Search

The article focuses on the 30-year evolution of behavioral medicine and its international impact on health science. Topics include the development of interdisciplinary approaches in behavioral medicine, advancements in research on behavioral health interventions, and the global collaboration that has shaped the field's growth and future directions.

Chiral amine scaffolds are among the most important building blocks in natural products, drug molecules, and functional materials, which have prompted chemists to focus more on their synthesis. Among the accomplishments in chiral amine synthesis, transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C–N cross-coupling is considered one of the most efficient protocols. This approach combines traditional C(sp2)–N cross-coupling methods (such as the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction Ullmann-type reaction, and Chan–Evans–Lam reaction), aryliodonium salt chemistry and radical chemistry, providing an attractive pathway to a wide range of structurally diverse chiral amines with high enantioselectivity. This review summarizes the established protocols and offers a comprehensive outlook on the promising enantioselective C–N cross-coupling reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an improved few-shot learning model of the Siamese network residual Visual Geometry Group (VGG). This model combined with time–frequency domain transformation techniques effectively enhances the performance of across-load fault diagnosis for induction motors with limited data conditions. The proposed residual VGG-based Siamese network consists of two primary components: the feature extraction network, which is the residual VGG, and the merged similarity layer. First, the residual VGG architecture utilizes residual learning to boost learning efficiency and mitigate the degradation problem typically associated with deep neural networks. The employment of smaller convolutional kernels substantially reduces the number of model parameters, expedites model convergence, and curtails overfitting. Second, the merged similarity layer incorporates multiple distance metrics for similarity measurement to enhance classification performance. For cross-domain fault diagnosis in induction motors, we developed experimental models representing four common types of faults. We measured the vibration signals from both healthy and faulty models under varying loads. We then applied the proposed model to evaluate and compare its effectiveness in cross-domain fault diagnosis against conventional AI models. Experimental results indicate that when the imbalance ratio reached 20:1, the average accuracy of the proposed residual VGG-based Siamese network for fault diagnosis across different loads was 98%, closely matching the accuracy of balanced and sufficient datasets, and significantly surpassing the diagnostic performance of other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides an overview of the current trends and prospects of the extraction and separation analysis techniques for phenolic compounds in honey in 2012–2022 years. The classification, chemical structures, physicochemical, and bioactive properties of phenolic compounds in honey were comprehensively analyzed. The recent sample preparation techniques for extracting and separating the phenolic compounds from honey were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of different extraction and separation analyses were also analyzed and compared. According to recent literatures, solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, two traditional sample preparation techniques, are still widely used for extracting phenolic compounds from honey samples. Various improved microscale extraction methods, such as solid phase microextraction and liquid-liquid microextraction, and sub-technologies can be applied considering the recovery rates, costs, solvent consumption, and environmental impacts. This review will provide insights into the extraction and separation analysis of phenolic compounds, and foster the development and utilization of active components in honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherently chiral calix[4]arenes are an excellent structural scaffold for enantioselective synthesis, chiral recognition, sensing, and circularly polarized luminescence. However, their catalytic enantioselective synthesis remains challenging. Herein, we report an efficient synthesis of inherently chiral calix[4]arene derivatives via cascade enantioselective cyclization and oxidation reactions. The three‐component reaction features a broad substrate scope (33 examples), high efficiency (up to 90 % yield), and excellent enantioselectivity (>95 % ee on average). The potential applications of calix[4]arene derivatives are highlighted by their synthetic transformation and a detailed investigation of their photophysical and chiroptical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherently chiral calix[4]arenes are an excellent structural scaffold for enantioselective synthesis, chiral recognition, sensing, and circularly polarized luminescence. However, their catalytic enantioselective synthesis remains challenging. Herein, we report an efficient synthesis of inherently chiral calix[4]arene derivatives via cascade enantioselective cyclization and oxidation reactions. The three‐component reaction features a broad substrate scope (33 examples), high efficiency (up to 90 % yield), and excellent enantioselectivity (>95 % ee on average). The potential applications of calix[4]arene derivatives are highlighted by their synthetic transformation and a detailed investigation of their photophysical and chiroptical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of near-infrared (NIR) light-induced photopolymerization depends considerably on its photodynamics, which is affected by photoinitiated systems and, inevitably, the thermal effect of NIR light. This study reports the underlying photothermal synergy mechanism of NIR light-induced up-conversion material-assisted photopolymerization (UCAP) employing extra thermal initiation for utilizing undeveloped heat to improve NIR photopolymerization and 3D printing efficiency. The results revealed that excited up-conversion particles (UCPs) not only provide upconverted photon energy but also release heat to aggravate the thermal effect after NIR irradiation. The designed photothermal synergetic curing (PTSC) systems recycle unavailable heat to reduce the necessary energy threshold of the UCAP process by 35% and accelerate NIR photopolymerization for rapid 3D printing of complex structures with 40% enhanced mechanical properties. Moreover, oxygen inhibition is alleviated to improve the surface sharpness of printing materials due to the utilization enhancement of NIR light energy to increase, particularly, the overall surface conversion. The established photothermal synergy mechanism in UCAP provides a theoretical foundation for efficiently fabricating various unsupported and sharp-surface materials, highlighting the potential applications of UCAP technology in high-precision material manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for effective thermal management has led to a growing need for composite coatings with high thermal conductivity (TC). In this work, we developed a novel approach to enhance the TC of polymer coatings by incorporating hybrid fillers composed of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and graphitic carbon (GC). The process involved the creation of hybrid fibers through wet spinning, combining biomass polysaccharide sodium alginate with bulk h-BN, followed by controlled carbonization at varying temperatures. During carbonization, the in-situ generation of small-molecule compounds facilitated the preparation of BN nanosheets and the formation of a unique BN and graphitic carbon (BN-GC) preassembled heterostructure. By adjusting the carbonization temperature, the degree of graphitization was controlled in the hybrid fillers. Subsequently, these hybrid fillers were blended with a polymer matrix to create photocurable coatings. Leveraging the intrinsic high thermal conductivity of BN nanosheets and the low interfacial thermal resistance between BN and GC, our composite coatings demonstrated a remarkable enhancement in TC. Notably, with a filler content of 20 wt%, the resulting composite coating exhibited an impressive in-plane and out-of-plane TC of up to 2.34 and 0.41 W/(m K), respectively. This innovative approach holds significant promise for improving the thermal performance of polymer coatings in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synaptic plasticity is a key cellular model for learning, memory and chronic pain. Most previous studies were carried out in rats and mice, and less is known about synaptic plasticity in non-human primates. In the present study, we used integrative experimental approaches to study long-term potentiation (LTP) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of adult tree shrews. We found that glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionicacid (AMPA) receptors mediate postsynaptic responses. LTP in tree shrews was greater than that in adult mice and lasted for at least 5 h. N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, Ca2+ influx and adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) contributed to tree shrew LTP. Our results suggest that LTP is a major form of synaptic plasticity in the ACC of primate-like animals. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital museums play a crucial role in facilitating users' access to and exploration of digital cultural heritage resources. However, exploring the factors influencing user engagement with these digital museums from a user experience perspective remains essential. This study evaluates the factors driving user continuous behavioral intention towards the digital museum of Beijing's central axis, integrating the new task-technology fit (TTF) and the new unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) models, and introducing perceived enjoyment, design aesthetics, and perceived cultural value as additional variables. Analyzing survey data (n = 377) utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM), the study identifies the following key findings: (1) the task and technology characteristics of digital museums significantly impact the TTF; (2) performance expectancy, effort expectancy, design aesthetics, perceived enjoyment, and perceived cultural value all positively impact user continuous behavioral intention; (3) the technological characteristics of digital museums were observed to positively impact users' effort expectancy; but (4) the TTF and social influence did not have no significant impact the user continuous behavioral intention. These findings offer valuable insights into the factors driving users' continuous behavioral intention to use digital museums of cultural heritage, offering practical guidance for future development and optimization of these digital museums, and highlighting specific implications and suggestions for enhancing the user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital museums play a crucial role in facilitating users' access to and exploration of digital cultural heritage resources. However, exploring the factors influencing user engagement with these digital museums from a user experience perspective remains essential. This study evaluates the factors driving user continuous behavioral intention towards the digital museum of Beijing's central axis, integrating the new task-technology fit (TTF) and the new unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) models, and introducing perceived enjoyment, design aesthetics, and perceived cultural value as additional variables. Analyzing survey data (n = 377) utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM), the study identifies the following key findings: (1) the task and technology characteristics of digital museums significantly impact the TTF; (2) performance expectancy, effort expectancy, design aesthetics, perceived enjoyment, and perceived cultural value all positively impact user continuous behavioral intention; (3) the technological characteristics of digital museums were observed to positively impact users' effort expectancy; but (4) the TTF and social influence did not have no significant impact the user continuous behavioral intention. These findings offer valuable insights into the factors driving users' continuous behavioral intention to use digital museums of cultural heritage, offering practical guidance for future development and optimization of these digital museums, and highlighting specific implications and suggestions for enhancing the user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) rely on their mycorrhizal fungus for carbon and nutrient supply, thus a shift in mycobionts may play a crucial role in speciation. This study aims to explore the mycorrhizal diversity of two closely related and sympatric fully MHPs, Monotropastrum humile var. humile (Mhh) and M. humile var. glaberrimum (Mhg), and determine their mycorrhizal associations. A total of 1,108,710 and 1,119,071 ectomycorrhizal fungal reads were obtained from 31 Mhh and 31 Mhg, and these were finally assigned to 227 and 202 operational taxonomic units, respectively. Results show that sympatric Mhh and Mhg are predominantly associated with different fungal genera in Russulaceae. Mhh is consistently associated with members of Russula, whereas Mhg is associated with members of Lactarius. Associating with different mycobionts and limited sharing of fungal partners might reduce the competition and contribute to their coexistence. The ectomycorrhizal fungal communities are significantly different among the five forests in both Mhh and Mhg. The distinct mycorrhizal specificity between Mhh and Mhg suggests the possibility of different mycobionts triggered ecological speciation between sympatric species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell line development (CLD) represents a complex but highly critical process during the development of a biological drug. To shed light on this crucial workflow, a team of BioPhorum members (authors) has developed and executed surveys focused on the activities and effort involved in a typical CLD campaign. An average of 27 members from different companies that participate in the BioPhorum CLD working group answered surveys covering three distinguishable stages of a standard CLD process: (1) Pre‐transfection, including vector design and construction; (2) Transfection, spanning the initial introduction of vector into cells and subsequent selection and analysis of the pools; and (3) Single Cell Cloning and Lead Clone Selection, comprising methods of isolating single cells and confirming clonal origin, subsequent expansion and screening processes, and methods for identifying and banking lead clones. The surveys were very extensive, including a total of 341 questions split between antibody and complex molecule CLD processes. In this survey review, the authors interpret and highlight responses for antibody development and, where relevant, contrast complex molecule development challenges to provide a comprehensive industry perspective on the typical time and effort required to develop a CHO production cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric intestinal development is immature, vulnerable to external influences and produce a variety of intestinal diseases. At present, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, but there are still many challenges, such as toxic side effects, drug resistance, and the lack of more effective treatments and specific drugs. In recent years, dietary polyphenols derived from plants have become a research hotspot in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases due to their outstanding pharmacological activities such, as anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and regulation of intestinal flora. This article reviewed the mechanism of action and clinical evidence of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, and discussed the influence of physiological characteristics of children on the efficacy of polyphenols, and finally prospected the new dosage forms of polyphenols in pediatrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel‐catalyzed transannulation reactions triggered by the extrusion of small gaseous molecules have emerged as a powerful strategy for the efficient construction of heterocyclic compounds. However, their use in asymmetric synthesis remains challenging because of the difficulty in controlling stereo‐ and regioselectivity. Herein, we report the first nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of N−N atropisomers by the denitrogenative transannulation of benzotriazones with alkynes. A broad range of N−N atropisomers was obtained with excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity under mild conditions. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the nickel‐catalyzed reaction mechanism and enantioselectivity control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel‐catalyzed transannulation reactions triggered by the extrusion of small gaseous molecules have emerged as a powerful strategy for the efficient construction of heterocyclic compounds. However, their use in asymmetric synthesis remains challenging because of the difficulty in controlling stereo‐ and regioselectivity. Herein, we report the first nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of N−N atropisomers by the denitrogenative transannulation of benzotriazones with alkynes. A broad range of N−N atropisomers was obtained with excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity under mild conditions. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the nickel‐catalyzed reaction mechanism and enantioselectivity control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces a novel framework utilizing a sequential gated graph convolutional neural network (GGCN) designed specifically for botnet detection within Internet of Things (IoT) network environments. By capitalizing on the strengths of graph neural networks (GNNs) to represent network traffic as complex graph structures, our approach adeptly handles the temporal dynamics inherent to botnet attacks. Key to our approach is the development of a time-stamped multi-edge graph structure that uncovers subtle temporal patterns and hidden relationships in network flows, critical for recognizing botnet behaviors. Moreover, our sequential graph learning framework incorporates time-sequenced edges and multi-edged structures into a two-layered gated graph model, which is optimized with specialized message-passing layers and aggregation functions to address the challenges of time-series traffic data effectively. Our comparative analysis with the state of the art reveals that our sequential gated graph convolutional neural network achieves substantial improvements in detecting IoT botnets. The proposed GGCN model consistently outperforms the conventional model, achieving improvements in accuracy ranging from marginal to substantial—0.01% for BoT IoT and up to 25% for Mirai. Moreover, our empirical analysis underscores the GGCN's enhanced capabilities, particularly in binary classification tasks, on imbalanced datasets. These findings highlight the model's ability to effectively navigate and manage the varying complexity and characteristics of IoT security threats across different datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the influencing factors of school climate, this paper used TALIS 2018 principal survey data and applied linear regression to examine the influence of three elements on school climate: external school environment and structure, principal personal characteristics, and principal leadership. According to the research targeting 198 principals from Shanghai secondary schools, all three aspects can influence the formation and development of school climate, with each influencing factor acting on different dimensions of school climate. These different paths are the mechanisms that influence the school climate in the education system. In addition, principal leadership plays a more important role than the other aspects in determining school climate. To create a school climate that is better suited to the development of all involved in the school, this paper offers suggestions on how to better select principals and improve their leadership skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of Stropharia rugoso-annulata is currently reliant on manual sorting, which may be subject to bias. To improve the sorting efficiency, automated sorting equipment could be used instead. However, sorting naked mushrooms in real time remains a challenging task due to the difficulty of accurately identifying, locating and sorting large quantities of them simultaneously. Models must be deployable on resource-limited devices, making it challenging to achieve both a high accuracy and speed. This paper proposes the APHS-YOLO (YOLOv8n integrated with AKConv, CSPPC and HSFPN modules) model, which is lightweight and efficient, for identifying Stropharia rugoso-annulata of different grades and seasons. This study includes a complete dataset of runners of different grades in spring and autumn. To enhance feature extraction and maintain the recognition accuracy, the new multi-module APHS-YOLO uses HSFPNs (High-Level Screening Feature Pyramid Networks) as a thin-neck structure. It combines an improved lightweight PConv (Partial Convolution)-based convolutional module, CSPPC (Integration of Cross-Stage Partial Networks and Partial Convolution), with the Arbitrary Kernel Convolution (AKConv) module. Additionally, to compensate for the accuracy loss due to lightweighting, APHS-YOLO employs a knowledge refinement technique during training. Compared to the original model, the optimized APHS-YOLO model uses 57.8% less memory and 62.5% fewer computational resources. It has an FPS (frames per second) of over 100 and even achieves 0.1% better accuracy metrics than the original model. These research results provide a valuable reference for the development of automatic sorting equipment for forest farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention to habitat dynamics in subtropical mid-mountain forest plant communities containing endangered vegetation is critical for understanding the responses of ecosystems to global climate change and for their effective conservation. This study examines the species composition, structure, and interspecies competition within endemic and endangered Abies ziyuanensis (Abies ziyuanensis L.K.Fu and S.L.Mo) communities in China, comparing undisturbed and anthropogenically disturbed conditions. The survey recorded a total of 71 plant species across 39 families and 60 genera. PERMANOVA analysis highlighted significant disparities in species composition between the two forest community conditions. Communities impacted by anthropogenic disturbances showed a higher diversity of shrub and herbaceous species compared to those that were undisturbed, coupled with a significant increase in the number of Abies ziyuanensis seedlings, suggesting a greater potential for self-renewal. Nonetheless, the distribution of diameter class structures in these two community conditions indicates a declining trend in population numbers. In undisturbed Abies ziyuanensis communities, the Weighted Hegyi Competition Index (WCI) for Abies ziyuanensis was 6.04, below the average WCI of 12.24 for all trees within these communities. In contrast, within communities affected by anthropogenic disturbances, the WCI for Abies ziyuanensis reached 7.76, higher than the average WCI of 7.43 for all trees, indicating that Abies ziyuanensis in disturbed communities face heightened competitive pressure compared to undisturbed settings. These findings underscore that previous anthropogenic disturbances have altered the community composition, competition dynamics, growth environment, and succession trends of Abies ziyuanensis communities. While these disturbances promote the regeneration of Abies ziyuanensis, they also reduce its current dominance as a target species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal dust is a major safety hazard in the process of coal mining and is of great importance to ensure production safety and maintain the health of operators. In order to understand the microscopic mechanism during coal seam water injection and reveal the mechanism of surfactants in improving the wettability of coal dust, coking coal was selected as the research object. Three surfactants, SDBS, AEO-9, and CAB-35, were chosen for molecular dynamics simulation research on the wetting and adsorption properties of water/coal/surfactants. The results show that surfactant molecules can cover the hydrophobic groups on the surface of coking coal, forming a hydrophilic adsorption layer, changing the coal surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, and enhancing the wettability. After adding surfactants, the thickness of the adsorption layer in the z-axis direction increases, expanding the contact area between coking coal and water molecules, thereby improving the wettability. When surfactants tightly cover the surface of coking coal, their binding strength increases, forming a more stable hydrophilic layer and further improving the wettability. At the same time, surfactants promote the diffusion of water molecules and enhance the interaction between hydrophobic alkyl chains and water molecules, further enhancing the wetting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a common-node DEM-SPH coupling model based on the shared node method is proposed, and a fluid–structure coupling method using the common-node discrete element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (DS-SPH) method is developed using LS-DYNA software. The DEM and SPH are established on the same node to create common-node DEM-SPH particles, allowing for fluid–structure interactions. Numerical simulations of various scenarios, including water entry of a rigid sphere, dam-break propagation over wet beds, impact on an ice plate floating on water and ice accumulation on offshore structures, are conducted. The interaction between DS particles and SPH fluid and the crack generation mechanism and expansion characteristics of the ice plate under the interaction of structure and fluid are also studied. The results are compared with available data to verify the proposed coupling method. Notably, the simulation results demonstrated that controlling the cutoff pressure of internal SPH particles could effectively control particle splashing during ice crushing failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth and development. In Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd., a species known for its medicinal and food value, phlorizin is the major bioactive compound with pharmacological activity. Research has revealed a positive correlation between plant nitrogen (N) content and phlorizin synthesis in this species. However, no study has analyzed the effect of N fertilization on phlorizin content and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying phlorizin synthesis in L. polystachyus. Results: A comparison of the L. polystachyus plants grown without (0 mg/plant) and with N fertilization (25, 75, 125, 175, 225, and 275 mg/plant) revealed that 75 mg N/plant fertilization resulted in the greatest seedling height, ground diameter, crown width, and total phlorizin content. Subsequent analysis of the leaves using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) detected 150 metabolites, including 42 flavonoids, that were differentially accumulated between the plants grown without and with 75 mg/plant N fertilization. Transcriptomic analysis of the L. polystachyus plants via RNA sequencing revealed 162 genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, among which 53 significantly differed between the N-treated and untreated plants. Fertilization (75 mg N/plant) specifically upregulated the expression of the genes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and phlorizin synthase (PGT1) but downregulated the expression of trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (C4H), shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), and chalcone isomerase (CHI), which are related to phlorizin synthesis. Finally, an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome revealed that the increase in phlorizin after N fertilization was consistent with the upregulation of phlorizin biosynthetic genes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR) was used to validate the RNA sequencing data. Thus, our results indicated that N fertilization increased phlorizin metabolism in L. polystachyus by regulating the expression levels of the PAL, PGT1, 5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate 3'-monooxygenase (C3'H), C4H, and HCT genes. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the addition of 75 mg/plant N to L. polystachyus significantly promoted the accumulation of flavonoids, including phlorizin, and the expression of flavonoid synthesis-related genes. Under these conditions, the genes PAL, 4CL, and PGT1 were positively correlated with phlorizin accumulation, while C4H, CHI, and HCT were negatively correlated with phlorizin accumulation. Therefore, we speculate that PAL, 4CL, and PGT1 participate in the phlorizin pathway under an optimal N environment, regulating phlorizin biosynthesis. These findings provide a basis for improving plant bioactive constituents and serve as a reference for further pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Osteoporosis is a major global health problem with substantial economic and psychosocial repercussions. Underdiagnosis of osteoporosis is prevalent. The dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is the gold standard for bone mineral density (BMD) measurement but its accessibility is limited. Radiographs are ubiquitous in healthcare and represent a promising avenue for opportunistic osteoporosis screening. Historically, this has been associated with high labor and time costs but several recent studies have demonstrated that BMD can be estimated from radiographs in a cost-effective manner utilizing deep learning techniques. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence supporting the utility of artificial intelligence (AI) methods for osteoporosis classification using radiographs. Osteoporosis is a complex endocrine disease characterized by a decline in bone mass and microstructural integrity. It constitutes a major global health problem. Recent progress in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new avenues for the effective diagnosis of osteoporosis via radiographs. This review investigates the application of AI classification of osteoporosis in radiographs. A comprehensive exploration of electronic repositories (ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE) was carried out in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement (PRISMA). A collection of 31 articles was extracted from these repositories and their significant outcomes were consolidated and outlined. This encompassed insights into anatomical regions, the specific machine learning methods employed, the effectiveness in predicting BMD, and categorizing osteoporosis. Through analyzing the respective studies, we evaluated the effectiveness and limitations of AI osteoporosis classification in radiographs. The pooled reported accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of osteoporosis classification ranges from 66.1% to 97.9%, 67.4% to 100.0%, and 60.0% to 97.5% respectively. This review underscores the potential of AI osteoporosis classification and offers valuable insights for future research endeavors, which should focus on addressing the challenges in technical and clinical integration to facilitate practical implementation of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell line development (CLD) plays a crucial role in the manufacturing process development of therapeutic biologics. Most biologics are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Because of the nature of random transgene integration in CHO genome and CHO's inherent plasticity, stable CHO transfectants usually have a vast diversity in productivity, growth, and product quality. Thus, we often must resort to screening a large number of cell pools and clones to increase the probability of identifying the ideal production cell line, which is a very laborious and resource‐demanding process. Here we have developed a deep‐well plate (DWP) enabled high throughput (DEHT) CLD platform using 24‐well DWP (24DWP), liquid handler, and other automation components. This platform has capabilities covering the key steps of CLD including cell passaging, clone imaging and expansion, and fed‐batch production. We are the first to demonstrate the suitability of 24DWP for CLD by confirming minimal well‐to‐well and plate‐to‐plate variability and the absence of well‐to‐well cross contamination. We also demonstrated that growth, production, and product quality of 24DWP cultures were comparable to those of conventional shake flask cultures. The DEHT platform enables scientists to screen five times more cultures than the conventional CLD platform, thus significantly decreases the resources needed to identify an ideal production cell line for biologics manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatography resins used for purifying biopharmaceuticals are generally dedicated to a single product. For clinical manufacturing, this can result in resin being used only for a fraction of its potential lifetime. Extending the use of resins to multiple products can significantly reduce resin waste and cost. It can also improve manufacturing flexibility in case of raw material shortage during times such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. The work presented herein describes an overarching multiproduct resin reuse (MRR) strategy, which includes a risk assessment, strategic planning, small‐scale feasibility runs, and the successful execution of the MRR strategy to support Good manufacturing practice (GMP) clinical manufacturing of an antibody‐based therapeutic. Specifically, an anion exchange (AEX) and cation exchange (CEX) MRR strategy is described. Clearance of carryover biological product is demonstrated by first cleaning the AEX and CEX manufacturing columns with sodium hydroxide to ensure inactivation and degradation of the carryover protein and followed by a blank buffer elution that is tested using various analytical methodologies to ensure reduction of the carryover protein to an acceptable level. To our knowledge, this is the first time an MRR approach has been successfully implemented and submitted to health authorities to support biologic GMP clinical manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow fiber filter fouling is a common issue plaguing perfusion production process for biologics therapeutics, but the nature of filter foulant has been elusive. Here we studied cell culture materials especially Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell‐derived extracellular vesicles in perfusion process to determine their role in filter fouling. We found that the decrease of CHO‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with 50–200 nm in diameter in perfusion permeates always preceded the increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) and subsequent decrease in product sieving, suggesting that sEVs might have been retained inside filters and contributed to filter fouling. Using scanning electron microscopy and helium ion microscopy, we found sEV‐like structures in pores and on foulant patches of hollow fiber tangential flow filtration filter (HF‐TFF) membranes. We also observed that the Day 28 TMP of perfusion culture correlated positively with the percentage of foulant patch areas. In addition, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy‐based elemental mapping microscopy and spectroscopy analysis suggests that foulant patches had enriched cellular materials but not antifoam. Fluorescent staining results further indicate that these cellular materials could be DNA, proteins, and even adherent CHO cells. Lastly, in a small‐scale HF‐TFF model, addition of CHO‐specific sEVs in CHO culture simulated filter fouling behaviors in a concentration‐dependent manner. Based on these results, we proposed a mechanism of HF‐TFF fouling, in which filter pore constriction by CHO sEVs is followed by cake formation of cellular materials on filter membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing facile and direct synthesis routes for enantioselective construction of cyclic π-conjugated molecules is crucial. However, originate chirality from the distorted structure around heptagon-containing polyarenes is largely overlooked, the enantioselective construction of all-carbon heptagon-containing polyarenes remains a challenge. Herein, we present a highly enantioselective synthesis route for fabricating all carbon heptagon-containing polyarenes via palladium-catalyzed carbene-based cross–coupling of benzyl bromides and N-arylsulfonylhydrazones. A wide range of nonplanar, saddle-shaped tribenzocycloheptene derivatives are efficiently prepared in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities using this approach. In addition, stereochemical stability experiments show that these saddle-shaped tribenzocycloheptene derivatives have high inversion barriers. Developing facile and direct synthesis routes for enantioselective construction of cyclic π-conjugated molecules is crucial but the chirality orginiating from the distorted structure around heptagon-containing polyarenes is largely overlooked. Herein the authors present a highly enantioselective synthesis for fabrication of all carbon heptagon-containing polyarenes via palladium-catalyzed carbene-based cross–coupling of benzyl bromides and N-arylsulfonylhydrazones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of hollow latex particles through seeded emulsion polymerization involves a series of intricate steps, including the formation of distinct polymer layers with specific properties. Despite extensive research, preserving the desired hollow structure remains challenging due to the unclear role of the encapsulating polymer layers. This study systematically adjusts the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the intermediate layer by varying the butyl acrylate (BA) ratio in the monomer feed mixture. By controlling the reaction temperature during alkali swelling, we explore the critical influence of Tg on hollow latex particle formation from carboxylated core latex particles. To ensure long‐term hollow structure retention after drying, a rigid outer layer is polymerized onto the intermediate layer. Surprisingly, higher divinylbenzene (DVB) mass ratios (5.0 and 10.0 wt%) do not result in a highly crosslinked hollow shell due to DVB self‐nucleation. This paper emphasizes the importance of precise design parameters for both intermediate and outermost layers in achieving and maintaining hollow latex particle structures. Understanding each layer's role and optimizing their compositions contribute to advancing hollow latex particle synthesis through seeded emulsion polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acylative fluorination of two different alkenes is developed, assisted by the interaction of silver catalyst and Selectflour. Various α‐ketonic acids can be decarboxylated to form acyl radicals at 35 °C, sequentially add to the electron‐deficient and electron‐ rich alkenes to provide the benzyl fluorinated compounds containing diversified functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing moderate levels of treatment to individuals with a criminal justice history is associated with lowered rates of recidivism; yet, treatment access remains low. One possible factor contributing to the lack of treatment options is public stigma. An experimental study was conducted that tested for differences in stigmatizing attitudes across conditions: (a) major depressive disorder (MDD), (b) MDD and opioid use disorder (OUD), and (c) MDD, OUD, and nonviolent, drug‐related criminal histories. Findings indicate that individuals who meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria for OUD with MDD, regardless of criminal histories, are stigmatized at higher levels than those with MDD alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, four different grades of mica sheets were used to investigate the influence of the size of mica sheet on the UV‐curing process and the anticorrosion performance of UV‐cured coatings. The dispersion of mica sheets in coating matrix was explored by viscosity and morphology measurements. The curing behavior of the composite coatings was studied by gel content and double bond conversion rate. The dispersing behavior of the mica sheets with different grades was investigated by SEM image and rheology measurement. And the anticorrosive performance of the UV‐cured composite coatings was studied by electrochemical measurements and neutral salt spray tests. It was found that the curing degree of the UV‐cured coating was not affected with incorporation of mica sheet as well as its size. Mica sheets with medium size (10 μm) could be more efficiently dispersed in UV‐cured coating than other grades, which helps to form a denser filler pathway and suppresses the diffusion of corrosive agents into the coating matrix, leading to the lowest water adsorption and best anticorrosion performance. After 45 days of immersion in NaCl solution, the impedance modulus of the UV‐cured composite coating with 10 μm mica sheets did not decrease and still maintained at the initial impedance value. After 1500 h's salt spray test, the corresponding coating remained intact without bubbling, peeling, corrosion, and other defects, whereas the coating with other grades of mica sheets all exhibited corrosion pits and blisters, demonstrating that the size of mica sheet played an important role in enhancing the anticorrosion performance of UV‐cured coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low‐viscosity bio‐based carbamate acrylate was synthesized by the reaction of pentamethylene diisocyanate derived from pentanediamine with a low molecular weight acrylate hydroxyl ester. The carbamate acrylate was used in the 3D printing of ceramics, and a correlation between the solid content and viscosity of the ceramic slurry was observed. The ceramic slurry exhibits good stability and low shrinkage. The results indicate that the viscosity of the ceramic slurry was 2.11 Pa s with a solid content of 80 wt%, which makes it suitable for digital light processing printing. In addition, a new type of photoinitiator called (2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl)bis(p‐tolyl)phosphine oxide (TMO) has been applied, demonstrating excellent potential in ceramic slurry. According to its thermogravimetric curve, a debinding and sintering process was designed, and ultimately an Al2O3 device with a density of 94.49% was prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherent chirality is used to describe chiral cyclic molecules devoid of central, axial, planar, or helical chirality and has tremendous applications in chiral recognition and enantioselective synthesis. Catalytic and divergent syntheses of inherently chiral molecules have attracted increasing interest from chemists. Herein, we report the enantioselective synthesis of inherently chiral tribenzocycloheptene derivatives via chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)‐catalyzed condensation of cyclic ketones and hydroxylamines. This chemistry paves the way to accessing the less stable derivatives of 7‐membered rings with inherent chirality. A series of chiral tribenzocycloheptene oxime ethers was synthesized in good yields (up to 97 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherent chirality is used to describe chiral cyclic molecules devoid of central, axial, planar, or helical chirality and has tremendous applications in chiral recognition and enantioselective synthesis. Catalytic and divergent syntheses of inherently chiral molecules have attracted increasing interest from chemists. Herein, we report the enantioselective synthesis of inherently chiral tribenzocycloheptene derivatives via chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)‐catalyzed condensation of cyclic ketones and hydroxylamines. This chemistry paves the way to accessing the less stable derivatives of 7‐membered rings with inherent chirality. A series of chiral tribenzocycloheptene oxime ethers was synthesized in good yields (up to 97 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple imputation (MI) is one of the recommended techniques for handling missing data in ordinal factor analysis models. However, methods for computing MI-based fit indices under ordinal factor analysis models have yet to be developed. In this short note, we introduced the methods of using the standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) to assess the fit of ordinal factor analysis models with multiply imputed data. Specifically, we described the procedure for computing the MI-based sample estimates and constructing the confidence intervals. Simulation results showed that the proposed methods could yield sufficiently accurate point and interval estimates for both SRMR and RMSEA, especially in conditions with larger sample sizes, less missing data, more response categories, and higher degrees of misfit. Based on the findings, implications and recommendations were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atropisomers have emerged as important structural scaffolds in natural products, drug design, and asymmetric synthesis. Recently, N−N biaryl atropisomers have drawn increasing interest due to their unique structure and relatively stable axes. However, its asymmetric synthesis remains scarce compared to its well‐developed C−C biaryl analogs. In this concept, we summarize the asymmetric synthesis of N−N biaryl atropisomers including N−N pyrrole−pyrrole, N−N pyrrole−indole, N−N indole−indole, and N−N indole−carbazole, during which a series synthetic strategies are highlighted. Also, a synthetic evolution is briefly reviewed and an outlook of N−N biaryl atropisomers synthesis is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to decrease the reradiation interference (RRI) of power transmission lines, aiming at the defects that the existing RRI suppression methods cannot be applied to the constructed power transmission lines, and cannot suppress all the RRI extreme values in the frequency band, this paper innovatively proposes a RRI suppression method based on characteristic mode (CM) theory. Firstly, we briefly introduce the CM theory and decompose the total scattering field into the superposition of the characteristic electric fields; secondly, the influence of inductance and capacitance characteristics of the reactive loads on radiation behavior of the CMs is analyzed, and the ideal position for reactive loading is also discussed to reduce the contribution of CM to the total RRI; finally, a simulation experiment is carried out in AM broadcasting band, and the modal weighting coefficients of main CMs affecting the RRI is greatly reduced in the frequency band by reactive loading. Simulation results show that compared with the existing method, the proposed method can reduce the peak value of RRI by 43.9% and the overall RRI by 29.7%. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with arrhythmias and cardiovascular mortality. Arrhythmogenesis in MetS results from atrial structural and electrical remodelling. The small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) currents modulate atrial repolarization and may influence atrial arrhythmogenicity. This study investigated the regulation of SK current perturbed by a high-fat diet (HFD) to mimic MetS. Methods and results Thirty mice were divided into two groups that were fed with normal chow (CTL) and HFD for 4 months. Electrocardiography and echocardiography were used to detect cardiac electrical and structure remodelling. Atrial action potential duration (APD) and calcium transient duration (CaTD) were measured by optical mapping of Langendorff-perfused mice hearts. Atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility and duration were assessed by burst pacing. Whole-cell patch clamp was performed in primarily isolated atrial myocytes for SK current density. The SK current density is higher in atrial myocytes from HFD than in CTL mice (P ≤ 0.037). The RNA and protein expression of SK channels are increased in HFD mice (P ≤ 0.041 and P ≤ 0.011, respectively). Action potential duration is shortened in HFD compared with CTL (P ≤ 0.015). The shortening of the atrial APD in HFD is reversed by the application of 100 nM apamin (P ≤ 0.043). Compared with CTL, CaTD is greater in HFD atria (P ≤ 0.029). Calcium transient decay (Tau) is significantly higher in HFD than in CTL (P = 0.001). Both APD and CaTD alternans thresholds were higher in HFD (P ≤ 0.043), along with higher inducibility and longer duration of AF in HFD (P ≤ 0.023). Conclusion Up-regulation of apamin-sensitive SK currents plays a partial role in the atrial arrhythmogenicity of HFD mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis, marked by low bone mineral density (BMD) and a high fracture risk, is a major health issue. Recent progress in medical imaging, especially CT scans, offers new ways of diagnosing and assessing osteoporosis. This review examines the use of AI analysis of CT scans to stratify BMD and diagnose osteoporosis. By summarizing the relevant studies, we aimed to assess the effectiveness, constraints, and potential impact of AI-based osteoporosis classification (severity) via CT. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov) was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 39 articles were retrieved from the databases, and the key findings were compiled and summarized, including the regions analyzed, the type of CT imaging, and their efficacy in predicting BMD compared with conventional DXA studies. Important considerations and limitations are also discussed. The overall reported accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of AI in classifying osteoporosis using CT images ranged from 61.8% to 99.4%, 41.0% to 100.0%, and 31.0% to 100.0% respectively, with areas under the curve (AUCs) ranging from 0.582 to 0.994. While additional research is necessary to validate the clinical efficacy and reproducibility of these AI tools before incorporating them into routine clinical practice, these studies demonstrate the promising potential of using CT to opportunistically predict and classify osteoporosis without the need for DEXA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roller-integrated compaction monitoring technology has been widely used in highway construction and has played an important role in controlling compaction quality and construction progress. In order to detect and assess the compaction quality of the subgrade accurately in real time based on the analysis of the acceleration signal of the vibrating wheel, a total of four real-time monitoring indexes, namely, peak value of acceleration (Ap), compaction meter value (CMV), root-mean square value of acceleration (Arms), and crest factor value (CF), were selected to characterize the compactness of the soil. To determine which of these indexes is the most appropriate, field compaction experiments under various rolling conditions were carried out on the fifth section of the Hengyong Highway in Hunan Province, China. The data of compaction parameters, compaction quality, and integrated compaction monitoring under various working conditions were collected and subjected to statistical regression analysis. On the basis of the time-frequency analysis of vibration response signals, the CMV could more accurately characterize the compactness of low-liquid-limit silt. In addition, the mapping relations between compaction quality index and roller-integrated compaction monitoring indexes were founded to define the control criterion of roller-integrated compaction monitoring index, namely, CMV, providing scientific guidance for making sure the compaction quality of the subgrade during construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel fluid-structure coupling method called the common node discrete element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (DS-SPH) method is introduced. This framework combines the principles of the common node discrete element method (DEM) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to construct DEM-SPH particles situated on the same node. By doing so, the DEM particles can interact with the SPH particles within their support domain, enabling fluid-structure interaction (FSI). To determine the DEM microscopic parameters required for this method, uniaxial compression and three-point bending tests are conducted on sea ice. To verify the proposed model, we select the interaction between sea ice and structures as a case study. Through simulation, the model's capability of accurately depicting sea ice deformation and fracture has been demonstrated. The results indicate that the inclusion of SPH particles with fluid properties in the DEM model has minimal impact on the main mechanical parameters of sea ice. Additionally, it helps prevent the occurrence of particle splashing during cement failure. However, it is observed that the size of DEM particles and the friction between DEM particles and the structure significantly influence the macroscopic mechanical behavior of the common-node DEM-SPH model. Finally, we compare the fracture behavior of sea ice and the ice forces acting on structures obtained from the current model with on-site measured results. The agreement between the two sets of data is excellent, further validating the effectiveness of the proposed model in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In a randomized trial, Lianhuaqingwen (LHQW) capsule was effective for accelerating symptom recovery among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the lack of blinding and limited sample sizes decreased the level of clinical evidence. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of LHQW capsule in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (17 sites from China, Thailand, Philippine and Vietnam). Patients received standard-of-care alone or plus LHQW capsules (4 capsules, thrice daily) for 14 days. The primary endpoint was the median time to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of nine major symptoms. Results: The full-analysis set consisted of 410 patients in LHQW capsules and 405 in placebo group. LHQW significantly shortened the primary endpoint in the full-analysis set (4.0 vs. 6.7 days, hazards ratio: 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.39-1.90). LHQW capsules shortened the median time to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of stuffy or runny nose (2.8 vs. 3.7 days), sore throat (2.0 vs. 2.6 days), cough (3.2 vs. 4.9 days), feeling hot or feverish (1.0 vs. 1.3 days), low energy or tiredness (1.3 vs. 1.9 days), and myalgia (1.5 vs. 2.0 days). The duration to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of shortness of breath, headache, and chills or shivering did not differ significantly between the two groups. Safety was comparable between the two groups. No serious adverse events were reported. Interpretation: LHQW capsules promote recovery of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 via accelerating symptom resolution and were well tolerated. Trial registrationChiCTR2200056727. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcapsules encapsulating functional components have been widely applied in smart coating, but there was little literature about the relationship between the dispersion of embedded microcapsules and the coating performances. In this work, a series of microcapsules with different shell chemical structures were prepared via photo‐polymerization, and the relationship between the microcapsule shell component, the dispersion state in coating system and the coating properties were systematically investigated. The dispersion of microcapsule was investigated by measuring rheological behavior and SEM images. The dispersion of the microcapsules was closely correlated with the similarity between the chemical structure of the microcapsule shell and the coating matrix, and higher structural similarity facilitated a more uniform dispersion state of microcapsules in the coating matrix. The dispersion state of the microcapsules directly affected the physical properties and anticorrosion performance of the coating. The uniform dispersion of microcapsules could minimize the negative impact on the composite coating performance, whereas the agglomerated microcapsules destroyed the compactness of the composite coating, thus heavily impairing the basic properties and anti‐corrosion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydroarylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes remains challenging because of the difficulty in controlling regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Moreover, the enantioselective hydroarylation of alkynes using organoboron reagents has not been reported. Herein, we report for the first time that palladium compounds can catalyze the hydroarylation of 1‐alkynylindoles with organoborons for the synthesis of chiral C−N atropisomers. A series of rarely reported vinylindole atropisomers was synthesized with excellent regio‐, stereo‐ (Z‐selectivity), and enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. The ready availability of organoborons and alkynes and the simplicity, high stereoselectivity, and good functional group tolerance of this catalytic system make it highly attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]