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This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Cell & Developmental Biology. It discusses the topic of acute liver injury and repair, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. The editorial highlights the significance of understanding these mechanisms in order to develop effective treatments for acute liver failure. It also mentions several studies included in the research topic, which explore the pathogenesis, prognosis indicators, and tissue repair reaction in different liver diseases. The document concludes by suggesting further exploration of the role played by other organs and systems, such as the central nervous system, in liver function. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Acute kidney injury is the most common complication after liver transplantation. Sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution is a new type of crystalloid solution that has been recently used in the clinical setting. Whether sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution reduces the occurrence of postoperative AKI and improves the clinical outcomes of liver transplantation patients is not clear. Objective: To compare the effects of sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution versus normal saline on acute kidney injury and clinical outcomes following classic orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods: Sixty-four participants were randomly assigned to the sodium bicarbonate Ringers (BRS) group or the normal saline (NS) group. The primary outcomes were the incidence and severity of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. The secondary outcomes included the rate of renal replacement therapy, length of mechanical ventilation, stay in the ICU, stay in the hospital after surgery and 30-day mortality. Other outcomes included the concentration of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, anion gap, lactate concentration and changes in chloride preoperatively and postoperatively. Result: Sixty-two patients completed the trial and were analyzed, with 31 patients in each group. There was a significantly lower rate of postoperative acute kidney injury in the BRS group (14/31, 45.2%) than in the NS group (24/31, 77.4%), with a relative risk of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.38-0.90; p = 0.009). The severity of AKI in the BRS group was lower than that in the NS group (Z = -2.932, p = 0.003). There was no significant difference observed in the secondary outcomes. For other outcomes, the concentration of preoperative sodium was lower than postoperative sodium in the NS group (137.2 vs. 140.4, p = 0.009). The concentration of preoperative chloride was lower than that of postoperative chloride in the NS group (102.9 vs. 106.2, p < 0.001). The change in the concentration of chloride in the BRS group was lower than that in the NS group (1.6 vs. 4.7, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution reduced the incidence and severity of acute kidney injury after classic orthotopic liver transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of different depths of sedation during propofol anesthesia on postoperative recovery 24 h after knee arthroscopy day surgery in adult patients. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial involved 126 patients (ASA physical status 1-2) who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic day surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: the light-sedation (L-Group) or deep-sedation (D-Group). In the L-group, the bispectral index values were kept in the range of 50-59; in the D-group, the bispectral index values were maintained in the range of 40-49. The Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) score assessed 24 h postoperatively using a 15-item questionnaire was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included Athens Insomnia Scale scores, postoperative pain scores, nausea or vomiting. Results: The total QoR-15 score 24 h postoperatively was similar in the two groups (L-group median:130, IQR [127-132] vs. D-group median:131, IQR [126-135], p = 0.089). But among the five dimensions of the QoR-15, physiological comfort was significantly better in the D-group than L-group (p < 0.001). The time to open eyes (p < 0.001), follow the command (p < 0.001) and to extubation (p < 0.001) after surgery in the L-group were shorter than the D-group. The Athens Insomnia Scale scores (p < 0.001) and incidence of dreaming (p = 0.041) at the first postoperative night in the L-group was significantly higher than those in the D-group. Propofol consumption in the L-group was less than D-group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: For patients undergoing arthroscopic day surgery, general anesthesia with high-bispectral-index (50-59) cannot improve the total QoR-15 score 24 h postoperatively after surgery, but can lessen propofol consumption, reduce the time of extubation and anesthesia recovery period, compared with low-bispectralindex (40-49). Patients exposed to general anesthesia with low-bispectral-index values (40-49)may have better quality sleep and physical comfort than those with high-bispectral-index values (50-59). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver trauma, resection, and transplantation. IRI may lead to liver dysfunction and failure, but effective approach to address it is still lacking. To better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver IRI, functional roles of numerous cell types, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, neutrophils, and sinusoidal endothelial cells, have been intensively studied. In contrast, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are well recognized by their essential functions in facilitating liver protection and repair, have gained less attention in their role in IRI. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the effects of HSCs on the injury stage of liver IRI and their associated molecular mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the regulation of liver repair and regeneration after IRI by HSCs. Finally, we highlight unanswered questions and future avenues of research regarding contributions of HSCs to IRI in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of risk control, when hydrogen fuel and fuel cells are used on ships, there is a possibility of low-flash fuel leakage, leading to the risk of explosion. Since the fuel cell space (cabin for fuel cell installations) is an enclosed space, any small amount of leakage must be handled properly. In ship design, area classification is a method of analyzing and classifying the areas where explosive gas atmospheres may occur. If the fuel cell space is regarded as a hazardous area, all the electrical devices inside it must be explosion-proof type, which will make the ship's design very difficult. This paper takes a Chinese fuel cell powered ship as an example to analyze its safety. Firstly, the leakage rates of fuel cell modules, valves, and connectors are calculated. Secondly, the IEC60079-10-1 algorithm is used to calculate the risk level of the fuel cell space. Finally, the ship and fuel cells are optimized and redesigned, and the risk level of the fuel cell space is recalculated and compared. The result shows that the optimized fuel space risk level could be reduced to the level of the non-hazardous zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to investigate the effects of luteolin on hepatotoxicity caused by methamphetamine (METH). The rats in METH group were administrated with METH (15 mg/kg, two times per day) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections for four consecutive days. The rats in luteolin + METH group were firstly administrated with luteolin (100 mg/kg, once a day) by oral gavage for 3 days before METH treatment. Lueolin attenuated the hepatotoxicity induced by METH via histopathological and biochemical analysis. The results of RNA-seq showed that luteolin could regulate 497 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the selected DEGs were mainly enriched in eight pathways, according to KEGG analysis. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was utilized to verify the results of RNA-seq. Six genes were selected as follows: liver enriched antimicrobial peptide 2 (Leap2), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), fatty acid binding protein 5 (Fabp5), patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3 (Pnpla3), myelin basic protein (Mbp) and calmodulin 3 (Calm3). Though because of the design flaws, the luteolin group has not been included, this study demonstrated that luteolin might exert hepato-protective effects from METH via modulation of oxidative phosphorylation, cytochrome P450 and certain signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed parasitic protozoan among mammalian hosts, including humans. During the course of infection, the CNS is the most commonly damaged organ among invaded tissues. The polymorphic rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) is a key serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) kinase that phosphorylates host proteins to modulate acute virulence. However, the basis of neurotropism and the specific substrates through which ROP18 exerts neuropathogenesis remain unknown. Using mass spectrometry, we performed proteomic analysis of proteins that selectively bind to active ROP18 and identified RTN1-C, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that is preferentially expressed in the CNS. We demonstrated that ROP18 is associated with the N-terminal portion of RTN1-C and specifically phosphorylates RTN1-C at Ser7/ 134 and Thr4/8/118. ROP18 phosphorylation of RTN1-C triggers ER stress-mediated apoptosis in neural cells. Remarkably, ROP18 phosphorylation of RTN1-C enhances glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) acetylation by attenuating the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC), and this event is associated with an increase of neural apoptosis. These results clearly demonstrate that both RTN1-C and HDACs are involved in T. gondii ROP18-mediated pathogenesis of encephalitis during Toxoplasma infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) conjugated to triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) ligands represent an emerging approach to antisense therapy. Our current generation of GalNAc-ASO conjugates link the GalNAc to the 5'-terminus of the ASO. The conjugation reaction can be accomplished using solution-phase or solid-phase techniques. Here we show a direct comparison of a solution-phase and a solid-phase conjugation strategy. The solution-phase approach, using amine-pentafluorophenyl (PFP) ester coupling, is higher yielding and gives material of slightly higher purity, but requires several additional unit operations and longer production time. The solid-phase approach, using a protected GalNAc ligand phosphoramidite, is more expedient, but results in lower yield and purity. Both strategies efficiently deliver conjugated material in excellent purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical significance of metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), in human gallbladder cancer, is not yet established. This study was performed to assess the expression of MACC1 in benign and malignant gallbladder lesions, and to assess its clinicopathological significance. Materials and Methods: Tissue samples from resected gallbladder cancer (n = 70) and cholelithiasis (n = 70) were evaluated for MACC1 expression by immunohistochemical staining. Their expression was correlated with different clinicopathological parameters. Results: Cytoplasmic MACC1 expression was significantly higher (58.6%) in gallbladder cancer than in chronic cholecystitis (27.1%, P < 0.001). High MACC1 levels were associated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.01), and perineural invasion (P < 0.01), but not with sex, age, history of gallstones or histological grade (P > 0.05). The univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that a positive MACC1 expression was associated with decreased overall survival (P < 0.001). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MACC1 expression and the histopathological subtypes were independent risk factors for disease-free survival. Conclusion: The expression of MACC1 might be closely related to carcinogenesis, clinical biological behaviors, and prognosis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Census of Construction Industries (CCI) is conducted every five years as part of the quinquennial Economic Census. The CCI covers all establishments with payroll that are engaged primarily in contract construction or construction on their own account for sale as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual. The CCI is a partial census including all multi-establishments and all establishments with payroll above $480,000, one out of every five establishments with payroll between $480,000 and $120,000 and one out of eight remaining establishments. The resulting database contains for each year approximately 200,000 establishments in the building construction, heavy construction and special trade construction industrial classifications. This article compares the content, survey procedures and sample response of the 1982, 1987 and 1992 Censuses of Construction. In addition, it describes the Census Bureau's Economic Census Program, which includes the Census of Construction Industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]