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A new seco-anthraquinone, crispuside A (1), and three new 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones, napthalenones A-C (2–4), were isolated from the roots of Rumex crispus L., along with 10 known anthraquinones (6–14) and naphthalenone (5). Their structures were fully determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including ECD, and X-ray crystallography in case of compound 5, whose absolute configuration was determined for the first time. The isolates 1, 6–14 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal activity against three skin fungi, e.g., Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum gypseum. Most of the isolates showed weak anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activity. Only compound 9 exhibited obvious anti-fungal activity against E. floccosum (MIC50 = 2.467 ± 0.03 μM) and M. gypseum (MIC50 = 4.673 ± 0.077 μM), while the MIC50 values of the positive control terbinafine were 1.287 ± 0.012 and 0.077 ± 0.00258 μM, respectively. The results indicated that simple emodin type anthraquinone is more potential against skin fungi than its oxyglucosyl, C-glucosyl and glycosylated seco analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex L., a genus in Polygonaceae family with about 200 species, is growing widely around the world. Some Rumex species, called "sorrel" or "dock", have been used as food application and treatment of skin diseases and hemostasis after trauma by the local people of its growing areas for centuries. To date, 29 Rumex species have been studied to contain about 268 substances, including anthraquinones, flavonoids, naphthalenes, stilbenes, diterpene alkaloids, terpenes, lignans, and tannins. Crude extract of Rumex spp. and the pure isolates displayed various bioactivities, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, cardiovascular protection and antiaging activities. Rumex species have important potential to become a clinical medicinal source in future. This review covers research articles from 1900 to 2022, fetched from SciFinder, Web of Science, ResearchGate, CNKI and Google Scholar, using “Rumex” as a search term ("all fields") with no specific time frame set for the search. Thirty-five Rumex species were selected and summarized on their geographical distribution, edible parts, traditional uses, chemical research and pharmacological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into polymers would be a very promising strategy for overcoming the disadvantage of MOF brittleness and for extending the application of MOFs in proton-conducting materials. Here, we prepare a series of hybrid membranes composed of MOFs and chitosan (CS, very cheap polymer), and systemically study the effect of the incorporation of pure MIL-101 ([Cr3O(H2O)3(bdc)3], bdc = terephthalic acid), the ligand-modified MIL-101, namely S-MIL-101 ([Cr3O(H2O)3(STA)3]·nH2O, STA = 2-sulfoterephthalic acid), and the non-volatile acid-loaded MIL-101, namely acids@MIL-101 (acids = H2SO4, H3PO4 or CF3SO3H), on the interface compatibility and proton conduction of the hybrid membrane. The experimental results revealed the well compatible interfaces between MOF-based materials and the CS matrix because of the hydrogen bond interaction between them, which greatly improved the proton conductivity, activation energy, thermal and mechanical stability, and swelling property of the hybrid membranes. The functionality of MIL-101 is less than that of S-MIL-101 and acids@MIL-101 because of the presence of more hydrogen-bonding sites, proton hopping sites and proton carriers in the latter two types of materials. All MOF-based materials tested (MIL-101, S-MIL-101, and acids@MIL-101) and their hybrid membranes with CS are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), TEM, EDS, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and DSC. Fuel cell performances based on these hybrid membranes have been measured. The investigation provides important information for the design of hybrid membranes containing MOFs and polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochrome B (phyB) is an essential red light receptor that predominantly mediates seedling de-etiolation, shade-avoidance response, and flowering time. In this study, we isolate a full-length cDNA of PHYB, designated BrPHYB, from Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), and we find that BrphyB protein has high amino acid sequence similarity and the closest evolutionary relationship to Arabidopsis thaliana phyB (i.e., AtphyB). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR results indicate that the BrPHYB gene is ubiquitously expressed in different tissues under all light conditions. Constitutive expression of the BrPHYB gene in A. thaliana significantly enhances seedling de-etiolation under red- and white-light conditions, and causes dwarf stature in mature plants. Unexpectedly, overexpression of BrPHYB in transgenic A. thaliana resulted in reduced expression of gibberellins biosynthesis genes and delayed flowering under short-day conditions, whereas AtPHYB overexpression caused enhanced expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T and earlier flowering. Our results suggest that BrphyB might play an important role in regulating the development of Chinese cabbage. BrphyB and AtphyB have conserved functions during de-etiolation and vegetative plant growth and divergent functions in the regulation of flowering time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]