-arrayed photoanode in a solar-assisted microbial photoelectrochemical cell (S-MPEC) under visible light. The S-MPEC uses the technology of bioelectrochemical cells and photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) for enhancing the degradation of pollutants from wastewater treatment under irradiation. The bare Fe2O3 photoelectrode exhibits a photocurrent of 1.093 A m−2 at 0.8 V under visible light, whereas the Fe2O3-MR-1 biophotoelectrode exhibits a higher photocurrent of 1.605 A m−2. With visible light exposure at an intensity of less than 100 mW cm−2, the power densities of the Fe2O3 photoelectrode system with and without coating the MR-1 bacteria are 1.284 W m−2 and 0.872 W m−2, respectively. Besides, based on the study of the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics, the reduction and oxidation reactions of Fe2O3-MR-1 exhibit more efficient diffusion coefficients with enhanced rate constants. These findings demonstrate a significant impact on degradation performance induced by photoexcited charge carriers in a complicated hybrid electricigen system, which is critical for the development of a S-MPEC for waste degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case illustrates that under comprehensive management of individual and clinical needs, urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis can be performed safely without bleeding complications in patients with hemophilia A who developed end‐stage renal disease. Patients in these cases can benefit from synthetic strategy. Hemophilia A is a serious inherited bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) involvement in hemophilia is relatively rare, but there has been an upward trend in the survival time of patients with prolonged hemophilia. Although peritoneal dialysis (PD) is often used as the first treatment modality for renal replacement treatment, limited data are available on comprehensive management in the hemophilia A population, especially for urgent‐start PD. A 56‐year‐old man who had hemophilia A, was diagnosed with CKD 3 years ago and developed end‐stage renal disease was admitted to our hospital after contracting pneumonia and undergoing subsequent Type I respiratory failure. Urgent‐start PD improved his condition and health outcomes, and protected his residual renal function. This case is the first study of a Chinese male patient with hemophilia A who developed end‐stage renal disease. We summarize the clinical treatment and nursing care strategies of urgent‐start PD in a hemophilia A patient with end‐stage renal disease. This case illustrates that under comprehensive management of individual and clinical needs, urgent‐start PD can be performed safely without bleeding complications in patients with hemophilia A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, rare ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, have many pharmacological effects, which have attracted extensive attention. They can be obtained through the heat treatment of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity (TG-DTG) were employed to investigate this process and the content change in ginsenosides was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). SEM and TG-DTG were used to compare the changes in the ginsenosides before and after treatment. In SEM, the presence of hydrogen bond rearrangement was indicated by the observed deformation of vascular bundles and ducts. The before-and-after changes in the peak patterns and peaks values in TG-DTG indicated that the content of different kinds of compounds produced changes, which all revealed that the formation of new saponins before and after the heat treatment was due to the breakage or rearrangement of chemical bonds. Additionally, the deformation of vascular bundles and vessels indicated the presence of hydrogen bond rearrangement. The glycosidic bond at the 20 positions could be cleaved by ginsenoside Rb3 to form ginsenoside Rd, which, in turn, gave rise to ginsenoside Rg3(S) and Rg3(R). They were further dehydrated to form ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5. This transformation process occurs in a weak acidic environment provided by G. pentaphyllum itself, without the involvement of endogenous enzymes. In addition, the LC-MS analysis results showed that the content of ginsenoside Rb3 decreased from 2.25 mg/g to 1.80 mg/g, while the contents of ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5 increased from 0.08 and 0.01 mg/g to 3.36 and 3.35 mg/g, respectively. Ginsenoside Rg3(S) and Rg3(R) were almost not detected in G. pentaphyllum, and the contents of them increased to 0.035 and 0.23 mg/g after heat treatment. Therefore, the rare ginsenosides Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5 can be obtained from G. pentaphyllum via heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactivity of the open-shell Gd@C2v-C82 with different charge states towards benzyl bromide was investigated. [Gd@C2v-C82]3− exhibited enhanced activity relative to Gd@C2v-C82 and [Gd@C2v-C82]−. The structural characterizations, including MALDI-TOF MS, UV-vis-NIR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction, indicate the formation of isomeric benzyl monoadducts of Gd@C2v-C82. All three monoadducts contain 1:1 mirror-symmetric enantiomers. Additionally, the addition of the benzyl group and its specific position result in distinct electrochemical behavior of the products compared to the parent Gd@C2v-C82. Theoretical studies demonstrate that only [Gd@C2v-C82]3− has a HOMO energy level that matches well with the LUMO energy level of the PhCH2 radical, providing a rationalization for the observed significantly different reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate minute solar forecasts play an increasingly crucial role in achieving optimal intra-day power grid dispatch. However, continuous changes in cloud distribution and coverage pose a challenge to solar forecasting. This study presents a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model to predict the future 10-min global horizontal irradiance (GHI) integrating all-sky image (ASI) and GHI sequences as input. The CNN is used to extract the sky features from ASI and a fully connected layer is used to extract historical GHI information. The resulting temporary information outputs are then merged and forwarded to the LSTM for forecasting the GHI values for the next 10 min. Compared to CNN solar radiation forecasting models, incorporating GHI into the forecasting process leads to an improvement of 18% in the accuracy of forecasting GHI values for the next 10 min. This improvement can be attributed to the inclusion of historical GHI sequences and regression via LSTM. The historical GHI contains valuable meteorological information such as aerosol optical thickness. In addition, the sensitivity analysis shows that the 1-lagged input length of the GHI and ASI sequence yields the most accurate forecasts. The advantages of CNN-LSTM facilitate power system stability and economic operation. Codes of the CNN-LSTM model in the public domain are available online on the GitHub repository https://github.com/zoey0919/CNN-LSTM-for-GHI-forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used, a series of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been reported, including immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (ICI-pneumonitis). The incidence of ICI-pneumonitis is higher in reality than in clinical trials. The diagnosis is challenging, mainly based on clinical and imaging features, and requires the exclusion of other causes. The data on the biological mechanisms of ICI-pneumonitis are scarce, resulting in little knowledge of the best treatment for ICI-pneumonitis. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may be helpful to identify the biological differences or find predictive biomarkers, and may in turn help to develop phenotype-specific targeted drugs to treat ICI-pneumonitis. Herein, we outline the characterization of immunomodulatory factors and cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for ICI-pneumonitis. Through careful sorting and literature review, we find crosstalk between pathogenic Th17/Th1 cells (i.e., Th17.1) and pro-inflammatory monocytes, and activation of Th17(/Th1)/IL-17A (/IFN-γ) pathways may play a key role in the pathogenesis of ICI-pneumonitis. Disruption of the interaction between pathogenic Th17/Th1 cells and pro-inflammatory monocytes (such as, anti-IL-23) may be a potential treatment for ICI-pneumonitis. We first describe the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of ICI-pneumonitis, hoping to contribute to the optimization of diagnosis and treatment, as well as provide readers with research inspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Cortisol, a hormone regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, has been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The nature of the relationship between cortisol and ADHD, and whether it is causal or explained by reverse causality, remains a matter of debate. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the bidirectional causal relationship between morning plasma cortisol levels and ADHD. Methods: This study used a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design to analyze the association between morning plasma cortisol levels and ADHD using genetic information from the authoritative Psychiatric Genomics Collaboration (PGC) database (n = 55,347) and the ADHD Working Group of the CORtisol NETwork (CORNET) Consortium (n = 12,597). MR analyses were employed: inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger regression, and weighted medians. OR values and 95% CI were used to evaluate whether there was a causal association between morning plasma cortisol levels on ADHD and ADHD on morning plasma cortisol levels. The Egger-intercept method was employed to test for level pleiotropy. Sensitivity analysis was performed using the "leave-one-out" method, MR pleiotropy residual sum, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO). Results: Findings from bidirectional MR demonstrated that lower morning plasma cortisol levels were associated with ADHD (ADHD-cortisol OR = 0.857; 95% CI, 0.755-0.974; P = 0.018), suggesting there is a reverse causal relationship between cortisol and ADHD. However, morning plasma cortisol levels were not found to have a causal effect on the risk of ADHD (OR = 1.006; 95% CI, 0.909-1.113; P = 0.907), despite the lack of genetic evidence. The MR-Egger method revealed intercepts close to zero, indicating that the selected instrumental variables had no horizontal multiplicity. The "leave-one-out" sensitivity analysis revealed stable results, with no instrumental variables significantly affecting the results. Heterogeneity tests were insignificant, and MR-PRESSO did not detect any significant outliers. The selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) F were all >10, indicating no weak instrumental variables. Thus, the overall MR analysis results were reliable. Conclusion: The study findings suggest a reverse causal relationship between morning plasma cortisol levels and ADHD, with low cortisol levels associated with ADHD. No genetic evidence was found to support a causal relationship between morning plasma cortisol levels and the risk of ADHD. These results suggest that ADHD may lead to a significant reduction in morning plasma cortisol secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Fluoxetine has been used as the first line for the therapy of depression. However, lack of therapeutic efficacy and time lag still limit the application of fluoxetine. Gap junction dysfunction is a potentially novel pathogenic mechanism for depression. To clarify the mechanism underlying these limitations, we investigated whether gap junction was related to the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine. Methods and key findings After chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), animals showed decreases in gap junction intracellular communication (GJIC). Treatment with fluoxetine 10 mg/kg significantly improved GJIC and anhedonia of rats until six days. These results indicated that fluoxetine improved gap junction indirectly. Furthermore, to test the role of gap junction on antidepressant effects of fluoxetine, we blocked gap junction using carbenoxolone (CBX) infusion in the prefrontal cortex. CBX dampened fluoxetine-induced decrease in immobility time of mice in tail suspension test (TST). Conclusions Our study suggested that gap junction dysfunction blocks antidepressant effects of fluoxetine, contributing to understanding the mechanism underlying the time lag of fluoxetine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most studied and promising processes for hydrogen fuel generation. Single-atom catalysts have been shown to exhibit ultra-high HER catalytic activity, but the harsh preparation conditions and the low single-atom loading hinder their practical applications. Furthermore, promoting hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics, especially in alkaline electrolytes, remains as an important challenge. Herein, Pt/C60 catalysts with high-loading, high-dispersion single-atomic platinum anchored on C60 are achieved through a room-temperature synthetic strategy. Pt/C60-2 exhibits high HER catalytic performance with a low overpotential (η10) of 25 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the Pt-C60 polymeric structures in Pt/C60-2 favors water adsorption, and the shell-like charge redistribution around the Pt-bonding region induced by the curved surfaces of two adjacent C60 facilitates the desorption of hydrogen, thus favoring fast reaction kinetics for hydrogen evolution. The synthesis of high-loading Pt single-atom catalysts is important but challenging. Here, the authors use fullerene C60 with electron-deficient C=C bonds to build Pt/C60 catalysts with abundant Pt single atoms which exhibits high catalytic activity for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to different settlements of the base, failure of the foundation, etc., the rigid blocks may experience free-standing rocking on a flexible foundation with a slope under excitation. However, the rigid blocks free-standing on a foundation with a slope were not taken into account. A modified concentrated spring model is proposed to simulate the rocking of the asymmetric rigid blocks free-standing on a flexible foundation with a slope in this study. The rocking response of the free-standing rigid block on a flexible foundation with a slope under free vibration, one-sine pulse excitation, and earthquake motions is investigated. It reveals that the rocking response of a rigid block can be influenced by the slope of the flexible foundation and the slenderness of the block. The energy dissipated from the asymmetric block rocking is larger than the energy dissipated from the symmetric block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) plays a crucial role in regulating the climate and hydrology over Asia, and studies indicate that the QTP tends to be warm and humid as a whole. Although precipitation variability on the QTP has a great impact on floods, soil erosion, and droughts, it is poorly understood owing to sparse meteorological observations. This study has investigated the temporal variability of precipitation on the QTP and its surrounding areas on different time scales over the past 40 years using the standardized variability index (SVI) based on entropy as well as its changing trends. The results show that the variability of precipitation has different spatial patterns on different time scales. In general, the variability of both the precipitation days and amounts are low in the southeast and northwest corners of the plateau and high in the southwest and north. It was found that the number of light precipitation days in the high vegetation coverage area in the southeastern plateau decreased significantly, but increased greatly in the bare land and sparse vegetation coverage areas in the northern part of the plateau. Such changes are believed to be conducive for ecological restoration. Most importantly, in the southern foothills of the Himalayas, many light precipitation days have turned into moderate and heavy precipitation days, and a significant increase in annual precipitation has also been noted, which are likely to cause natural disasters considering the local topographical conditions, such as landslides and mudslides. Highlights: In QTP, SVIME in May is closer to summer mode, indicating monsoon beginning have advanced to May.Extreme precipitation significantly influences precipitation variability.Daily SVIAE decreases in grassland/barren/sparsely vegetated land, good for ecology.Light rain days increased in bare land/sparse vegetation areas, benefiting vegetation restoration.In southern Himalayas, light rain changed to moderate/heavy rain, leading to natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The proteasome in eukaryotic cells can degrade a variety of proteins and plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle, cell survival and apoptosis. The proteasome receives much attention as a potential chemotherapeutic target for treatment of a variety of infectious parasitic diseases, but few studies of proteasomes have been done on parasitic nematodes. Methods: A proteasomal β5 subunit encoding gene (named Hc-pbs-5) and its inferred product (Hc-PBS-5) in Haemonchus contortus were identified and characterized in this study. Then, the transcriptional profiles and anatomical expression were studied using an integrated molecular approach. Finally, a specific proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ), together with RNA interference (RNAi), was employed to assess the function of Hc-PBS-5. Results: Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the coding sequence of Hc-pbs-5 was 855 bp long and encoded 284 amino acids (aa). The predicted protein (Hc-PBS-5) had core conservative sequences (65–250 aa) belonging to N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) family of hydrolases. Real-time PCR results revealed that Hc-pbs-5 was continuously transcribed in eight developmental stages with higher levels at the infective third-stage larvae (L3s) and adult males of H. contortus. Immunohistochemical results revealed that Hc-PBS-5 was expressed in intestine, outer cuticle, muscle cells under the outer cuticle, cervical glands and seminal vesicles of male adults and also in intestine, outer cuticle, cervical glands, uterine wall, eggs and ovaries of female adults of H. contortus. BTZ could reduce proportions of egg hatching, and the fourth-stage larvae (L4s) developed from the exsheathed L3s (xL3s) of H. contortus. In addition, silencing Hc-pbs-5 by soaking the specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) could decrease the transcription of Hc-pbs-5 and result in fewer xL3s developing to L4s in vitro. Conclusions: These results indicate that proteasomal β5 subunit plays an important role in the growth, development and life span of H. contortus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An applicable, high-volume, and sustainable water uptake technology can alleviate freshwater shortages, improve the energy utilization rate and promote the development of energy technology. Traditional seawater desalination, fog water, and dew collection are limited by the geographical environment, and the water resource transportation cost is high, or the water uptake volume is limited, so they cannot be used on a large scale. There are potential safety problems with wastewater reuse and recycled water. Atmospheric water harvesting technology uses energy for direct condensation or uses adsorbent to absorb water, which is characterized by strong sustainability, high applicability, decentralization, and stable water uptake. This study summarizes the working principle of mainstream atmospheric water harvesting technologies, mainly including condensation, absorption, and desorption water harvesting, and some active dew and fog collection technologies. It also theoretically analyzes the energy consumption of condensation and adsorption and desorption water harvesting technologies. Aiming at the problems of difficult condensing for direct condensation and long adsorption/desorption cycle of adsorption and desorption water harvesting, it summarizes the countermeasures of multi-stage condensation and multi-cycle adsorption and desorption. The development prospect of atmospheric water harvesting technologies is also discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing fire-retardant building materials is vital in reducing fire loss. The design and preparation of novel fire-retardant coatings merely require the adhesion of flame retardants with high fire-retardant characteristics on the surface, which is significantly more economical than adding excessive amounts of flame retardants into bulk building materials. Meanwhile, fire-retardant coating has excellent performance because it can block the self-sustaining mechanisms of heat and mass transfer over combustion interfaces. In recent years, research of fire-retardant coatings for building materials has been subject to rapid development, and a variety of novel environmentally benign fire-retardant coatings have been reported. Nonetheless, as the surface characteristics of various flammable building materials are contrastively different, selecting chemical ingredients and controlling the physical morphology of fire-retardant coatings for specific building materials is rather complicated. Thus, it is urgent to review the ideas and preparation methods for new fire-retardant coatings. This paper summarizes the latest research progress of fire-retardant building materials, focusing on the compositions and performances of fire-retardant coatings, as well as the principles of their bottom-up design and preparation methods on the surface of building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Williams syndrome (WS) is a multisystem neurodevelopmental disorder caused by microdeletions in 7q11.23. This study aims to characterize the clinical phenotypes of Chinese children with WS to help for the early diagnosis and intervention of this disease. Methods: 231 children diagnosed with WS were retrospectively recruited to the study. Clinical data were analyzed to obtain the incidence of different clinical phenotypes. The occurrence of phenotypes and the influence of gender and age on the incidence of different phenotypes were analyzed. Results: All WS exhibited facial dysmorphism (100.0%). The majority had neurodevelopmental disorder (91.8%), hoarseness (87.4%) and cardiovascular anomalies (85.7%). The incidence of short stature (46.9%), inguinal hernia (47.2%), hypercalciuria (29.10%), hypercalcemia (9.1%), subclinical hypothyroidism (26.4%) and hypothyroidism (7.4%) were relatively higher. Gender differences were found in supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS, p <.001), ventricular septal defect (VSD, p <.05), inguinal hernia (p <.001), superior pulmonary stenosis (SVPS, p <.05) and neurodevelopmental disorder (p <.05). The incidence of neurodevelopmental disorder in WS increased with age (p <.05) while cardiovascular anomalies (p <.001), short stature (p <.001), hypercalciuria (p <.001) and hypercalcemia (p <.01) decreased with age. Conclusions: Facial dysmorphism, neurodevelopmental disorder, hoarseness and cardiovascular anomalies were the most common phenotypes. Genetic testing should be suggested to confirm the diagnosis for children with the above abnormalities. Gender and age should be taken into account when making diagnosis and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs)/neural progenitors (NPs) in the treatment of hypoxic–ischemic injury and its potential mechanisms. Methods: Fetal NSCs/NPs were treated with EPO after oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs/NPs were detected by CellTiter‐Glo, Edu assay, flow cytometry, and quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). Immunofluorescence staining, co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP), and western blotting were used to test the existence of EPO receptor/β common receptor (EPOR/βCR) heterodimer on NSCs/NPs and the possible pathway. Results: EPO treatment at different time points increased cell viability without affecting proliferation. EPO treatment immediately after OGD/R promoted oligodendrocyte and astrocyte differentiation, while decreasing neuronal differentiation of NSCs/NPs. EPOR/βCR heterodimer existed on the cell surface of the fetal cortical NSCs/NPs, EPO treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of βCR and elevated the correlation between EPOR and βCR levels. In addition, mass spectrometry analysis identified Syne‐1 as a downstream signaling molecule of the EPOR/βCR heterodimer. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting indicated that the βCR/Syne‐1/H3K9me3 pathway was possibly involved in the differentiation of fetal neural stem cells into the glial cell effect of EPO. Conclusion: EPO treatment immediately after OGD/R could not facilitate fetal NSCs/NPs neurogenesis but promoted the formation of the EPOR/βCR heterodimer on fetal NSCs/NPs, which mediates its function in glial differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic system using hydrohalic acid (HX) for hydrogen production is a promising strategy to generate clean and renewable fuels as well as value‐added chemicals (such as X2/X3−). However, it is still challenging to develop a visible‐light active and strong‐acid resistive photocatalyst. Hybrid perovskites have been recognized as a potential photocatalyst for photovoltaic HX splitting. Herein, a novel environmentally friendly mixed halide perovskite MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx with a bandgap funnel structure is developed, i.e., confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and density functional theory calculations. Due to gradient neutral formation energy within iodine‐doped MA3Bi2Cl9, the concentration of iodide element decreases from the surface to the interior across the MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx perovskite. Because of the aligned energy levels of iodide/chloride‐mixed MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx, a graded bandgap funnel structure is therefore formed, leading to the promotion of photoinduced charge transfer from the interior to the surface for efficient photocatalytic redox reaction. As a result, the hydrogen generation rate of the optimized MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx is enhanced up to ≈341 ± 61.7 µmol h−1 with a Pt co‐catalyst under visible light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, microbial electrochemistry is widely used to produce valuable products (CH4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH, etc.) from carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, given that low‐value nitrogen (N2) is abundantly available as a feedstock for chemicals, thus ammonia (NH3) synthesis using bioelectrochemistry is still a promising technology. However, considering N2 stability and ammonium (NH4+) adsorption with a proton exchange membrane, developing suitable microbial systems for NH3 synthesis still faces challenges. Based on this, we developed a single‐chamber biocathode bioelectrochemical system for efficient NH3 production. Results: For the reaction system that we constructed, NH4+ production reached 6.31 mg L−1 within 10 days, and NH4+ production was positively correlated with current density. A C2H2 reduction assay further verified the activity of nitrogenase enzyme. Microbial community analysis revealed that Clostridia plays a crucial role in the N2 fixation process, and the synergistic interaction between different microorganisms favors electron transfer and an increase in NH3 production. Conclusions: The results of a series of experiments have proved that this green and economical method can be used to efficiently generate NH4+. This reaction system not only utilizes the advantages of obtaining electrons for reduction reaction, but also improves electron transfer and avoids the shortcomings of NH4+ adsorption. Additionally, this in‐depth study of N2 fixation mechanism provides a theoretical reference for other applications of bioelectrochemical systems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-based hybrid perovskites have sparked substantial research interest due to the immense progress in the fields of optoelectronics and photocatalysis. However, owing to the environmental issues of lead toxicity, lead-free hybrid perovskites (LFHPs) with non-toxic metal elements, such as bismuth, strontium, etc., have attracted considerable attention. LFHPs have been recognized as potential photocatalysts because their electronic structures can be easily adjusted by tuning their chemical compositions, crystal structures, and surface morphology. In recent years, the investigation of charge-carrier behaviours on surface-engineered LFHP photocatalysts has been spurting from solar-to-fuel conversion (e.g., hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction to CO or CH4) to some organic reactions (e.g., organic synthesis and dye degradation). Therefore, in this Review, photocatalytical fundamentals and surface engineering to enhance the charge transport and separation of available photocatalysts are firstly introduced. Synthetic methods of hybrid perovskites with resultant material properties are then discussed. Finally, the performance of LFHPs in solar-driven applications is described. According to the results achieved, current challenges and future research directions in the development of lead-free hybrid perovskites for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency and stability are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-sky images derived from ground-based imaging equipment have become an important means of recognizing and quantifying cloud information. Accurate cloud detection is a prerequisite for obtaining important cloud information from an all-sky image. Existing cloud segmentation algorithms can achieve high accuracy. However, for different scenes, such as completely cloudy with obscured sun and partly cloudy with unobscured sun, the use of specific algorithms can further improve segmentation. In this study, a hybrid cloud detection algorithm based on intelligent scene recognition (HCD-ISR) is proposed. It uses suitable cloud segmentation algorithms for images in different scenes recognized by ISR, so as to utilize the various algorithms to their full potential. First, we developed an ISR method to automatically classify the all-sky images into three scenes. In scene A, the sky is completely clear; in scene B, the sky is partly cloudy with unobscured sun; and in scene C, the sun is completely obscured by clouds. The experimental results show that the ISR method can correctly identify 93% of the images. The most suitable cloud detection algorithm was selected for each scene based on the relevant features of the images in that scene. A fixed thresholding (FT) method was used for the images in scene C. For the most complicated scene, that is, scene B, the clear-sky background difference (CSBD) method was used to identify cloud pixels based on a clear-sky library (CSL). The images in the CSL were automatically filtered by ISR. Compared to FT, adaptive thresholding (AT), and CSBD methods, the proposed HCD-ISR method has the highest accuracy (95.62%). The quantitative evaluation and visualization results show that the proposed HCD-ISR algorithm makes full use of the advantages of different cloud detection methods, and is more flexible and robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the diversity of fullerene ligands and metal salts, metal–fullerene frameworks (MFFs) present a variety of structures. Currently, the structural control of MFFs mainly relies on the design and synthesis of fullerene ligands, while the influence of metal building units on the structures has been rarely studied. The present work represents a systematical investigation of fullerene-linked supramolecular architectures incorporating different metal salts. Treatment of a bidentate N,N-donors fullerene ligand (L1) with six metal salts ([Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, Cu(OAc)2·H2O, FeCl2·4H2O and FeCl3·6H2O]) produced six one-dimensional MFFs, i.e., ZnL1(NO3)2(H2O)2 (1), CdL1(NO3)2 (2), Cu(L1)(H2O)2(NO3)2 (3), CuL1(OAc)(CH3O) (4), FeL1Cl2 (5) and FeL1Cl2(FeCl4) (6). Compounds 1–3, built with nitrates with different metal centers (M(NO3)2, M = Zn, Cd, Cu), present a 1D stair-like, 1D zigzag, and 1D linear chain structure, respectively. Compound 4, synthesized with another Cu(II) salt, Cu(OAc)2, displays a dinuclear Cu-Cu connected 1D stair-like chain structure, rather than the single Cu linked 1D linear chain obtained from Cu(NO3)2. Compounds 5 and 6, assembled from iron chloride of different oxidation states (Fe(II)Cl2 and Fe(III)Cl3) reveal a 1D zigzag and a 1D stair-like chain structure, respectively. The results demonstrate the significant influences of metal salts on the structures of metal–fullerene frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we used time-sliced ion velocity imaging to study the photodissociation dynamics of MgO at 193 nm. Three dissociation pathways are found through the speed and angular distributions of magnesium. One pathway is the one-photon excitation of MgO(X1Σ+) to MgO(G1Π) followed by spin-orbit coupling between the G1Π, 33Π and 15Π states, and finally dissociated to the Mg(3Pu)+O(3Pg) along the 15Π surface. The other two pathways are one-photon absorption of MgO(A1Π) state to MgO(G1Π) and MgO(41Π) state to dissociate into Mg(3Pu)+O(3Pg) and Mg(1Sg)+O(1Sg), respectively. The anisotropy parameters of the dissociation pathways are related to the lifetime of the vibrational energy levels and the coupling of rotational and vibronic spin-orbit states. The total kinetic energy analysis gives D0(Mg−O)=21645±50 cm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiobjective optimization has been widely applied to reservoir operations in order to provide balanced operational schemes considering their multiple functions, including flood control, power generation, and ecological objectives. The Pareto front derived from multiobjective optimization is a set of optimal solutions that cannot quickly provide direct guidance for decision‐makers. In this study, a shrinking method is proposed to reduce the selection range of the optimal solutions on the Pareto front. Based on two proposed indices, that is, competitiveness and the competition efficiency between each pair of dual objectives, the optimal solutions are shrunk twice to accurately focus on the optimal solution region and reduce the difficulty of decision‐making. The proposed methodology is applied to a large‐scale reservoir on the upper reach of the Yellow River, China, simultaneously considering power generation, hydropower output stability, and ecological objectives. The results show that the proposed method could reduce the Pareto front to the solutions performing well in objectives and can be generalized for other multiobjective optimization models. Key Points: A method of evaluating competitiveness among multiobjectives is proposedCompetition efficiency indices between dual objectives determine the decision directionsThe bilevel Pareto front shrinking approach narrows down the Pareto solutions by nearly 1 order [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A structure with high crystallinity and orderly molecular packing is a requirement for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. However, growing large‐area, long‐range order, highly crystalline micro or nanostructures remains a challenge. Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are spherical π‐conjugated molecules with unique electronic structures, hence they can be easily assembled into highly ordered crystals through intermolecular π–π interactions. In this work, large‐area single‐crystal microwire arrays of M3N@Ih‐C80 (M = Sc, Lu) are prepared with the assistance of a pillar‐structured template, and the microwire diameter can be tuned via the fullerene concentration. A field‐effect transistor is fabricated using Sc3N@Ih‐C80 microwire arrays, exhibiting a record‐high charge carrier mobility (6.16 cm2 V−1 s−1) among EMF‐based devices. Further, microwire‐based photodetectors are developed, with a response time as low as 0.1 s. The precise arrangement of the M3N@Ih‐C80 molecules helps improve the electron transportation channels, thereby enhancing the device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) acts as one of the essential macronutrients and plays critical roles in regulating growth, development, and yield formation capacity of the crop plants. Elucidating the physiological and molecular processes underlying plant P deprivation responses benefit the crop cultivation with high P use efficiency (PUE). In this study, we investigated the P-associated and agronomic traits as well as the transcriptome profile under contrasting inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels combined with deficit irrigation, using two wheat cultivars contrasted by PUE (i.e., high PUE Shixin 828 and P deprivation sensitive Jimai 518). The deficient-P (DP) treatment decreased P accumulative amounts, photosynthetic function, and biomass in plants at various growth stages and reduced yields with respect to sufficient-P (SP) condition. Although the two cultivars were comparable on growth and P-associated traits as well as yields under SP, Shixin 828 displayed better growth traits, more P accumulation, and higher yields than Jimai 518 under DP, suggesting that the high PUE cultivars with enhanced P uptake positively affects photosynthetic function, biomass production, and productivity of plants under P deprivation conditions. A large quantity of genes with differential expression patterns, including 2948 upregulated and 1844 downregulated, were identified based on RNA-seq analysis in the Shixin 828 plants treated with P deprivation. These DE genes were shown to be associated with biological process (i.e., metabolic process and cellular process etc.), cellular components (cell body and organelle etc.), and molecular function (binding and catalytic activity), and phytohormone signaling pathways. Transgene analysis on TaZFP1, a gene in ZFP transcription factor family that exhibited upregulated expression in P-deprived plants, validated its role in enhancing P accumulation and P starvation adaptation of plants. Our results suggested that plant P deprivation response is underlying modulation of various physiological processes via modifying gene transcription at global level. Key message: RNA-seq sequencing combined with physiological and transgene analyses dissected the molecular processes related to P-associated and agronomic traits in wheat cultivated under Pi deprivation condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate streamflow prediction is of great significance for water resource management. In recent years, data-driven models such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) have been widely used in the field of flow prediction. However, traditional data-driven models neglect the extraction and utilization of the data's own characteristics. This study proposes a daily flow prediction model based on the pattern recognition of flow sequences. Based on the input number of the prediction model derived from the partial autocorrelation function, the flow sequence was divided into subsequences. Five patterns of flow subsequences, including monotonic rising, monotonic falling, monotonic stable, concave, and convex, were then identified, which helped to explore the characteristics of the flow subsequences. For each pattern, traditional ANN and SVM models were applied to predict the flow. A comparison with the traditional ANN and SVM models shows that the hybrid models of the pattern recognition method (PRM) and the traditional ANN and SVM have higher accuracy. The Nash efficiency coefficient (NSE) of the hybrid PRM-SVM model was as high as 0.9815, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was only 6.75%. In addition, the prediction accuracy of the flood peak also improved. The average relative error of the peak flood derived from the hybrid PRM-ANN and PRM-SVM models were reduced by 0.12% and 0.40%, respectively, compared with the traditional ANN and SVM models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a T help 17 (Th17) cell-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease. Recent studies have shown that dihydroartemisinin (DHA) can significantly reduce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and rheumatoid arthritis by regulating Th17 cells. Objective: To verify whether DHA can improve the symptoms of psoriasis and to further explore the possible mechanism. Methods: The efficiency of DHA was preliminary detected on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells in psoriatic condition. Then, imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like model in BALB/c mice was established to evaluate the effects of DHA in vivo. Results: Under the stimulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), DHA inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells and significantly affected the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL), IL-17A and IL-23. DHA treatment reduced the severity of psoriasis-like skin and resulted in less infiltration of immune cells in skin lesions. DHA restored the expression of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-23 in skins, as well as a decrease of cytokines and chemokines in skin supernatant. DHA also altered the cellular composition in the spleen, which is the makeup of the T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. DHA recovered Th17-related profile with decreased frequency of IL-17+CD4+T cells from splenocyte of mice. Furthermore, DHA also inhibited the concentration of IL-17 from Th17 cells and the expression of Th17 cell-related transcription factors retinoid-related orphan receptor-gamma t (ROR-γt) in vitro. In addition, phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) was significantly reduced in DHA treatment mice, suggesting that the IL-23/Th17 axis plays a pivotal role. Conclusion: DHA inhibits the progression of psoriasis by regulating IL-23/Th17 axis and is expected to be an effective drug for the treatment of psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important species in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, the roles played by plateau pikas in grassland degradation and protection are controversial. The behavior characteristics and population density of this species are important in answering this question, but these traits have not been fully elucidated to date. Camera‐capture methods have been used widely in recent years to characterize or calculate population density with the advantage of simple operation and nonintrusive investigation. However, establishing the relationship between actual population density and monitoring data with the condition that individual identification is not possible is a major challenge for this method. In this study, a model composed of a behavioral module and a burrow system module is proposed and applied to simulate the moving path of each individual pika. Based on Monte Carlo method, the model is used to develop the relationship between population density and recorded capture number, which is compared with the results derived from the random encounter model (REM) based on field observations. The simulated results mixed with the calculated density based on observation data could reach R2 = 0.98 using linear fitting, with proper parameter settings. A novel index named activity intensity of pikas per population density is also proposed, providing information on both the ecological physical characteristics and monitoring space. The influence of different parameters on this index, mainly the pika number per burrow system, pika activity time outside the burrow, and activity intensity, is discussed. The proposed methodology can be applied to different scenarios in further studies when behavioral characteristics of pikas change for such reasons as climate change and vegetation degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the spongy bone structures, three‐dimensional (3D) sponge‐like carbons with meso‐microporous structures are synthesized through one‐step electro‐reduction of CO2 in molten carbonate Li2CO3−Na2CO3−K2CO3 at 580 °C. SPC4‐0.5 (spongy porous carbon obtained by electrolysis of CO2 at 4 A for 0.5 h) is synthesized with the current efficiency of 96.9 %. SPC4‐0.5 possesses large electrolyte ion accessible surface area, excellent wettability and electronical conductivity, ensuring the fast and effective mass and charge transfer, which make it an advcanced supercapacitor electrode material. SPC4‐0.5 exhibits a specific capacitance as high as 373.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, excellent cycling stability (retaining 95.9 % of the initial capacitance after 10000 cycles at 10 A g−1), as well as high energy density. The applications of SPC4‐0.5 in quasi‐solid‐state symmetric supercapacitor and all‐solid‐state flexible devices for energy storage and wearable piezoelectric sensor are investigated. Both devices show considerable capacitive performances. This work not only presents a controllable and facile synthetic route for the porous carbons but also provides a promising way for effective carbon reduction and green energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]