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Dichondra (Dichondra repens) is an important ground cover plant for landscaping and establishment of green space, but adaptive mechanism of drought tolerance is not well understood in this species. This study was conducted to compare differential response to drought stress among three genotypes (Dr5, Duliujiang, and Dr29) based on integrated physiological, ultrastructural, and metabolic assays. Results showed that drought significantly inhibited photosynthesis, accelerated lipids peroxidation, and also disrupted water balance and cellular metabolism in dichondra plants. Dr5 showed better photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and water homeostasis, less oxidative damage, and more stable chlorophyll metabolism than Duliujinag or Dr29 in response to drought stress. In addition, Dr5 accumulated more amino acids, organic acids, and other metabolites, which was good for maintaining better antioxidant capacity, osmotic homeostasis, and energy metabolism under drought stress. Drought tolerance of Duliujiang was lower than Dr5, but better than Dr29, which could be positively correlated with accumulations of sucrose, maltitol, aconitic acid, isocitric acid, and shikimic acid due to critical roles of these metabolites in osmotic adjustment and metabolic homeostasis. Current findings provide insights into understanding of underlying mechanism of metabolic regulation in dichondra species. Dr5 could be used as an important drought-tolerant resource for cultivation and water-saving breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the oxide film on FGH96 alloy powders significantly influences the mechanical properties of superalloys. In this study, FGH96 alloy powders with various oxygen contents were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomic probe technology to elucidate the structure evolution of the oxide film. Energy dispersive spectrometer analysis revealed the presence of two distinct components in the oxide film of the alloy powders: amorphous oxide layer covering the γ matrix and amorphous oxide particles above the carbide. The alloying elements within the oxide layer showed a laminated distribution, with Ni, Co, Cr, and Al/Ti, which was attributed to the decreasing oxygen equilibrium pressure as oxygen diffused from the surface into the γ matrix. On the other hand, Ti enrichment was observed in the oxide particles caused by the oxidation and decomposition of the carbide phase. Comparative analysis of the oxide film with oxygen contents of 140, 280, and 340 ppm showed similar element distributions, while the thickness of the oxide film varies approximately at 9, 14, and 30 nm, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into the structural analysis of the oxide film on FGH96 alloy powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The distant metastasis of lung cancer primarily occurs in the bones, liver, brain, and lungs, while the breast is an extremely rare site of metastasis. There is very limited literature on the occurrence of breast metastasis from lung cancer, and metastatic lesions in the breast are prone to being misdiagnosed as primary breast cancer, requiring careful attention and differentiation in the clinical diagnostic and treatment process. Case summary: The patient, a 63-year-old female, initially presented with an EGFR exon 21 L858R mutated left lung adenocarcinoma in 2017, treated successfully with surgical resection and subsequent monitoring. The relapse of disease occurred in January 2020. Despite maintaining a prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) with first-generation EGFR-TKI Afatinib, disease progression occurred in 2022 without detectable resistance mutations. Transition to second-generation TKI Furmonertinib resulted in poor control, with rapid progression including unusual bilateral breast metastases that exhibited inflammatory breast cancer-like peau d'orange changes. Standard chemotherapy achieved only short-term stability. Upon detecting a MET amplification mutation, treatment with Savolitinib was initiated. Remarkably, this led to significant clinical and radiographic improvement, notably resolving the peau d'orange appearance and reducing multiple lesions across the body. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of continuous genetic profiling and tailored treatment approaches in managing advanced lung adenocarcinoma, particularly when presenting with rare metastatic sites and complex genetic landscapes. The successful application of Savolitinib following the identification of a MET amplification mutation highlights its potential in overcoming resistance mechanisms in NSCLC, providing a significant therapeutic option for similarly challenging cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nerve injury can lead to defects in related motor functions. It is critical to achieve long‐term and convenient real‐time evaluation of motor function recovery status during nerve injury repair. In this study, an implantable PLLA/BTO piezoelectric sensor (PBPS) with good biodegradability and biocompatibility for real time evaluation of the motor function recovery after nerve injury is developed. PLLA fibers doped with BTO are employed as piezoelectric material in PBPS, which can convert the biomechanical signals generated by motion into electrical signals. PBPS can be implant simultaneously with commonly used tissue scaffolds for treatment in the rats with sciatic nerve injury. The linearity of the pressure and the output voltage of PBPS is ≈0.9445. For the evaluation effectiveness, as the treatment process progresses, the signals generated by PBPS exhibited good consistency with EMG signals, indicating effectively evaluation of the motor function. Moreover, the integration of PBPS and wireless module can break the limitations of time and space for sensing and realize wireless evaluation of motor function in rat. The implantable sensor based on PBPS may bring new ideas for the development of implantable bioelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unique feature of coronaviruses is their utilization of self-encoded nonstructural protein 16 (nsp16), 2′-O-methyltransferase (2′-O-MTase), to cap their RNAs through ribose 2′-O-methylation modification. This process is crucial for maintaining viral genome stability, facilitating efficient translation, and enabling immune escape. Despite considerable advances in the ultrastructure of SARS-CoV-2 nsp16/nsp10, insights into its molecular mechanism have so far been limited. In this study, we systematically characterized the 2′-O-MTase activity of nsp16 in SARS-CoV-2, focusing on its dependence on nsp10 stimulation. We observed cross-reactivity between nsp16 and nsp10 in various coronaviruses due to a conserved interaction interface. However, a single residue substitution (K58T) in SARS-CoV-2 nsp10 restricted the functional activation of MERS-CoV nsp16. Furthermore, the cofactor nsp10 effectively enhanced the binding of nsp16 to the substrate RNA and the methyl donor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). Mechanistically, His-80, Lys-93, and Gly-94 of nsp10 interacted with Asp-102, Ser-105, and Asp-106 of nsp16, respectively, thereby effectively stabilizing the SAM binding pocket. Lys-43 of nsp10 interacted with Lys-38 and Gly-39 of nsp16 to dynamically regulate the RNA binding pocket and facilitate precise binding of RNA to the nsp16/nsp10 complex. By assessing the conformational epitopes of nsp16/nsp10 complex, we further determined the critical residues involved in 2′-O-MTase activity. Additionally, we utilized an in vitro biochemical platform to screen potential inhibitors targeting 2′-O-MTase activity. Overall, our results significantly enhance the understanding of viral 2′-O methylation process and mechanism, providing valuable targets for antiviral drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot air, water, and glycerol were studied as foaming mediums for the production of ETPU to evaluate their influence on the behavior of the foam and compare the optimal particles for each of the foaming temperatures selected. The results showed that the times of water foaming and glycerol foaming were shorter by about 2/3 than with hot-air foaming. The best foaming temperatures for hot-air foaming, glycerol foaming, and water foaming are 110–115 °C, 75 °C, and 90 °C, respectively. The particles of glycerol foam have a matte appearance and their gloss is not very good. However, the particles in hot-air foaming are light, and the gloss is very satisfactory. The gloss of the surface of water-foaming particles is dim. At the same time, there is a faint matte appearance. Particles made with glycerol foaming and water foaming are more even than those made with hot-air foaming. The density of foaming materials from glycerol foaming, hot-air foaming, and water foaming are raised accordingly, while the hardness of foaming materials from glycerol foaming, water foaming, and hot-air foaming are successively increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of no-till farming and green manure is key to nourishing the soil and increasing crop yields. However, it remains unclear how to enhance the efficiency of green manure under no-till conditions. We conducted a two-factor field trial of silage maize rotated with hairy vetch to test the effects of tillage methods and returning. Factor 1 is the type of tillage, which is divided into conventional ploughing and no-tillage; factor 2 is the different ways of returning hairy vetch as green manure, which were also compared: no return (NM), stubble return (H), mulching (HM), turnover (HR, for CT only), and live coverage (LM, for NT only). Our findings indicate that different methods of returning hairy vetch to the field will improve maize yield and quality. The best results were obtained in CT and NT in HM and LM, respectively. Specifically, HM resulted in the highest dry matter quality and yield, with improvements of 35.4% and 31.9% over NM under CT, respectively. It also demonstrated the best economic and net energy performance. However, other treatments had no significant effect on the beneficial utilization and return of nutrients. The LM improved yields under NT by boosting soil enzyme activity, promoting nitrogen transformation and accumulation, and increasing nitrogen use efficiency for better kernel development. Overall, NTLM is best at utilizing and distributing soil nutrients and increasing silage maize yield. This finding supports the eco-efficient cultivation approach in silage maize production in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute postoperative pain is commonly treated with flurbiprofen (FBP), but conventional delivery methods are suboptimal. This study prepared a new non-burst release microneedles (MNs) using genipin cross-linked gelatin (cGel). By adding varying amounts of genipin to modulate the crosslinking degree of cGel, the drug release behavior of the drug-loaded MNs in the skin can be altered. The crosslinking parameters that meet therapeutic requirements are selected, thus providing rapid and long-lasting analgesic effects. cGel solutions were successfully cross-linked, altering matrix material microstructure, confirmed by scanning electron microscope imaging and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. MNs demonstrated increasing mechanical strength with higher crosslinking. Drug release rates were rapid initially, then slowed, exhibiting a characteristic of decreased release rates with increasing degrees of crosslinking. In vivo, FBP/cGel MNs significantly reduced allodynia and hyperalgesia post-surgery, with the greatest effect observed at 2–3 h post-surgery, and can maintain analgesia for up to 6 h. Biosafety tests confirmed good biocompatibility. FBP/cGel MNs effectively penetrate the stratum corneum, safely delivering drugs with significant analgesic effects, excellent mechanical properties, and good biocompatibility, representing a promising strategy for managing acute postoperative pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemodynamic therapy is an emerging therapeutic modality that utilizes the Fenton reaction for the production of reactive oxygen species to selectively target and kill cancer cells. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the demand for developing nanomedicines with enhanced Fenton catalytic efficiency, self-generating H2O2 capability, and superior biocompatibility. This study focuses on the synthesis of a new nanomedicine, PLGA@carbon quantum dots-copper peroxide nanoparticles (PLGA@CQDs–CuPox NPs). The CQD nanodots exhibited the highest fluorescence intensity at an excitation wavelength of 400 nm. CuPox nanodots exhibited superior Fenton catalytic performance at a pH value of 5.5. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PLGA@CQDs–CuPox NPs achieved a killing rate of over 85% for tumor cells while showing a lower killing rate of 10% for normal cells. Upon entering tumor cells, PLGA@CQDs–CuPox NPs underwent degradation, releasing CQDs and CuPox nanodots. CQD nanodots emitted fluorescence, whereas CuPox nanodots decomposed to initiate a Fenton-like reaction. Through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, these nanoparticles penetrated deeper into the tumor cells, enabling deep-seated chemodynamic therapy. Uptake experiments further demonstrated that PLGA@CQDs–CuPox NPs escaped from lysosomes and entered the cell nucleus, utilizing the fluorescence changes of CQD nanodots to determine the optimal treatment time. The design of PLGA@CQDs–CuPox NPs offers a novel approach for precise cancer diagnosis and effective treatment through fluorescence imaging-guided chemodynamic therapy based on tumor microenvironment responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable polymers (BPs)‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have advantages, including biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, biodegradable TENGs (BD‐TENGs) possess relatively low output performance, limiting their application due to the small differences in triboelectric polarities for most BPs. Molecular doping is a simple and effective method in altering the triboelectric polarity of triboelectric materials and improving the output performance of BD‐TENGs. However, there is a lack of laws and mechanism about the differences in triboelectric polarities of different doped molecules, especially of molecules with biodegradability and biocompatibility. Here, kinds of doping molecules are selected for doping in tribopositive and tribonegative materials, respectively, and their triboelectric polarities and related laws are researched. In particular, the output performance of BD‐TENG is improved several times by doping small amounts of poly (propylene glycol) (PPG) and ethyl cellulose (EC), with enhanced resolution in abnormal respiratory signal monitoring. This work not only provides theoretical guidance for the selection of triboelectric molecules but also conducts in‐depth research in molecular‐level triboelectric mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The occurrence of blastocyst collapse may become an indicator of preimplantation embryo quality assessment. It has been reported that collapsing blastocysts can lead to higher rates of aneuploidy and poorer clinical outcomes, but more large-scale studies are needed to explore this relationship. This study explored the characteristics of blastocyst collapse identified and quantified by artificial intelligence and explored the associations between blastocyst collapse and embryo ploidy, morphological quality, and clinical outcomes. Methods: This observational study included data from 3288 biopsied blastocysts in 1071 time-lapse preimplantation genetic testing cycles performed between January 2019 and February 2023 at a single academic fertility center. All transferred blastocysts are euploid blastocysts. The artificial intelligence recognized blastocyst collapse in time-lapse microscopy videos and then registered the collapsing times, and the start time, the recovery duration, the shrinkage percentage of each collapse. The effects of blastocyst collapse and embryo ploidy, pregnancy, live birth, miscarriage, and embryo quality were studied using available data from 1196 euploid embryos and 1300 aneuploid embryos. Results: 5.6% of blastocysts collapsed at least once only before the full blastocyst formation (tB), 19.4% collapsed at least once only after tB, and 3.1% collapsed both before and after tB. Multiple collapses of blastocysts after tB (times ≥ 2) are associated with higher aneuploid rates (54.6%, P > 0.05; 70.5%, P < 0.001; 72.5%, P = 0.004; and 71.4%, P = 0.049 in blastocysts collapsed 1, 2, 3 or ≥ 4 times), which remained significant after adjustment for confounders (OR = 2.597, 95% CI 1.464–4.607, P = 0.001). Analysis of the aneuploid embryos showed a higher ratio of collapses and multiple collapses after tB in monosomies and embryos with subchromosomal deletion of segmental nature (P < 0.001). Blastocyst collapse was associated with delayed embryonic development and declined blastocyst quality. There is no significant difference in pregnancy and live birth rates between collapsing and non-collapsing blastocysts. Conclusions: Blastocyst collapse is common during blastocyst development. This study underlined that multiple blastocyst collapses after tB may be an independent risk factor for aneuploidy which should be taken into account by clinicians and embryologists when selecting blastocysts for transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible pressure sensors are valuable in applications such as electronic skin, smart robots, artificial prosthetics, and wearable electronics. In this study, a fully packaged, flexible, self‐powered, long‐term stable sensor array based on piezoelectrets is developed for pressure monitoring. A pressure sensor with a microcavity structure and a thickness of 500 µm achieved an impressive piezoelectric coefficient of 23.8 pC N−1 and a fast response time of 93 ms. The sensor yielded an output voltage of 0.26 V when subjected to a force using 0.3 g soybeans, and it displayed a remarkable linear relationship (R2 = 0.992) between force and electricity with pressure ranging from 1.4 to 13.6 N and a sensitivity of 9 mV N−1. Real‐time monitoring of sound vibration, radial artery pulse, and finger movement is demonstrated along with the successful recording of dynamic pressure changes within the porcine knee joint. It holds potential for fields such as monitoring pressure changes in the movement of human bodies and robotics and can contribute significantly to pressure assessment during total knee replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a leading environmental issue worldwide. The current study was conducted to investigate Cd tolerance of 10 commercial white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars during seed germination and to further explore differences in lipid remodelling, glycometabolism, and the conversion of lipids into sugars contributing to Cd tolerance in the early phase of seedling establishment as well as the accumulation of Cd in seedlings and mature plants. The results show that Cd stress significantly reduced seed germination of 10 cultivars. Compared to Cd‐sensitive Sulky, Cd‐tolerant Pixie accelerated amylolysis to produce more glucose, fructose, and sucrose by maintaining higher amylase and sucrase activities under Cd stress. Pixie maintained higher contents of various lipids, higher DGDG/MGDG ratio, and lower unsaturation levels of lipids, which could be beneficial to membrane stability and integrity as well as signal transduction in cells after being subjected to Cd stress. In addition, Pixie upregulated expression levels of key genes (TrACX1, TrACX4, TrSDP6, and TrPCK1) involved in the conversion of lipids into sugars for early seedling establishment under Cd stress. These findings indicate that lipid remodelling, enhanced glycometabolism, and accelerated conversion of lipids into sugars are important adaptive strategies for white clover seed germination and subsequent seedling establishment under Cd stress. In addition, Pixie not only accumulated more Cd in seedlings and mature plants than Sulky but also had significantly better growth and phytoremediation efficiency under Cd stress. Pixie could be used as a suitable and critical germplasm for the rehabilitation and re‐establishment of Cd‐contaminated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is an excellent cool-season turfgrass that is widely used in urban gardening, landscaping, and golf turf. Triennial field experiments from 2017 to 2019 were conducted to investigate effects of the foliar application of chitosan (CTS), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or sodium chloride (NaCl) on mitigating summer bentgrass decline (SBD) and exploring the CTS, GABA, or NaCl regulatory mechanism of tolerance to summer heat stress associated with changes in chlorophyll (Chl) loss and photosynthetic capacity, osmotic adjustment (OA), oxidative damage, and cell membrane stability. The findings demonstrated that persistent ambient high temperatures above 30 °C during the summer months of 2017, 2018, and 2019 significantly reduced the turf quality (TQ), Chl content, photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and PIABS), leaf relative water content, and osmotic potential (OP) but significantly increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and the accumulations of free proline, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl could significantly alleviate SBD, as reflected by improved TQ and delayed Chl loss during hot summer months. Heat-induced declines in Fv/Fm, PIABS, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE) could be significantly mitigated by the exogenous application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl. In addition, the foliar application of CTS, GABA, or NaCl also significantly improved the accumulations of free proline and WSC but reduced the EL, OP, and H2O2 content and the MDA content in leaves of creeping bentgrass in favor of water and redox homeostasis in summer. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of the subordinate function value analysis (SFVA), the CTS had the best effect on the mitigation of SBD, followed by GABA and NaCl in 2017, 2018, and 2019. The current study indicates that the foliar application of an appropriate dose of GABA, CTS, or NaCl provides a cost-effective strategy for mitigating SBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the nanoindentation behavior of Al/Mg-layered nanocomposites with varying layer thicknesses and Mg layer orientations in this study. The aim is to understand the weakening mechanisms at low layer thicknesses and the phase transition mechanisms associated with the dislocation slip angle in the Mg layer. Results indicate that the nanoindentation strength of nanocomposites increases with the layer thickness in the range of 1–10 nm, with the strength of 9.5 × 10−7 N at 10 nm being approximately 73% higher than that at 1 nm. This strength increase is mainly attributed to high interfacial stress, the higher percentage of amorphous atoms, weakened interatomic interactions, and the transition of adjacent interfaces to fully coherent interfaces that significantly reduce their ability to hinder dislocations at the low-layer thickness range. Additionally, in the initial deformation process, the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase of the Mg layer firstly transforms into the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase due to its lower energy barrier, followed by the emergence of a faced-centered cubic (FCC) phase driven by 1/3<1−100> dislocations. In the late stage of deformation, new dislocations are generated in the FCC phase and move along its slip planes, altering the dislocation direction. The FCC/HCP interfacial configuration also affects the HCP phase transition mechanism in the Mg layer. When the dislocation slip angle is 0°, the primary phase transition is the BCC phase, whereas a 45° slip angle results in the FCC phase. These findings will provide a guide for the preparation and manufacturing of new high-quality layered nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus is one of the major constraints to karst grassland productivity. Understanding the effects of different fertilization practices on soil phosphorus dynamics is essential for enhancing phosphorus bioavailability and rational management of soil phosphorus in karst grasslands. Here, we investigated the effects of fertilizers and manures on soil bioavailability of phosphorus fractions and explored the relationship between soil properties and soil phosphorus fractions. The four fertilizer application designs were as follows: control (CK; no fertilizer or manure); fertilization (F); manure application (M); fertilization and manure application (FM). The results showed that total phosphorus (TP) concentration was elevated by 23%, 1%, and 42% in F, M, and FM treatments, respectively, compared with CK. F and FM treatments enhanced the total inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration by 65% and 66%, respectively, while M and FM treatments enhanced the total organo-phosphorus (Po) concentration by 21% and 35%, respectively. FM treatment elevated bioavailable P, active Po, secondary mineral P, primary mineral P, and occluded P by 69%, 39%, 50%, 31%, and 41%, respectively. Fertilizers inhibited soil acid phosphatase activity, whereas alkaline phosphatase did not respond significantly to fertilizer management in low-latitude karst regions. SOM, TN, AP, and MBP are the key factors affecting the bioavailability of phosphorus fractions. The combined application of fertilizer and manure is the most beneficial measure for enhancing soil phosphorus bioavailability. This research helps deepen our understanding of soil phosphorus dynamics in the karst areas and provides a basis for further enhancement of nutrient availability and vegetation productivity of grassland ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deteriorating soil health under continuous monoculture is commonly found across various cropping systems. This study evaluated the effects of different tillage practices (conventional tillage and no till) and species mixtures (legumes and grasses) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community properties, soil nutrients, and enzyme activity in a 3-year experiment. Compared with traditional tillage, the number of AMF species under no-till conditions was increased, with the Glomus group being dominant. Under different tillage conditions, TN (total N) and AN (available N) contents under no till were significantly higher than those under conventional tillage, while no significant differences among other nutrients were found. The activities of soil acid phosphatase (S-ACP), soil dehydrogenase (S-DHA), and soil sucrose (S-SC) under conventional tillage were significantly higher than those under no till, and the cover crop mixtures also had an exclusive advantage in yield. Soil organic matter (SOM) indicated a significant negative correlation with glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). The increase in diversity associated with the AMF species community was strongly correlated with the increase in three enzyme activities, and AN was negatively correlated with all species. Tillage did not significantly change soil chemistry, except for AN, and the high concentration of AN led to a decrease in AMF species. The results of this study showed that no till was an effective measure for enriching soil micro-organism population. Additionally, soil AMF diversity was improved by cover crop mixtures, and microbial diversity was higher than that under monoculture cover crops. Different AMF groups responded differently to tillage and cover crop mixtures. Across all mixtures, the combination of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) performed the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Global warming due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions intensifies frequency and duration of extreme high temperature which has become a primary threat to cool-season crops worldwide. Aim of this study was to examine root adaptability to high temperature regulated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) associated with changes in antioxidant metabolism, root vitality, osmotic balance, and global metabolites remodeling in roots. Methods: A cool-season creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) plants were pretreated with or without the 0.5 mM GABA before being subjected to heat stress (35/30 °C) or optimal temperature condition (23/19 °C) for 15 days. Roots were sampled to analyze changes in physiological parameters and metabolomics. Results: Heat stress significantly induced reactive oxygen species production in roots resulting in oxidative damage to proteins and cell membranes. However, the GABA could effectively alleviate heat-induced decline in total antioxidant capacity and also improve multiple antioxidant enzyme activities, root vitality, and osmotic adjustment ability in roots. Metabolomic analysis found that a total of 71 metabolites were jointly or differentially regulated by heat stress or heat stress together with the GABA application in roots. In response to heat stress, the GABA improved the accumulation of multiple amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and other metabolites (urea, putrescine, myoinositol, arbutin, campesterol, and stigmasterol) in roots. Conclusions: GABA could effectively increase antioxidant capacity, root vitality, and osmotic adjustment associated with improved root adaptability to heat stress. In addition, the GABA-regulated metabolites remodeling could be attributed to better energy metabolism, osmotic balance, antioxidant capacity, and cellular structures in roots under heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as promising candidates for integrating with flexible electronics as self‐powered systems owing to their intrinsic flexibility, biocompatibility, and miniaturization. In this study, an improved flexible TENG with a tile‐nanostructured MXene/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composite electrode (MP‐TENG) is proposed for use in wireless human health monitor. The multifunctional tile‐nanostructured MXene/PMMA film, which is self‐assembled through vacuum filtration, exhibits good conductivity, excellent charge capacity, and high flexibility. Thus, the MXene/PMMA composite electrode can simultaneously function as a charge‐generating, charge‐trapping, and charge‐collecting layer. Furthermore, the charge‐trapping capacity of a tile nanostructure can be optimized on the basis of the PMMA concentration. At a mass fraction of 4% PMMA, the MP‐TENG achieves the optimal output performance, with an output voltage of 37.8 V, an output current of 1.8 μA, and transferred charge of 14.1 nC. The output power is enhanced over twofold compared with the pure MXene‐based TENG. Moreover, the MP‐TENG has sufficient power capacity and durability to power small electronic devices. Finally, a wireless human motion monitor based on the MP‐TENG is utilized to detect physiological signals in various kinematic motions. Consequently, the proposed performance‐enhanced MP‐TENG proves a considerable potential for use in health monitoring, telemedicine, and self‐powered systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: γ-Aminobutyric acid alleviates acid-aluminum toxicity to roots associated with enhanced antioxidant metabolism as well as accumulation and transportation of citric and malic acids. Aluminum (Al) toxicity has become the main limiting factor for crop growth and development in acidic soils and is further being aggravated worldwide due to continuous industrial pollution. The current study was designed to examine effects of GABA priming on alleviating acid-Al toxicity in terms of root growth, antioxidant defense, citrate and malate metabolisms, and extensive metabolites remodeling in roots under acidic conditions. Thirty-seven-day-old creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) plants were used as test materials. Roots priming with or without 0.5 mM GABA for 3 days were cultivated in standard nutrient solution for 15 days as control or subjected to nutrient solution containing 5 mM AlCl3·6H2O for 15 days as acid-Al stress treatment. Roots were sampled for determinations of root characteristics, physiological and biochemical parameters, and metabolomics. GABA priming significantly alleviated acid-Al-induced root growth inhibition and oxidative damage, despite it promoted the accumulation of Al in roots. Analysis of metabolomics showed that GABA priming significantly increased accumulations of organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and other metabolites in roots under acid-Al stress. In addition, GABA priming also significantly up-regulated key genes related to accumulation and transportation of malic and citric acids in roots under acid-Al stress. GABA-regulated metabolites participated in tricarboxylic acid cycle, GABA shunt, antioxidant defense system, and lipid metabolism, which played positive roles in reactive oxygen species scavenging, energy conversion, osmotic adjustment, and Al ion chelation in roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the immuntoxic effects of arsenic in the nervous system. Our results showed that arsenic increased corticocerebral and hippocampal weights (p < 0.05). Morris water maze tests revealed that arsenic significantly increased the time spent in latency to platform on the fourth day in 50 mg/L arsenic exposure and the fifth day in 25 and 50 mg/L arsenic exposure, as well as reduced the path length in target quadrant, time spent in target quadrant, and crossing times of the platform (p < 0.05). Hematoxylin–eosin staining showed that the vacuolated degeneration and pyknosis was found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of arsenic-treated mice. The mRNA levels of corticocerebral and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were decreased in the 50 mg/L arsenic-treated group (p < 0.05). In addition, immunofluorescence staining showed that 25 and 50 mg/L arsenic all increased the expression of CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (p < 0.05). Arsenic markedly raised antigen-presenting molecule MHCII and CD40 mRNA levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and upregulated the cell chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CCR7 mRNA levels in the cerebral cortex at the 50 mg/L arsenic group, and increased the CCR7 mRNA levels in the hippocampus at the 25 and 50 mg/L arsenic groups (p < 0.05). Arsenic activated the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and enhanced its upstream promoter NF-κB protein level and downstream regulators IL-18 mRNA levels. Collectively, these results provide new evidences for the neuro-immune toxicity of arsenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nanofat is an effective cell therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). However, it has clinical limitations due to its short half-life. We developed Nanofat lysate (NFL) to overcome the defect of Nanofat and explore its anti-OA efficacy and mechanism. Methods: Monoiodoacetate (MIA) was employed to establish rat OA model. For pain assessment, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were evaluated. Degeneration of cartilage was observed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Primary chondrocytes were treated with TNF-α to establish the cellular model of OA. MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed to assess effects of NFL on chondrocytes. RNA-seq, qPCR and Western blot assays were conducted to clarify the mechanism of NFL. Results and Discussion: The animal data showed that PWL and TWL values, Mankin's and OARSI scorings, and the Col2 expression in cartilage were significantly improved in the NFL-treated OA rats. The cellular data showed that NFL significantly improved the proliferation, wound healing, and migration of chondrocytes. The molecular data showed that NFL significantly restored the TNF-α-altered anabolic markers (Sox9, Col2 and ACAN) and catabolic markers (IL6 and Mmp13). The RNA-seq identified that TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling pathway mediated the efficacy of NFL, which was verified by qPCR and Western blot that NFL significantly restored the abnormal expressions of TGFβR2, phosphorylated-Smad2, phosphorylated-Smad2/3, Col2, Mmp13 and Mmp3. After long-term storage, NFL exerted similar effects as its fresh type, indicating its advantage of storability. In sum, NFL was developed as a new therapeutic approach and its anti-OA efficacy and mechanism that mediated by TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling was determined for the first time. Besides, the storability of NFL provided a substantial advantage than other living cell-based therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have attracted extensive attention in various applications, including aerospace, optical communication, and fire warning. However, the intrinsic coupling of high responsivity and fast response as well as imperfect interface transmission impede the further improvement of UV photodetector. Here, a high‐performance Au‐decorated PbI2/ZnO pn junction UV photodetector with a one‐dimensional (1D) and two‐dimensional (2D) interspersed structure is presented. The pyro‐phototronic effect and energy band engineering effect from the localized pn junction generated by the layered p‐type PbI2 nanosheets along the c‐axis of ZnO are coupled to modulate the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the localized surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticles produces transient thermal power to raise temperature fast to enhance pyroelectric current. The self‐powered Au@PbI2/ZnO photodetector displays a high responsivity of 0.21 A W−1, excellent detectivity of 7.9 × 1012 Jones, and fast response/recovery time of 25/31 ms, under the illumination of 325 nm light with the power density of 0.08 µW cm−2. This work offers an effective strategy for designing high‐performance next‐generation optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaseous carbonyl compounds serve as crucial precursors and intermediates in atmospheric photochemical reactions, significantly contributing to ambient ozone formation. To investigate the impact of gaseous carbonyls on regional ozone pollution, simultaneous field observations and observation-based modelling of ambient carbonyls were conducted at nine sites within the Chengdu Plain Urban Agglomeration (CPUA), China during August 4–18, 2019, when three episodes of regional heavy ozone pollution occurred across eight cities within CPUA. Throughout the study, the total mixing ratios of 15 carbonyls ranged from 10.70 to 35.18 ppbv, in which formaldehyde (48.1%), acetone (19.9 %), and acetaldehyde (17.5 %) were most abundant within the CPUA. Ambient levels of carbonyls and ozone showed some positive correlations in space (especially pronounced around Chengdu in both northern and southern directions) and in diurnal variations with higher concentrations of carbonyls during ozone pollution episodes. Photochemical reactivity analysis emphasized the significant contributions of carbonyls, especially formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, to ozone formation. The ozone formation sensitivity for sites experiencing severe ozone pollution were classified as VOCs-limited regime, while others were categorized as transitional regime. Local primary emissions, mutual air transportation among cities within the CPUA and photochemical secondary processes were recognized to contribute significantly to the production or the contamination of carbonyls in ambient air, with alkenes and alkanes being important secondary precursors of carbonyls. This study highlights the pivotal role of carbonyls in heavy ozone pollution within the CPUA, China, providing valuable scientific insights to guide the development of effective countermeasures for regional ozone pollution control in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still epidemic around the world. The manipulation of SARS-CoV-2 is restricted to biosafety level 3 laboratories (BSL-3). In this study, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 ΔN-GFP-HiBiT replicon delivery particles (RDPs) encoding a dual reporter gene, GFP-HiBiT, capable of producing both GFP signal and luciferase activities. Through optimal selection of the reporter gene, GFP-HiBiT demonstrated superior stability and convenience for antiviral evaluation. Additionally, we established a RDP infection mouse model by delivering the N gene into K18-hACE2 KI mouse through lentivirus. This mouse model supports RDP replication and can be utilized for in vivo antiviral evaluations. In summary, the RDP system serves as a valuable tool for efficient antiviral screening and studying the gene function of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, this system can be manipulated in BSL-2 laboratories, decreasing the threshold of experimental requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzyme is essential for controlling the fluctuating levels of endogenous cytokinin (CK) and has a significant impact on different aspects of plant growth and development. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge about CKX genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Here we performed genome-wide identification and analysis of nine SlCKX family members in tomatoes using bioinformatics tools. The results revealed that nine SlCKX genes were unevenly distributed on five chromosomes (Chr.1, Chr.4, Chr.8, Chr.10, and Chr.12). The amino acid length, isoelectric points, and molecular weight of the nine SlCKX proteins ranged from 453 to 553, 5.77 to 8.59, and 51.661 to 62.494 kD, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that SlCKX2 proteins were located in both the vacuole and cytoplasmic matrix; SlCKX3 and SlCKX5 proteins were located in the vacuole; and SlCKX1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 proteins were located in the cytoplasmic matrix. Furthermore, we observed differences in the gene structures and phylogenetic relationships of SlCKX proteins among different members. SlCKX1-9 were positioned on two out of the three branches of the CKX phylogenetic tree in the multispecies phylogenetic tree construction, revealing their strong conservation within phylogenetic subgroups. Unique patterns of expression of CKX genes were noticed in callus cultures exposed to varying concentrations of exogenous ZT, suggesting their roles in specific developmental and physiological functions in the regeneration system. These results may facilitate subsequent functional analysis of SlCKX genes and provide valuable insights for establishing an efficient regeneration system for tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-associated microorganisms, which can be recruited specially by plants to cope with environmental stress under extreme conditions, are one of the major mediators of nutrient exchange between plants and the environment. To obtain more crop-beneficial microbes, rhizosphere bacteria of Désirée potatoes cultivated in poor and alkaline soil have been studied. The screening of 83 strains with incomplete identical 16S rDNA sequences showed that 47 strains produced indole acetic acid (IAA), with contents ranging from 0.2 to 42 mg/L, and seven strains were phosphorus-solubilizing, among which six strains significantly increased the growth rate of potato plants. Thirty-seven strains produced siderophore and four strains were zinc-solubilizing, among which three strains significantly alleviated the chlorosis of potato plants. In all of the isolates, the species Variovorax soli (ST98) and Cellulomonas biazotea (ST118) were first found to possess an IAA-secreting ability; the species Leifsonia aquatica (ST172) and Leifsonia naganoensis (ST177) and the genus Sutcliffiella (ST11) were first discovered to be capable of phosphorus solubilization; the species Chryseobacterium daecheongense (ST32) was the first reported to be capable of zinc solubilization; and the species V. soli (ST98), C. biazotea (ST118) and L. naganoensis (ST177) were first found to be capable of plant growth promotion. The discovery of multiple functional bacteria enriched the resources of plant growth-promoting bacteria and provided a foundation for biofertilizer production to improve soil conditions and crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgravity offers an enticing synthetic knob for materials scientists to explore—however, this environment creates major challenges in hardware development that can turn a simple 3-day experiment into a 3-year long nightmare. This paper provides an overview of engineering an autoclave, compatible with NASA's Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA) furnace, to enable microgravity hydrothermal synthesis—an acceleration-sensitive technique that processes aqueous samples above the boiling point of water. Hydrothermal synthesis is a universal chemical transformation technique that is used to produce a range of advanced materials with applications in alternative energy, healthcare, and the food industry. In this work, we use the synthesis of graphene hydrogel as a case study to verify our hardware design on Earth before launching to the International Space Station for microgravity testing. The design addresses pertinent challenges which include enabling thermal expansion while preventing air bubble formation in solution and implementing a pressure fail-safe above the maximum operating temperature. Our goal in presenting this autoclave design is to provide a step forward towards commercial-of-the-shelf microgravity hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are the main component of the tumor microenvironment, which are differentiated from monocytes in the blood and play an important role in cancer development. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can promote tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anti-programmed death receptor 1 therapy by regulating programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and interacting with other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, when activated properly, macrophages can also play an anti-tumor role by enhancing the phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of tumor cells. TAM is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance in patients treated with immunotherapy, indicating that macrophages are attractive targets for combined therapy in cancer treatment. Combination of targeting TAMs and immunotherapy overcomes the drug resistance and achieved excellent results in some cancers, which may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment in the future. Herein, we review the recent findings on the role of macrophages in tumor development, metastasis, and immunotherapy. We focus mainly on macrophage-centered therapy, including strategies to deplete and reprogram TAMs, which represent the potential targets for improving tumor immunotherapy efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Understory removal is a traditional practice in forest management to reduce fire risk and promote seedling regeneration. However, its effect on understory diversity, biomass and soil nutrients in temperate forest ecosystems is less known, which limits our assessment of the effectiveness of understory vegetation management. Methods: We quantified the composition of the understory species, their diversity, and the biomass of the understory and factors driving changes in these parameters in primary mixed broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest (BKF), secondary Betula platyphylla forest (BF), and Larix gmelinii plantation (LF) in northeast China after a 5-year understory removal. Results: After understory removal, the number of shrub and herb species in BKF and LF decreased, while the number of shrub species in BF increased significantly and that of herb species decreased; the species with strong light preference, Equisetum hyemale, Impatiens noli-tangere, and Filipendula Palmata, were dominant in the herb layer of the three forest types; Shannon-Wiener diversity, Pielou evenness, and Simpson diversity of the herb layer in LF increased significantly (P < 0.05), while those of the shrub and herb layers in BF and LF showed no significant changes (P > 0.05). The total understory biomass of understory of BKF and LF decreased by 0.94 t·hm-2 and 1.32 t·hm-2, respectively, while that of BF increased by 1.31 t·hm-2; soil NH+ 4 -N and total phosphorus (TP) were the key factors regulating understory vegetation diversity and biomass, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that understory removal is a beneficial management strategy for increasing shrub biomass and diversity in secondary forests, while it should be avoided in primary forests and plantations to prevent the reduction of understory plant diversity and soil nutrient loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high morbidity and mortality rate, and the survival rate of HCC patients remains low. Animal medicines have been used as potential therapeutic tools throughout the long history due to their different structures of biologically active substances with high affinity to the human body. Here, we focus on the effects and the mechanism of action of animal-derived natural products against HCC, which were searched in databases encompassing Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Springer Link, and EBSCO. A total of 24 natural products from 12 animals were summarized. Our study found that these natural products have potent anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects. The mechanism of action involving apoptosis induction, autophagy induction, anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and anti-drug resistance via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Ras/extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Wnt/β-catenin, and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. Huachansu injection and sodium cantharidate have been used in clinical applications with good efficacy. We review the potential of animal-derived natural products and their derivatives in the treatment of HCC to date and summarize their application prospect and toxic side effects, hoping to provide a reference for drug development for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high morbidity and mortality rate, and the survival rate of HCC patients remains low. Animal medicines have been used as potential therapeutic tools throughout the long history due to their different structures of biologically active substances with high affinity to the human body. Here, we focus on the effects and the mechanism of action of animal-derived natural products against HCC, which were searched in databases encompassing Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Springer Link, and EBSCO. A total of 24 natural products from 12 animals were summarized. Our study found that these natural products have potent anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects. The mechanism of action involving apoptosis induction, autophagy induction, anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and anti-drug resistance via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Ras/extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Wnt/β-catenin, and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. Huachansu injection and sodium cantharidate have been used in clinical applications with good efficacy. We review the potential of animal-derived natural products and their derivatives in the treatment of HCC to date and summarize their application prospect and toxic side effects, hoping to provide a reference for drug development for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-temperature amorphous thin films with excellent energy storage properties play a crucial role in silicon-based microelectronic applications. The (1-x)Sr0.925Bi0.05TiO3-xBiMg0.5Ti0.5O3 (SBT-BMT) (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) amorphous films were prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by chemical solution deposition in order to achieve high energy storage performance. The X-ray diffractometer results show that amorphous films were successfully fabricated. The addition of BMT can results in a reduction of the crystallization temperature for the SBT film, and this can be used to obtain an critical amorphous state for the 0.9SBT-0.1BMT film, where the dielectric constant increases significantly and the leakage current is the minimum. The final 0.9SBT-0.1BMT film exhibited a recoverable energy storage density of 32 J/cm3 and an energy storage efficiency of 78% at an electric field of 4097 kV/cm. Furthermore, the energy storage performance remained stable over the temperature range of 20 ~ 200 °C, the frequency range of 2 ~ 10 kHz, and even after 107 electrical cycles. It is expected to provide new strategy to optimize the energy storage performance of dielectric capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the recognition effect of the folk dance image recognition model and put forward new suggestions for teachers’ teaching strategies, this study introduces a Deep Neural Network (DNN) to optimize the folk dance training image recognition model. Moreover, a corresponding teaching strategy optimization scheme is proposed according to the experimental results. Firstly, the image preprocessing and feature extraction of DNN are optimized. Secondly, classification and target detection models are established to analyze the folk dance training images, and the C-dance dataset is used for experiments. Finally, the results are compared with those of the Naive Bayes classifier, K-nearest neighbor, decision tree classifier, support vector machine, and logistic regression models. The results of this study provide new suggestions for teaching strategies. The research results indicate that the optimized classification model shows a significant improvement in classification accuracy across various aspects such as action complexity, dance types, movement speed, dance styles, body dynamics, and rhythm. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores have increased by approximately 14.7, 11.8, 13.2, and 17.4%, respectively. In the study of factors such as different training images, changes in perspective, lighting conditions, and noise interference, the optimized model demonstrates a substantial enhancement in recognition accuracy and robustness. These findings suggest that, compared to traditional models, the optimized model performs better in identifying various dances and movements, enhancing the accuracy and stability of classification. Based on the experimental results, strategies for optimizing the real-time feedback and assessment mechanism in folk dance teaching, as well as the design of personalized learning paths, are proposed. Therefore, this study holds the potential to be applied in the field of folk dance, promoting the development and innovation of folk dance education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acupuncture is a widely used clinical treatment method, and studies have confirmed its therapeutic effects on stroke patients. It can also reduce the burden on patients and society. Acupuncture treatment is a complementary and preventive treatment for stroke. However, there has yet to be a visual bibliometric analysis of the field of acupuncture for stroke rat models. This study explores future trends, research hotspots, and frontiers in acupuncture for stroke rat models over the past 20 years through investigation and visualization. Methods: We collected literature data on acupuncture treatment of stroke in rats from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2023. Import into CiteSpace (version 6.2.R4) and RStudio for analysis by author, country/region, affiliation, annual publication, keywords, and journal visualization. Results: A total of 379 articles were retrieved, including articles from 16 countries, 258 research institutions, and 123 academic journals. The countries and institutions with the most publications were the People's Republic of China (338) and the Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (43). Tao, Jing had the highest number of co-citations (144). The keywords and co-citation clustering show the main research directions in the field, including "artery occlusion," "neural regeneration," "stimulation," "rapid tolerance," "receptor," "signaling pathway," "apoptosis," "oxidative stress," "inflammatory response," "endogenous neurogenesis," "tolerance of local cerebral ischemic tissues," "proliferation of reactive astrocytes" and "neuroprotective effect." The intervention combines classical acupuncture treatment and modern technology (electricity) with electroacupuncture as a new intervention modality. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the increasing research on acupuncture for treating stroke in rat models. The country/region with the most publications is the People's Republic of China. However, international cooperation still needs to be improved, and future researchers must strengthen international cooperation. In addition, in future studies, researchers should improve the overall quality of research results in this area and enhance research protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) is one of the malignant tumors with the worst prognosis in head and neck cancers. The transformation from normal tissue through low-grade and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia to cancerous tissue in HSCC is typically viewed as a progressive pathological sequence typical of tumorigenesis. Nonetheless, the alterations in diverse cell clusters within the tissue microenvironment (TME) throughout tumorigenesis and their impact on the development of HSCC are yet to be fully understood. Methods: We employed single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR/BCR sequencing to sequence 60,854 cells from nine tissue samples representing different stages during the progression of HSCC. This allowed us to construct dynamic transcriptomic maps of cells in diverse TME across various disease stages, and experimentally validated the key molecules within it. Results: We delineated the heterogeneity among tumor cells, immune cells (including T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells), and stromal cells (such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells) during the tumorigenesis of HSCC. We uncovered the alterations in function and state of distinct cell clusters at different stages of tumor development and identified specific clusters closely associated with the tumorigenesis of HSCC. Consequently, we discovered molecules like MAGEA3 and MMP3, pivotal for the diagnosis and treatment of HSCC. Discussion: Our research sheds light on the dynamic alterations within the TME during the tumorigenesis of HSCC, which will help to understand its mechanism of canceration, identify early diagnostic markers, and discover new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]