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Oxalis subg. Thamnoxys is a mostly South American group of Oxalis encompassing almost 80 species from tropical habitats that are currently separated into nine sections based on morphology and geographic distributions. In this study, we investigated whether Oxalis subg. Thamnoxys and its sections are monophyletic. DNA sequences of the nrITS, trnL-trnL-trnF , and petA-psbJ from 92 specimens of Oxalis (55 from O. subg. Thamnoxys , 37 from O. subg. Oxalis , and five outgroup taxa) were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among its nine sections. Nuclear and plastid molecular markers were subjected to maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses individually and in a combined data matrix. Our phylogenetic trees recovered O. subg. Thamnoxys as monophyletic only if O. praetexta , previously included in O. sect. Robustae , is transferred to O. subg. Oxalis. The remaining samples of the subgenus emerged in a clade with full bootstrap and posterior probability support. Within it, O. sect. Holophyllum was the only section that was recovered as monophyletic, whereas the remaining sections were not, either because of sampling a single species of each (O. sect. Foliosae , Hedysaroideae , and Phyllodoxys), to the unexpected placement of O. goyazensis (O. sect. Robustae) in O. sect. Psoraleoideae , or to the sister relationship between O. densifolia (O. sect. Foliosae) with O. pyrenea var. macrochaeta (O. sect. Thamnoxys), suggesting the need of revaluating some specific affinities and updating sectional circumscriptions. This phylogenetic study with an improved sampling of O. subg. Thamnoxys is the first step towards an updated classification of the subgenus and for interpreting both its morphological diversification and biogeographic history in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrcia capixaba and M. forzzae, two new species from the large Neotropical genus Myrcia, are here proposed, described, and illustrated. Both species belong to Myrcia sect. Aguava and are morphologically quite distinct from the other species of the section. Myrcia capixaba occurs in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo and presents a set of features that do not overlap with any other species within M. sect. Aguava: dibrachiate trichomes on the branches, leaves, and inflorescences and externally on the flowers, broadly elliptic to ovate leaves with flat, barely visible secondary venation adaxially, and subterminal panicles. Myrcia forzzae occurs in the Amazon Forest of Mato Grosso and resembles M. gigas, differing in the shorter internodes, vegetative branches and inflorescence rachises densely covered with trichomes (vs. with scattered trichomes or glabrous), and calyx lobes bearing trichomes externally (vs. glabrous). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leucoagaricus taniae (Agaricaceae) is described as new to science. It was found growing in sand at Armação beach on Santa Catarina Island in Southern Brazil covered by sand among Canavalia rosea (Fabaceae) and Cyperus pedunculatus (Cyperaceae). The new species has a cream white pileus that is up to 50 mm in diameter and exudes golden drops when fresh. The stipe is up to 60 mm height, with rhizomorphs at the end of the volvate base. Photographs of fresh basidiomes in situ and illustrations of the main micromorphological features are presented. A molecular-phylogenetic analysis that includes the species is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes in the world. Despite that, this biome still includes many areas that are poorly known floristically, including several protected areas, such as the "Floresta Nacional do Rio Preto" ("Flona do Rio Preto"), located in the Brazilian State of Espírito Santo. This study used a published vascular plant species list for this protected area from the "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil" as the basis to synthesise the species richness, endemism, conservation and new species occurrences found in the "Flona do Rio Preto". New information The published list of vascular plants was based on field expeditions conducted between 2018 and 2020 and data obtained from herbarium collections available in online databases. Overall, 722 species were documented for the "Flona do Rio Preto", 711 of which are native to Brazil and 349 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. In addition, 60 species are geographically disjunct between the Atlantic and the Amazon Forests. Most of the documented species are woody and more than 50% of these are trees. Twenty-three species are threatened (CR, EN and VU), while five are Data Deficient (DD). Thirty-two species are new records for the State of Espírito Santo. Our results expand the knowledge of the flora of the Atlantic Forest and provide support for the development of new conservation policies for this protected area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We describe two new species of Myrcia (Myrtaceae) and contrast them with morphologically related species. Morphological illustrations, a map of occurrence records, habitat documentation, a description of phenological activity, comments on ecology and a preliminary conservation status of the new taxa are also presented. The new taxa are named Myrcia chrysotrichoma T.Fern. & Stagg. (from São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina states) and M. ribeirensis T.Fern. & D.F.Lima (from São Paulo and Paraná states). Both species inhabit montane and riparian forests in the Atlantic Forest and are morphologically similar to M. pubipetala Miq. However, M. chrysotrichoma differs from this species in its long and golden trichomes and reduced panicles. Myrcia ribeirensis differs from M. pubipetala by its thin and delicate leaf blades and reflexed calyx lobes. Myrcia chrysotrichoma is also compared with other three similar Atlantic Forest species: M. isaiana G.M.Barroso & Peixoto, M. maximiliana O.Berg and M. guarujana Sobral, Magenta & Caliari. We also present an identification key that includes all of the species cited throughout this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in phenological events have been vastly documented in face of recent global climate change. These studies are concentrated on temperate plants, and the responses of tropical species are still little understood, likely due to the lack of long-term phenological records in the tropics. In this case, the use of herbarium specimens to gather phenological data over long periods and wide geographic areas has emerged as a powerful tool. Here, we used four Melastomataceae species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest to evaluate phenological patterns and alterations as responses to recent climate changes. Phenological data were gathered from Reflora Virtual Herbarium specimens collected between 1920 and 2018, and analyzed with circular statistics applied to the intervals 1920–1979, 1980–1999, and 2000–2018. The effects of temperature range, average temperature, precipitation, and photoperiod on flowering and fruiting of each species were tested using multiple linear regressions. Through circular statistics, we detected changes, mostly delays, in the flowering of Miconia quinquedentata, Pleroma clavatum and P. trichopodum, and in the fruiting of M. acutiflora, P. clavatum and P. trichopodum. We also found that flowering and fruiting occurrence were related to local climatic conditions from months prior to the collections. We found marked phenological variations over the decades and also that these variations are associated to global climate change, adding up to the large body of evidence from higher latitudes. Our results also support herbarium collections as an important source for long-term tropical phenological studies. The lack of consistent patterns of responses among the four species (e.g. fruiting delayed two months in P. clavatum and advanced one month in M. acutiflora) suggests that climate change has unequal effects across tropical forests. This highlights the urgent need for further research to understand and forecast the ecological implications of these changes in global ecosystems processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An annotated conspectus of 124 species is presented for Myrcia DC. sect. Aulomyrcia (O. Berg) Griseb. This list is published for use as a basis for future revisionary work and presents the species of this evolutionary group together for the first time. Publication and type information, habitat and distribution, preliminary conservation assessments, and diagnostic notes are provided for each species. In transferring species of Calyptranthes Sw. and Marlierea Cambess. to Myrcia, 28 new combinations are made: Myrcia areolata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea areolata McVaugh], Myrcia biptera (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea biptera Amshoff], Myrcia caesariata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caesariata McVaugh], Myrcia cana (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea cana McVaugh], Myrcia caudata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caudata McVaugh], Myrcia convexivenia (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea convexivenia B. Holst], Myrcia ensiformis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ensiformis McVaugh], Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea excoriata Mart.], Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Psidium guildingianum Griseb.], Myrcia insignis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea insignis McVaugh], Myrcia karuaiensis (Steyerm.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Aulomyrcia karuaiensis Steyerm.], Myrcia ligustrina (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ligustrina McVaugh], Myrcia lituatinervia (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Myrciaria lituatinervia O. Berg], Myrcia maguirei (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea maguirei McVaugh], Myrcia mcvaughii (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea mcvaughii B. Holst], Myrcia multiglomerata (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea multiglomerata Amshoff], Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg], Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea obversa D. Legrand], Myrcia pudica (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea pudica McVaugh], Myrcia rugosior (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea rugosior McVaugh], Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea scytophylla Diels], Myrcia skortzoviana (Mattos) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea skortzoviana Mattos], Myrcia suborbicularis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea suborbicularis McVaugh], Myrcia subulata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea subulata McVaugh], Myrcia sucrei (G. M. Barroso & Peixoto) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea sucrei G. M. Barroso & Peixoto], Myrcia umbraticola (Kunth) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea umbraticola (Kunth) O. Berg], Myrcia uniflora (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea uniflora McVaugh], and Myrcia ventuarensis (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ventuarensis B. Holst]. The following 21 replacement names are created: Myrcia argentigemma E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. aulomyrcioides E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. chonodisca E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. holstii E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neobuxifolia E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoimperfecta E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomacrophylla E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomontana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoobscura E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoregeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoschomburgkiana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neosuaveolens E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotovarensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neovelutina E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, and M. neoverticillaris E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson. Sixty-four lectotypes are newly designated for the following names: Aulomyrcia blanchetiana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia blanchetiana (O. Berg) Mattos], Aulomyrcia buxifolia O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia cambessedeana O. Berg [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia diaphana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia diaphana (O. Berg) N. Silveira], Aulomyrcia divaricata O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia rufipila McVaugh], Aulomyrcia egensis O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia egensis (O. Berg) McVaugh], Aulomyrcia eumecephylla O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Aulomyrcia gigantea O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia gigantea (O. Berg) Nied.], Aulomyrcia goyazensis O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia insularis (Gardner) O. Berg var. punctata O. Berg [= Myrcia insularis Gardner], Aulomyrcia mathewsiana O. Berg [= Myrcia mathewsiana (O. Berg) McVaugh], Aulomyrcia pallida O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia pohliana O. Berg [= Myrcia pubiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia pyrifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) O. Berg var. robusta O. Berg [= Myrcia pyrifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) Nied.], Aulomyrcia racemosa O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia racemosa (O. Berg) Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia rorida O. Berg [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Aulomyrcia rostrata O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neorostrata Sobral], Aulomyrcia salzmannii O. Berg [= Myrcia decorticans DC.], Aulomyrcia sphenoides O. Berg [= Myrcia sphenoides (O. Berg) Mattos], Aulomyrcia stictophylla O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia stictophylla (O. Berg) N. Silveira], Aulomyrcia subobliqua O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia subobliqua (Benth.) Nied.], Eugenia ferruginea Poir. [ ≡ Myrcia ferruginea (Poir.) DC.], Eugenia micropetala Mart. [ ≡ Myrcia micropetala (Mart.) Nied.], Eugenia quitarensis Benth. [ ≡ Myrcia quitarensis (Benth.) Sagot], Eugeniopsis riedeliana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea cuprea Amshoff [ ≡ Myrcia neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea dimorpha O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea estrellensis O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea excoriata Mart. [≡ Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea glabra Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea grandifolia O. Berg [= Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea macrophylla Amshoff [≡ Myrcia neomacrophylla E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea obscura O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoobscura E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea parviflora O. Berg [= Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoregeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg var. parviflora Kiaersk. [= Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea schottiana O. Berg [= Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea scytophylla Diels [≡ Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea suaveolens Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neosuaveolens E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea tomentosa Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea tovarensis O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neotovarensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea verticillaris O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoverticillaris E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia Nied., Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk., Myrcia colpodes Kiaersk., Myrcia decorticans DC., Myrcia imbricata Gardner [= Myrcia racemulosa DC.], Myrcia insularis Gardner, Myrcia limae G. M. Barroso & Peixoto [= Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Myrcia littoralis DC., Myrcia myrtillifolia DC., Myrcia polyantha DC., Myrcia pubiflora DC., Myrcia pyramidata O. Berg [= Myrcia rubiginosa Cambess.], Myrcia racemulosa DC., Myrcia riodocensis G. M. Barroso & Peixoto, Myrcia rubella Cambess. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rubiginosa Cambess., Myrcia scutulifera DC. [= Myrcia racemulosa DC.], Myrcia strigipes Mart. [= Myrcia neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrciaria ehrenbergiana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia ehrenbergiana (O. Berg) McVaugh], Psidium guildingianum Griseb. [ ≡ Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], and Rubachia spathulata O. Berg [≡ Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson]. A single neotype is designated for Aulomyrcia ramuliflora O. Berg [= Myrcia ramuliflora (O. Berg) N. Silveira]. Fifteen names are newly synonymized: Aulomyrcia cambessedeana O. Berg [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia salzmannii O. Berg [= Myrcia decorticans DC.], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg var. parviflora Kiaersk. [= Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrcia amblyphylla Kiaersk. [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Myrcia dictyophylla (O. Berg) Mattos & D. Legrand [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia heringeriana Mattos [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Myrcia limae G. M. Barroso & Peixoto [= Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Myrcia lucida McVaugh, Myrcia lucida var. attenuata McVaugh [= Myrcia inaequiloba (DC.) Lemée], Myrcia lundiana Kiaersk. [= Myrcia amazonica DC.], Myrcia pallida (O. Berg) N. Silveira [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Myrcia parnahibensis (O. Berg) Kiaersk. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rorida (O. Berg) Kiaersk. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rubella Cambess. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], and Myrcia taubatensis Kiaersk. [= Myrcia multiflora DC.]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]