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In this paper, a metal hydride (MH) canister and a PEM fuel cell are coupled using heat pipes to study the minimum number of heat pipes required, the operating range of the fuel cell, and the temperature change patterns of the MH. We account for temperature difference limitations between the fuel cell and the MH (∆T = 35–55 K) on the heat pipe dynamics, which has been neglected in previous similar studies. Since the hydrogen absorption rate of the MH canisters exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing temperature, an analysis was conducted to select the appropriate heat pipe under different hydrogen filling pressures. This analysis ensured that the MH canisters remained at the optimal charging temperature (326 K) and achieved the maximum charging rate (6.64 slpm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channel family has been previously implicated in various diseases, including those related to temperature sensing, cardiovascular health, and neurodegeneration. Nowadays, increasing evidence indicates that TRPM family members also play significant roles in various types of cancers, exhibiting both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions. They are involved in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, serving as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer. This paper begins by describing the structure and physiological functions of the TRPM family members. It then outlines their roles in several common malignancies, including pancreatic, prostate, colorectal, breast, brain cancer, and melanoma. Subsequently, we focused on investigating the specific mechanisms by which TRPM family members are involved in tumorigenesis and development from both the tumor microenvironment (TME) and intracellular signaling. TRPM channels not only transmit signals from the TME to regulate tumor cell functions, but also mediate extracellular matrix remodeling, which is conducive to the malignant transformation of tumor cells. Importantly, TRPM channels depend on the regulation of the inflow of various ions in cells, and participate in key signaling pathways involved in tumor progression, such as Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, p53, and autophagy. Finally, we summarize the current strategies and challenges of targeting TRPM channels in tumor treatment, and discuss the feasibility of combining targeted TRPM channel drugs with cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gig economy, fundamentally relying on the digital economy, is often celebrated for its potential to expand employment opportunities and close gender wage gaps. However, research on its gender impacts in China, the largest developing country with a rapidly expanding gig sector, is notably lacking. Employing discrimination theory, the findings challenge the prevailing optimistic view on the role of the gig economy. Utilising the China Labour Dynamics Survey data from 2014, 2016, and 2018, and applying the Bourguignon, Fournier, and Gurgand model to correct selection bias, this study reveals that, digitalisation has exacerbated gender wage gaps, with the wage growth of female gig workers significantly lagging behind their male counterparts, especially among married and older cohorts. Adopting the Neumark decomposition, the analysis confirms that discrimination largely accounts for this gap. This study uses Generalised Propensity Score Matching as robustness test and concludes with policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel hub joints featuring the End-Bearing and the Bolted-Connections in the wood members (EBBC joints) have been widely adopted in wood reticulated domes. Yet, few studies have been conducted on their mechanical behaviour. This paper presents a refined finite model for EBBC joints, which is verified against existing test results and used for further parametric study on the rotational performance of EBBC joints subjected to monotonic bending moment. The flexural stiffness and capacity of joints about the strong and weak axes are investigated, accounting for influences from axial compression and the number of shear bolts. The results indicate that the joints demonstrate typical elastoplastic behaviour. Higher compression force and more shear bolts can enhance rotational stiffness and the ultimate moment of the joint while decreasing the ductility due to the earlier failure of wood within the bearing region of the joint. Conclusions are drawn regarding the feature and failure mechanism of the EBBC joints, which are helpful guidelines for practical design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific hybridization in the genus Rosa (Rosaceae) is a common natural phenomenon. Hybrids often exhibit heterosis and new combinations of traits, which can provide raw materials for horticultural breeding. DNA barcodes and microsatellites have been proposed to facilitate species discrimination and hybrid detection. However, most SSR markers developed for roses have been found unapplicable to Rosa sect. Synstylae because of null alleles or failed amplification. In this study, we designed 15 pairs of microsatellite primers, along with four previously developed primers specifically for Rosa sect. Synstylae; we then analyzed 174 individuals of three closely related and sympatrically distributed Rosa species as a test case to evaluate the consistency between morphological and genetic hybrid identifications and to compare the discrimination efficiency of the DNA barcodes versus SSRs in detecting admixture. Principle coordinate analysis identified several individuals with intermediate phenotypes among the three rose species. Hybridization, intraspecific morphological polymorphism, and sample collection at different growth stages or phenological phases may have hindered species identification based on morphology and distorted the morphological clustering results. The molecular analyses showed that 12 (6.8%), 13 (7.4%), and 15 (8.6%) individuals were identified as admixed by STRUCTURE, NewHybrids, and nrITS sequences, respectively, of which only seven hybrids showed signs of admixture across all three methods. About 81% of the morphologically identifiable hybrids exhibited admixture based on SSRs. Meanwhile, approximately 69% of morphologically identifiable hybrids were detected, but four morphologically pure species individuals were identified as genetically admixed based on nrITS sequences. Some morphologically pure species individuals were genetically identified as hybrids while some morphological hybrids were identified as pure individuals based on certain molecular markers. Overall, EST-SSRs discriminated morphological hybrids more accurately than nrITS. We inferred that there is ongoing interspecific gene exchange among the three wild Rosa species that obscures morphospecies boundaries. Combining multiple data types and analytical approaches offers powerful utility for hybrid detection, regardless of the level of hybridization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystallization behaviors of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–B2O3 slag for electroslag remelting of B-containing rack steel was investigated through a series of non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization experiments. The techniques employed for this determination included differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and FactSage 8.2. The results indicated that an increase in B2O3 content suppressed the crystallization of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO slag. The crystallization temperature decreased as the B2O3 content in the slag increased from 2 to 7 mass pct. In the slag containing 2 mass pct B2O3, spherical CaF2 precipitates first, followed by reticulate Ca12Al14F2O32 phase. Increasing B2O3 addition promoted the formation of Ca5(BO3)3F and calcium aluminate (Ca12Al14O33 or CaAl4O7), and decreased the crystallization of Ca12Al14F2O32 phase. The crystallization sequence transformed into CaF2 → CaAl4O7 → MgAl2O4 + Ca5(BO3)3F in the case of 7 mass pct B2O3. B2O3 addition inhibits the crystallization of the dominated phase CaF2, which would improving the lubrication and heat transfer performance of ESR-type CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO slags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effective extractives of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (T. hemsleyanum) are useful, but this plant was not fully utilized in rural China. In this study, flavonoids from the aerial parts of T. hemsleyanum were extracted, and the purification method and the antioxidant capability were explored. Purpose: This study is to explore the optimized purification method and the biological capability of the total flavonoids extracted from T. hemsleyanum. Materials and Methods: The optimal extraction conditions were determined by single-factor and Box-Behnken design experiments. The antioxidant activities were assessed by analyzing their capability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and OH free radicals. Results and Discussion: The optimal conditions for the extraction of the total flavonoids were as follows: ethanol volume fraction 60%, liquid-to-material ratios 35:1 mL/g, temperature 45℃, and time 85 min. The extraction rate of the total flavonoids was (3.59 ± 0.03)%. NKA-9 is an ideal macroporous resin for purification. The optimized purification process conditions of flavonoids were mass concentration of adsorption solution 1.50 mg/mL, pH value of adsorption solution 4.0, sample loading flow rate 2 BV/h, ethanol volume fraction in desorption process 60%, desorption flow rate 2 BV/h and elution volume 4 BV. After crude extracts were purified by NKA-9 macroporous resin, the content of the total flavonoids enhanced from (21.76 ± 0.18)% to (58.92 ± 0.22)%. The results of the experiments for antioxidant activity showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the purified flavonoids extracted were 33.1and 42.7 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the flavonoids in T. hemsleyanum have good antioxidant activity in vitro and deserve exploring in further pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of market disagreement in explaining the cross‐section of hedge fund performance. In a market where disagreement fluctuates, skilled arbitrageurs may employ trading strategies to exploit the mispricing caused by disagreement and short‐sale constraints. Skilled hedge funds with high sensitivity to disagreement can take advantage of mispricing in high‐disagreement periods to improve their performance. We show that hedge funds with a high disagreement beta tend to possess skill in exploiting disagreement and, as such, they can earn higher cross‐sectional returns compared to other hedge funds lacking this skill. Existing risk factors and a tradable disagreement factor do not fully explain the difference in hedge fund performance between those with high and low disagreement betas. Further evidence shows that experienced hedge funds and hedge funds that charge a high incentive fee are likely to have high disagreement betas. Our empirical findings are robust in using various disagreement measures and methodologies to estimate disagreement beta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abscisic acid (ABA) has been well known to strongly improve plant tolerance to heavy metals. However, the comprehensive mechanism of alleviating cadmium (Cd) stress in different plant organ was not been fully elucidated. In this study, foliar spray of 10 μM ABA significantly (p < 0.05) improved the plant height, root length, and the number of lateral roots, and reduced Cd accumulation and effectively restored the mineral contents caused by Cd induced change in leaves, stems, and roots of mung bean seedlings. Transcriptome analysis revealed that a total of 2241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|fold-change|≥ 2.0 and FDR ≤ 0.05) were identified in the ABA + Cd-treated mung bean seedlings compared to the Cd-treated group, with 898, 908, and 859 DEGs identified in leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. Foliar application of ABA predominantly affected the KEGG pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and cyanoamino acid metabolism, and regulated the genes related to lipid metabolism, cell wall processes, secondary metabolism, defense and stress responses, hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, and cell division to mitigate Cd toxicity of the mung bean seedlings. However, ABA exerted distinct effects on the gene profiles of leaves, stems, and roots under Cd stress. Interestingly, although exogenous ABA was applied to the leaves, the genes involved in hormone signaling were found to be regulated primarily in roots on the first day and subsequently in stems and leaves at later stages, indicating that exogenous ABA participates in mitigating Cd toxicity through signal transduction. Notably, significant upregulation of transporter-related genes was observed mainly in leaves and stems, including ABC transporters, NRT1/PTR FAMILY protein encoding genes, and WAT1-related protein encoding genes, which may contribute to the transportation of the ABA, Cd, and nutriments. Furthermore, the expression of genes encoding crucial photosynthetic proteins exhibited significant upregulation or downregulation upon exogenous ABA treatment, implying that exogenous ABA also ameliorated Cd stress by modulating leaf photosynthetic activity. This study may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of ABA-alleviated Cd stress in mung bean and identifying a number of highly regulated genes that could potentially be used to improve plant tolerance to heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correction notice in the journal "Frontiers in Pharmacology" addresses errors in Figures 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 of the article "Myricetin suppresses TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer." The corrected figures show the effects of myricetin on signaling pathways, apoptosis, EMT reversal, and tumor growth in ovarian cancer cells. The authors acknowledge the errors but affirm that they do not impact the scientific conclusions of the study. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most common gynecological malignancy and has a high mortality rate. The current chemotherapeutic drugs have the disadvantages of drug resistance and side effects. Myricetin, a kind of natural compound, has the advantages of easy extraction, low price, and fewer side effects. Multiple studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer properties of myricetin. However, its impact on OC is still unknown and needs further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which myricetin suppresses transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) -induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in OC through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of myricetin on cell proliferation and apoptosis using CCK8 assay, plate clonal formation assay, and flow cytometry. Western blot was employed to evaluate the expression levels of caspase-3, PARP, and the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Wound healing, transwell, western blot and immunofluorescence assay were used to detect TGF-β-induced cell migration, invasion, EMT and the levels of Smad3, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Additionally, a mouse xenograft model was established to verify the effects of myricetin on OC in vivo. Results: Myricetin inhibited OC proliferation through MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Flow cytometry and western blot analyses demonstrated that myricetin promoted apoptosis by increasing the expression of cleaved-PARP and cleaved-caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in OC. Furthermore, myricetin suppressed the TGF-β-induced migration and invasion by transwell and wound healing assays. Mechanistically, western blot indicated that myricetin reversed TGF-β-induced metastasis through Smad3, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In vivo , myricetin significantly repressed OC progression and liver and lung metastasis. Conclusion: Myricetin exhibited inhibitory effects on OC progression and metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. And it also reversed TGF-β-induced EMT through the classical and non-classical Smad signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital condition where there is complete inversion of thoracic and abdominal organs. There is limited information on the laparoscopic treatment of rectal cancer in patients with situs inversus totalis accompanied by other underlying conditions. Case presentation: We report the case of a 61-year-old Chinese male with rectal cancer accompanied by situs inversus totalis, malignant middle cerebral artery infarction, stenosis of the right internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral artery, and diabetes who underwent a successful laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer. We discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and considerations for patients with situs inversus totalis accompanied by other underlying conditions. We performed relevant inspections, organized multidisciplinary team discussions, and made sufficient perioperative preparations. The patient had no intraoperative complications and was successfully discharged from the hospital. Pathological stage was T3N0M0, and the patient did not develop tumor recurrence or metastasis in the 24-month follow-up period. Conclusions: We conclude that patients with rectal cancer with situs inversus totalis, even when accompanied by underlying diseases, can undergo surgical treatment with adequate preparation, and surgical treatment is the most effective treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is widely considered a promising technology for sustainable hydrogen generation. However, two major challenges hinder its broad use: efficient separation of photogenerated charges and long-term stability. Here we fabricated a ferroelectricsemiconducting In2Se3/In2O3 nanocomposite by using a metal--organic framework (MOF) template method. After negatively poling (-3 V) the 20%-In2Se3/In2O3 photoanode, the optimized PEC devices showed a maximum current density of 1.91 mA cm-2 (at 1.6 V vs. RHE) under one-sun illumination (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm-2), a ~1.7 and 2.4-fold increase over the reference device based on only In2Se3 (0.7 mA cm-2) and In2O3 (0.56 mA cm-2) photoanodes. The enhanced performance is attributed to a Type II (staggered) band alignment heterostructure formed by the In2Se3/In2O3, which creates a favourable band energy alignment for the separation of the photogenerated charges. A systematic investigation of UVvisible absorption and band alignment reveals that the increased photocurrent density arises from improved charge separation induced by ferroelectric depolarization. Our findings validate the use of MOF-templated In2Se3/In2O3 composite that combines ferroelectric and semiconducting properties. This approach is promising for improving the performance of hydrogen-generating PEC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is becoming more widely acknowledged as a chronic illness that raises the risk of oncogenesis. This inquiry aimed to look into the correlation between cancer patient mortality and obesity, as measured by the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI). Methods: We used continuous data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018 as the benchmark, with a follow-up validity period of December 31, 2019. First, we assessed the correlation between WWI and the all-cause and cause-specific execution of cancer sufferers using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Second, a smoothed curve fit was utilized to examine the relationship between WWI and both cause-specific and all-cause mortality in cancer patients. Lastly, we analyzed the relationship between WWI and both cause-specific and all-cause mortality in cancer patients, to find out if this link held across the population subgroup evaluation and impact analyses were used as well during the last step. Results: With a median follow-up of 87.8 months, 1,547 (34.7%) of the 4,463 cancer patients had deceased. Among them, 508 (11.4%) succumbed to cancer, while 322 (7.2%) passed away due to cardiovascular disease. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model of mortality among cancer patients revealed an all-cause mortality hazard ratio [HR=1.13; 95% CI (1.04, 1.23)] and cardiovascular mortality [HR=1.39; 95% CI (1.16, 1.67)]. Furthermore, for each unit increase in WWI, all-cause mortality was significantly higher in male cancer survivors than in female cancer survivors. Conclusions: Our study reveals substantial correlations between WWI and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US cancer survivors, helping to identify cancer survivors at higher risk of death and thus potentially guiding targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent form of malignant tumor, and the current clinical treatments are far from satisfactory. Identifying new therapeutic targets is therefore essential for clinical practices. The long intergenic non-protein coding RNA lincROR has been shown to play a significant role in the tumorigenesis of various cancers. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lincROR-mediated CRC tumorigenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we found that knockdown of lincROR significantly inhibited cell viability in vitro, while its overexpression promoted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, lincROR acted as a miRNA sponge for miR-145, thereby elevating the expression of the target genes WNT2B and WNT10A. The overexpression of WNT2B and WNT10A definitely activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thus led to promoting tumorigenesis in CRC. In summary, our findings identified lincROR as a novel activator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by serving as a miRNA sponge for miR-145 and facilitating tumorigenesis, which suggests that lincROR may be a potential therapeutic target for CRC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As for cellulose‐based aerogels, a feature of inadequate mechanics and easy‐flammability seriously restricts their practical applications. To address this issue, herein a lightweight, mechanical elastic and flame‐retardant phosphorylated lignin‐based cellulose nanofiber (PLCNF‐B) aerogel with the aid of boric acid was successfully obtained by freeze‐drying method. Due to the uniform and tough network structure benefitting by strong hydrogen bond between phosphorylated fibers and boric acid, the resultant aerogel showed excellent mechanical performance, that is, high compressive strength of 8.9 kPa (strain: 50%) and outstanding cyclic reliability (remain 90% after 10 cycles). Meanwhile, PLCNF‐B aerogel possesses highly improved flame‐retardant property, that is, a high LOI value (up to 46%), significantly reduced peak heat release rate (11.2 W/g) and total heat release rate (0.47 kJ/g). Based on structural observation and analysis, the flame‐retardant behavior should be attributed to the formation of PxOy/amorphous boron oxide protective layer, which is derived from the phosphorus containing group of PLCNF and boric acid. The splendid overall performance of aerogel material offers a potential material tactic for design and development of advanced bio‐based aerogels for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the "paper instead of plastic" trend, the investigation into high‐density, heavy‐weight paper has emerged as a point of interest in both academic and industrial realms. Regrettably, the paper‐strengthening agents that are commercially available fall short of meeting the strength specifications for such papers. To rectify this shortcoming, a water‐based acrylate paper‐strengthening agent (AA) was developed through radical emulsion polymerization. The most stable acrylate emulsion was obtained by amalgamating the anionic emulsifier allyloxyammonium oxymethyl sulfate nonylphenol ethoxy sulfate (DNS‐86) with the nonionic emulsifier nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP‐10) at a proportion of 1:0.6, with a dosage of 3%. Substituting the conventional strengthening agent (styrene‐butadiene latex) with the synthesized acrylate emulsion in wet‐end addition markedly improved the paper strength, registering a 54.8% increase to 29.4 MPa. The introduction of carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (C‐CNF) further bolstered the mechanical properties of the paper, achieving a tensile strength of 41.44 MPa and an elongation at a break of 3.55%. These results underscore the efficacy of acrylate as a paper‐strengthening agent and the crucial role of C‐CNF in enhancing the structural integrity of paper materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two zero-dimensional hybrid manganese bromide polymorphs ((DMAPH)2MnBr4) exhibit single-crystal to single-crystal phase transformation, accompanied by an increase in MnBr4 tetrahedral bond angle variance (σ2). This structural change leads to an emission redshift due to enhanced crystal field strength, achieving yellow emission with near-unity quantum yield, which highlights its potential for solid-state lighting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the problem of adaptive fault‐tolerant event‐triggered control (ETC) for time‐varying delay switched nonlinear systems (SNSs) with actuator and sensor failures. First, in order to address the unknown actuator failures, a fault compensation coefficient is introduced. Then, a mode‐dependent state observer is established to estimate the unknown states. The unknown nonlinear function is approximated by the usage of fuzzy logic systems (FLS). In addition, the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functions are utilized to discuss the influence of time‐varying delays. Then, an adaptive fuzzy fault‐tolerant ETC and a novel event‐triggering mechanism (ETM) are derived. It is proved that the proposed fault‐tolerant controller can ensure that all states of the closed‐loop system (CLS) are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) by average dwell time (ADT) constraints and the Zeno phenomenon can be excluded. Results of two simulation examples verify that the proposed control method is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this article, for switched nonlinear time‐delay multi‐agent systems (MASs) under directed graphs, an adaptive event‐triggered (ET) consensus problem is investigated. Each agent's switching signal is allowed to be arbitrary and asynchronous. To save communication resources, an adaptive ET consensus strategy is designed. In addition, the Pade approximation approach is introduced to transform the system into an input delay‐free system. A Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is employed to analyze the effect of time‐varying delays on system stability. It is proved that the consensus errors of switched NMASs are bounded, and the Zeno behavior does not exist. Finally, the presented strategy's effectiveness is verified by simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The nonreciprocal property of quantum systems is crucial for chiral quantum networks. In this study, a phase‐controlled scheme is proposed to enhance the nonreciprocal quantum entanglement and optical transmission in a cavity optomechanical system by introducing a phase‐dependent unidirectional coupling between two whispering‐gallery‐mode (WGM) resonators. The Sagnac effect induced by the spinning resonator generates nonreciprocity, while the interference effect between direct evanescent coupling and indirect phase‐dependent unidirectional coupling significantly enhances entanglement under the anti‐Stokes sideband. For specific coupling phases, ideal nonreciprocity can be achieved in both entanglement and transmission. The proposed phase‐controlled nonreciprocity presented offers an effective strategy for constructing a unidirectional quantum channel and implementing an optical diode in chiral quantum networks, thereby opening up new possibilities for applications in quantum technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China Space Station Telescope (CSST, also known as Xuntian) is a serviceable two-meter-aperture wide-field telescope operating in the same orbit as the China Space Station. The CSST plans to survey a sky area of 17,500 deg2 of the medium-to-high Galactic latitude to a depth of 25–26 AB mag in at least 6 photometric bands over 255–1,000 nm. Within such a large sky area, slitless spectra will also be taken over the same wavelength range as the imaging survey. Even though the CSST survey is not dedicated to time-domain studies, it would still detect a large number of transients, such as supernovae (SNe). In this paper, we simulate photometric SN observations based on a strawman survey plan using the Sncosmo package. During its 10-year survey, the CSST is expected to observe about 5 million SNe of various types. With quality cuts, we obtain a “gold” sample that comprises roughly 7,400 SNe Ia, 2,200 SNe Ibc, and 6,500 SNe II candidates with correctly classified percentages reaching 91%, 63%, and 93% (formally defined as classification precision), respectively. The same survey can also trigger alerts for the detection of about 15,500 SNe Ia (precision 61%) and 2,100 SNe II (precision 49%) candidates at least two days before the light maxima. Moreover, the near-ultraviolet observations of the CSST will be able to catch hundreds of shock-cooling events serendipitously every year. These results demonstrate that the CSST can make a potentially significant contribution to SN studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microvascular changes are considered key factors in the process of intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD). Microvascular invasion and growth into the nucleus pulposus (NP) and cartilaginous endplates are unfavorable factors that trigger IDD. In contrast, the rich distribution of microvessels in the bony endplates and outer layers of the annulus fibrosus is an important safeguard for the nutrient supply and metabolism of the intervertebral disk (IVD). In particular, the adequate supply of microvessels in the bony endplates is the main source of the nutritional supply for the entire IVD. Microvessels can affect the progression of IDD through a variety of pathways. Many studies have explored the effects of microvessel alterations in the NP, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous endplates, and bony endplates on the local microenvironment through inflammation, apoptosis, and senescence. Studies also elucidated the important roles of microvessel alterations in the process of IDD, as well as conducted in‐depth explorations of cytokines and biologics that can inhibit or promote the ingrowth of microvessels. Therefore, the present manuscript reviews the published literature on the effects of microvascular changes on IVD to summarize the roles of microvessels in IVD and elaborate on the mechanisms of action that promote or inhibit de novo microvessel formation in IVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) acts as a pathogenic inflammatory response to mediate ranges of conditions such as epilepsy, septic shock, ischemia, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and mass spectrometry. HMGB1 promotes inflammation during sterile and infectious damage and plays a crucial role in disease development. Mobilization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is the first important step in the release of HMGB1 from activated immune cells. Here, we demonstrated that Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) physically interacts with and deacetylates HMGB1 at 43 lysine residue at nuclear localization signal locations, strengthening its interaction with HMGB1 and causing HMGB1 to be localized in the cytoplasm. These discoveries are the first to shed light on the SIRT2 nucleoplasmic shuttle, which influences HMGB1 and its degradation, hence revealing novel therapeutic targets and avenues for neuroinflammation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymmetric Michael addition reaction of guaiazulene to α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles was developed with a chiral-at-metal Rh(III) complex as the catalyst for the first time. The corresponding adducts were obtained in good yields (76–98%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99%). The reaction could be conducted on a gram-scale with a low catalyst loading (0.05 mol%) without impacting its efficiency. DFT studies rationalize the enantioselectivity of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of obesity as a factor that increases the probability of migraine episodes is increasingly acknowledged. Thus, this study aimed to explore the potential correlation between central obesity and migraine, emphasizing the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as a key measure in assessing this relationship. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 13,344 individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999–2004. To investigate the association associations between WHtR and migraine, we utilized refined multivariate logistic regression models, smoothing curve fitting methods, subpopulation analysis, and interactive testing. Results: Of the 13,344 participants, 2,764 (20.72%) had migraines. A significant positive correlation was observed between the WHtR and migraine incidence in both the partially adjusted model (3.08 [95% CI: 1.92–4.94]) and the crude model (1.95 [95% CI: 1.23–3.08]). The participants in the highest quartile of the WHtR had a 13% greater incidence of migraine than those in the lowest quartile [1.13(0.99,1.28)]. The interaction analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) in this relationship among the subgroups. Notably, the correlation between WHtR and migraine risk was not significant and negative in patients ≥60 years, indicating that obesity has a mitigating role in preventing migraine in this elderly population. Conclusions: The incidence of migraine increased concomitantly with increased WHtR. However, central obesity has a protective effect against migraine occurrence in individuals ≥60 years. Thus, our findings underscore the importance of WHtR in migraine prevention and management strategies and highlight its potential as a critical biomarker for mitigating migraine incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory inflammatory disease associated with immune dysregulation. Elevated levels of heat shock protein (HSP) 90 in the β but not α subtype were positively associated with disease status in UC patients. This study validated the possibility that pharmacological inhibition or reduction of HSP90β would alleviate colitis, induced by dextran sulfate sodium, in mice and elucidated its mechanisms. Experimental Approach: Histopathological and biochemical analysis assessed disease severity, and bioinformatics and correlation analysis explained the association between the many immune cells and HSP90β. Flow cytometry was used to analyse the homeostasis and transdifferentiation of Th17 and Treg cells. In vitro inhibition and adoptive transfer assays were used to investigate functions of the phenotypically transformed Th17 cells. Metabolomic analysis, DNA methylation detection and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to explore these mechanisms. Key Results: The selective pharmacological inhibitor (HSP90βi) and shHSP90β significantly mitigated UC in mice and promoted transformation of Th17 to Treg cell phenotype, via Foxp3 transcription. The phenotypically‐transformed Th17 cells by HSP90βi or shHSP90β were able to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and colitis in mice. HSP90βi and shHSP90β selectively weakened glycolysis by stopping the direct association of HSP90β and GLUT1, the key glucose transporter, to accelerate ubiquitination degradation of GLUT1, and enhance the methylation of Foxp3 CNS2 region. Then, the mediator path was identified as the "lactate‐STAT5‐TET2" cascade. Conclusion and Implications: HSP90β shapes the fate of Th17 cells via glycolysis‐controlled methylation modification to affect UC progression, which provides a new therapeutic target for UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenging synthesis of thermodynamic-unfavored cis-olefins through catalytic cross-coupling reactions requires the synergistic interaction of substrate-activating units and configuration-regulating catalysts. Successfully hitting these two birds with one stone, we herein develop a convenient photoredox access to Z-alkenes from alkynes and light alkanes with a bifunctional iron-catalyzed system possessing both C(sp3)−H activation and configuration-controlling abilities. The protocol exhibits 100% atom utilization, mild conditions, a broad substrate scope, and compatibility with multitudinous functional groups. The detailed reaction mechanism and the origin of geometry regulation are well investigated by experimental and computational studies. Progressively, a catalytic amount of diaryl disulfides is introduced for consecutive photoinduced Z−E isomerization via reversible radical addition and flipping. Big steric hindrance substituents assembled on the disulfide emerge necessity for suppressing double-bond migration. This tandem strategy paves a promising way for stereoselective alkene construction and will bring significant inspiration for the development of transition metal photocatalysis. The challenging synthesis of thermodynamic-unfavored cis-olefins through catalytic cross-coupling reactions requires the synergistic interaction of substrate activating units and configuration-regulating catalysts. Herein, the authors report a photoredox access to Z-alkenes from alkynes and light alkanes with a bifunctional iron-catalyzed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and features of conventional ultrasound (CUS) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in differentiating between renal urothelial carcinomas (RUC) and endophytic clear cell renal cell carcinomas (EccRCC). METHODS: A total of 72 RUCs and 120 EccRCCs confirmed by pathology were assessed retrospectively. Both CUS and CEUS were performed within 4 weeks before the surgery. Logistic regression analyses were used to select statistically significant variables of clinical, CUS, and CEUS features for the differentiation of RUC and EccRCC. Sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) were assessed for diagnostic performance. Inter- and intra-observer agreements of CUS and CEUS features were evaluated using the intra-class correlation coefficient(ICC). RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that clinical (age >50 years old and hematuria), CUS (size <4.0 cm, hypo-echogenicity, irregular shape, hydronephrosis) and CEUS (absence of non-enhancement area, iso- /hypo-enhancement in cortical phase and absence of rim-like enhancement) features were independent factors for RUC diagnosis. When combining clinical characters with CUS and CEUS features into an integrated diagnostic criterion, the AUC reached 0.917 (95% CI 0.873–0.961), with a sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 87.5%. ICC ranged from 0.756 to 0.907 for inter-observer agreement and 0.791 to 0.934 for intra-observer agreement for CUS and CEUSfeatures. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of clinical features of age and hematuria with imaging features of CUS and CEUS can be useful for the differentiation between RUC and EccRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Equilibrium Optimiser (EO) has been demonstrated to be one of the metaheuristic algorithms that can effectively solve global optimisation problems. Balancing the paradox between exploration and exploitation operations while enhancing the ability to jump out of the local optimum are two key points to be addressed in EO research. To alleviate these limitations, an EO variant named adaptive elite‐guided Equilibrium Optimiser (AEEO) is introduced. Specifically, the adaptive elite‐guided search mechanism enhances the balance between exploration and exploitation. The modified mutualism phase reinforces the information interaction among particles and local optima avoidance. The cooperation of these two mechanisms boosts the overall performance of the basic EO. The AEEO is subjected to competitive experiments with state‐of‐the‐art algorithms and modified algorithms on 23 classical benchmark functions and IEE CEC 2017 function test suite. Experimental results demonstrate that AEEO outperforms several well‐performing EO variants, DE variants, PSO variants, SSA variants, and GWO variants in terms of convergence speed and accuracy. In addition, the AEEO algorithm is used for the edge server (ES) placement problem in mobile edge computing (MEC) environments. The experimental results show that the author's approach outperforms the representative approaches compared in terms of access latency and deployment cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new compound, named coniferin B (1), and fourteen known compounds were purified and identified from the leaves and branches of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne Meisn. Their chemical structures were elucidated through analyzing spectroscopic and HRESIMS data. Compounds 2, 3, 5, 7–9, 11, and 13 were isolated from this plant for the first time. All compounds were assayed for cytotoxicity and activation of latent HIV activity on NH2 cells. The results showed that all compounds did not produce cytotoxicity at 10.0 μM and compounds 1, 9–11 showed weak activating activity with activation folds of 4.88, 7.14, 5.3, and 6.97, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoid myositis is a rare and often debilitating extrapulmonary manifestation of sarcoidosis that can be difficult to recognize without a prior sarcoidosis diagnosis. Sarcoidosis with muscle nodules or masses as the first symptom is the least common form, occurring in approximately 0.5%–2.3% of cases. This article presents four middle‐aged female patients who initially sought medical attention for a lower limb mass. Ultrasound examinations revealed consistent characteristic changes indicative of myositis. All patients underwent ultrasound‐guided muscle biopsy and were diagnosed with sarcoidosis. Therefore, ultrasonography plays a pivotal role as the primary diagnostic tool for the early detection of sarcoid myositis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTACT: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originate from the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs originate outside the gastrointestinal tract, referred to as extra GISTs, which is rare. Primary liver gastrointestinal stromal tumor (PLGIST) and liver metastasis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (LMGIST) may present isolated liver lesion, making it difficult to determine their origin. A 38‐year‐old man who presented with isolated multiple giant cystic‐solid liver lesions, ultimately diagnosed as liver GIST through CT‐guided fine‐needle aspiration. However, distinguishing between PLGIST and LMGIST in this case is challenging due to the absence of detailed medical records of emergency small intestine resection 5 years ago. Over 2‐year follow‐up period, the maximum lesion size increased from 16 to 21 cm, still, no extra liver lesions were observed. This study aims to provide a review to enhance understanding of this rare liver entity, aiding in tumor diagnosis and staging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires will do great harm to the ecological environment. At present, the most important research field is the study of the causes of forest fires, and the failure to determine the causes will greatly hinder the prevention, control and safety management of forest fires. In order to solve this problem, this paper constructs a Bayesian network to calculate the state probability and sensitivity after determining the factors related to forest fire. Secondly, on the basis of constructing Bayesian network, the Bow-tie model is constructed according to the consequences of forest fire. The constructed Bow-tie model contains 7 influencing factors and 5 consequences, and 26 corresponding control measures. Finally, through the analysis of Bayesian network and bow tie model, the forest fire prevention system is constructed. According to the calculation results of the Bayesian network, the probability of forest fires being at high risk of occurrence is higher for three factors: agriculture, forestry and water expenditure, rural population density and precipitation. Changes in rural population density and humidity have the greatest impact on the occurrence of forest fires. In combination with the Bow-tie model, human factors are the most important factors leading to the occurrence of forest fires, and the material, environmental, and management factors are the secondary factors. Based on the forest control system, the prevention and management measures are put forward. This research can provide reference for the control of forest fire and reduce the occurrence of similar forest fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly efficient and high-definition displays with deformable form factors are highly desirable for next-generation electronic devices. Despite the unique advantages of quantum dots (QDs), including high photoluminescence quantum yield, wide colour range and high colour purity, developing a QD patterning process for high-definition pixels and efficient QD light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) is in its early stages. Here we present highly efficient QLEDs through ultrahigh-definition double-layer transfer printing of a QD/ZnO film. Surface engineering of viscoelastic stamps enables double-layer transfer printing that can create RGB pixelated patterns with 2,565 pixels per inch and monochromic QD patterns with ~20,526 pixels per inch. The close packing of both QDs and ZnO nanoparticles by double-layer transfer printing substantially minimizes the leakage current, enhancing the external quantum efficiency of our devices to 23.3%. Furthermore, we demonstrate highly efficient wearable QLEDs fabricated by our technique. This study paves the way for the development of highly efficient, full-colour QD displays via the transfer printing technique, demonstrating great promise for next-generation display technologies. Transfer printing of a quantum dot–ZnO film with a surface-functionalized viscoelastic stamp enables the realization of RGB QLED pixels with a resolution of 2,500 pixels per inch and a peak external quantum efficiency of 23.3% for green-emitting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive assessment of the active/passive seismic stability of shallow tunnel faces is an urgent and complex task. This work establishes a promising three-dimensional (3D) approach using upper-bound limit analysis to evaluate the active and passive seismic stability of shallow shield tunnel faces. The outcrop failure model and inside failure model are provided for active failure analysis. To capture the spatiotemporal variations of seismic loading, the pseudodynamic approach is employed to assess the limit active and passive support pressures. Comparisons with published studies and numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed 3D approach greatly improves existing 2D results for limit active and passive support pressures. A detailed investigation is then conducted to analyze the effects of pseudodynamic parameters, surface surcharge, and buried depth on face stability of shallow tunnels. Finally, the proposed approach is further tested by conducting the seismic face stability analysis of Changsha Metro 2 tunnel based on actual seismic response. The results indicate that the surface surcharge has a greater influence on limit passive support pressure than limit active support pressure, and increasing of buried depth leads to a larger safety range of limit support pressure. Practical Applications: Active and passive face failure of shallow tunnels under earthquakes can endanger the safety of tunnels and ground surfaces, leading to severe casualties and property losses. Determination of limit support pressures under seismic forces is a critical task in shield tunnel construction. This work establishes an approach to assess 3D active and passive seismic stability of shallow shield tunnel faces. Time–space variations of seismic loading are incorporated to accurately determine limit active and passive support pressures using pseudodynamic approach. Effects of seismic parameters, surface surcharge, and buried depth on face stability of shallow tunnels are then presented and discussed. Finally, the proposed approach is tested by conducting the seismic face stability analysis of Changsha Metro 2 tunnel based on actual seismic response. The results indicate that surface surcharge has a greater influence on limit passive support pressure compared with limit active support pressure, and increasing buried depth leads to a larger safety range of limit support pressure. The proposed approach determines a safety range of limit support pressures more accurately for shallow shield tunnels during earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the different excitation methods, automotive eddy current retarders (ECRs) can be divided into electrically excited retarders (EERs) and permanent magnet excited retarders (PMERs), and EERs and PMERs have certain complementarity in control and braking characteristics. Therefore, based on literature research, this article proposes a hybrid excitation rotary electromagnetic retarder (HERER) and conducts numerical simulation analysis and experimental research on the braking performance of the HERER. Firstly, the structure and working principle of the HERER are introduced. Secondly, based on the principles of electromagnetics, an equivalent magnetic circuit analysis model of the HERER is established. Then, a finite element analysis model of the HERER is established using Jmag 14 electromagnetic simulation software, and the braking performance of the HERER under different current and speed conditions is studied. Finally, bench tests are conducted on the air loss torque and eddy current braking performance of the HERER. The effectiveness of the finite element analysis model and equivalent magnetic circuit model of the HERER is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As heatwave occurs with increased frequency and intensity, the disease burden for urolithiasis, a heat-specific disease, will increase. However, heatwave effect on urolithiasis subtypes morbidity and optimal heatwave definition for urolithiasis remain unclear. Distributed lagged linear models were used to assess the associations between 32 defined heatwave and upper urinary tract stones morbidity. Relative risk (RR) and attributable fraction (AF) of upper urinary tract stone morbidity associated with heatwave of different intensities (low, middle, and high) were pooled by meta-analysis. Optimal heatwave definition was selected based on the combined score of AF, RR, and quasi-Akaike Information Criterion (QAIC) value. Stratified analyses were conducted to investigate the modification effects of gender, age, and disease subtypes. Association between heatwave and upper urinary tract stones morbidity was mainly for ureteral calculus, and AF was highest for low-intensity heatwave. This study's optimal heatwave was defined as average temperature > 93rd percentile for ≥ 2 consecutive days, with AF of 7.40% (95% CI: 2.02%, 11.27%). Heatwave was associated with ureteral calculus morbidity in males and middle-aged adults. While heatwave effect was statistically insignificant in females and other age groups. Managers should develop appropriate definitions to address heatwave based on regional characteristics and focus on heatwave effects on urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate estimation of deep-sea explosion loads is challenging due to the extreme conditions such as the ultra-hydrostatic pressure. The traditional Geers–Hunter model has acceptable accuracy in calculating underwater explosion load in conventional water depth, but it is not effective in deep-sea explosions. The model established by Zhang is applied to the underwater explosion load calculation in ultra-deep water. The model's accuracy is validated by both the deep-sea and the conventional explosion experimental results published and the Eulerian finite element method numerical results. The results show that, compared to the Geers–Hunter model, the present model can not only accurately calculate the conventional conditions, but also has better accuracy for calculating deep-sea explosion shock wave and bubble load, by providing more accurate shock wave attenuation and smoother connection between shock wave stage and bubble pulsation stage in deep sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface modification of zeolite is known to enhance its adsorption capacity for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, a hydrophobic adsorbent, NaY@LDHs, with layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as the shell and NaY zeolite as the core, was successfully synthesized. It was found that treating LDHs with ethanol can result in a larger specific surface area and pore volume, enhancing the adsorption performance of toluene under wet conditions. SEM imaging reveals that the LDHs shell grows vertically on the surface of the NaY zeolite. The dynamic adsorption experiment of toluene showed that under humid conditions, NaY@LDHs exhibited a saturated adsorption capacity of 32.42 mg/g, representing a significant 87% increase compared to the parent NaY zeolite. The kinetic results show that the adsorption of toluene on NaY@LDHs is primarily physical adsorption, and other factors influence the adsorption process in addition to intraparticle diffusion. Therefore, the air layer formed by the LDHs shell on the surface of NaY zeolite imparts a hydrophobic effect, making NaY@LDHs a promising material for adsorbing volatile organic compounds in a wet environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of chromium‐bearing filler sand on the transformation of inclusions in high‐Mn and high‐Al steel under various reaction times and Mn content levels is studied, and the mechanism of filler sand intrusion into the steel matrix is analyzed. It is demonstrated that an inclusion containing Cr2O3 is discovered. The evolution pathway of oxide inclusions is identified as Al2O3–MnO → Al2O3–MnO–SiO2 → Al2O3–MnO–SiO2–Cr2O3(Cr2O3 + MnO–SiO2) → Al2O3–MnO–Cr2O3–MgO·Al2O3. It is noteworthy that Cr2O3 inclusions tend to diffuse from the outside inward, but the internal content remains almost unchanged, which is due to the strong diffusion hindrance of SiO2. The formation of a liquid phase in the filler sand is a necessary condition for its infiltration into the steel matrix. The critical liquid‐phase content that results in the formation of Cr2O3 inclusions is 42%, which contains 5–8% of Cr2O3. The formation of pore channels provides favorable conditions for sand penetration, with the maximum penetration depth reaching up to 29 mm. Large sand inclusion particles reach millimeter scale in size and are distributed quite randomly. Chemical reactions at the steel/sand interface can lead to an increase in the total oxygen (T.O) content in the steel. The reaction time has little effect on the T.O content, while the Mn content in the steel has a significant impact, with an increase of up to 41 ppm. During the smelting stage, the filler sand can enter the molten steel, thereby affecting the quality of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most severe environmental factors limiting plant growth and crop yield, necessitating the identification of genes that enhance drought resistance for crop improvement. Through screening an ethyl methyl sulfonate‐mutagenized rice mutant library, we isolated the PEG tolerance mutant 97‐1 (ptm97‐1), which displays enhanced resistance to osmotic and drought stress, and increased yield under drought conditions. A point mutation in OsMATE6 was identified as being associated with the drought‐resistant phenotype of ptm97‐1. The role of OsMATE6 in conferring drought resistance was confirmed by additional OsMATE6 knockout mutants. OsMATE6 is expressed in guard cells, shoots and roots and the OsMATE6‐GFP fusion protein predominantly localizes to the plasma membrane. Our ABA efflux assays suggest that OsMATE6 functions as an ABA efflux transporter; mutant protoplasts exhibited a slower ABA release rate compared to the wild type. We hypothesize that OsMATE6 regulates ABA levels in guard cells, influencing stomatal closure and enhancing drought resistance. Notably, OsMATE6 knockout mutants demonstrated greater yields under field drought conditions compared to wild‐type plants, highlighting OsMATE6 as a promising candidate for improving crop drought resistance. Summary statement: This study functionally characterizes the rice MATE (multidrug and toxin extrusion) family transporter OsMATE6. Located in the guard cell plasma membrane, OsMATE6 acts as an efflux transporter for abscisic acid (ABA), a key hormone regulating stomatal closure. Disruption of OsMATE6 function led to a significant enhancement of drought resistance, highlighting its potential as a target for engineering crops with improved tolerance to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is a crucial mitochondrial enzyme in the electron transport chain of plants, implicated in energy production and stress responses. Despite its importance, the function of COX in leguminous plants, especially under heavy metal stress like cadmium (Cd), remains understudied. Methods and results: In this study, COX genes (COX s) were identified based on the genome annotation file in mung bean (Vigna radiata (Linn.) R. Wilczek), and the gene structure, physicochemical properties and systematic relationships of the relevant amino acid sequences were analyzed by using bioinformatics method. The effects of Cd on the transcription levels and activities of COX in mung bean roots, stems, and leaves were detected to understand the mechanism of COX in mung bean in response to cadmium (Cd) stress. Transcriptome sequencing revealed tissue-specific expression with roots showed the highest levels. Cd stress significantly altered the expression and activity of VrCOXs, particularly in roots and stems, with varied responses among different genes. Conclusions: The differential response of VrCOX s to Cd stress indicates a role in the plant stress tolerance mechanism. The study provides insights into the function of COXs in legumes and a foundation for further research into Cd tolerance mechanisms, which could be vital for enhancing legume production and ensuring food safety in contaminated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]