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Vegetation maps are crucial for ecologists and decision-makers, providing essential information on the spatial distribution of various vegetation types to support ecosystem exploration and management. Despite advancements in Earth observation and machine learning enabling large-scale vegetation mapping, creating detailed and accurate maps in biodiversity hotspots remains challenging due to significant environmental heterogeneity and frequent human disturbances. The lack of sufficient ground-based data and complex climate-vegetation interactions further limits mapping accuracy. In this study, we developed an integrated framework for multi-source data fusion to enhance vegetation mapping and validation in Yunnan Province, a global biodiversity hotspot region in Southwest China. The mapping process involved four key steps: (1) vegetation classification using random forest and Landsat imagery, (2) boundary calibration based on a locally calibrated static climate-vegetation model, (3) patch correction with independent forest inventory data, and (4) validation using adequate field observations. This approach enabled the mapping of 17 vegetation types and 44 subtypes in Yunnan Province (1:50000), categorized based on the growth-form composition of dominant species of the community. The overall accuracies were 0.747 and 0.710 for natural vegetation types and subtypes, and 0.905 and 0.891 for artificial types and subtypes. This high-resolution map enhances our understanding of vegetation distribution and ecological complexity in this region, offering valuable insights for policymakers to support conservation efforts and sustainable management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial solar evaporation, harnessing sunlight to induce water molecule evaporation, holds great promise for sustainable solar energy conversion. However, challenges such as reduced efficiency and instability due to salt accumulation, inadequate water transport, and the high cost of advanced nanostructured solar evaporators collectively hinder the sustainable and large‐scale practical use of this technology. Herein, an eco‐friendly, floatable 3D solar seawater evaporator is developed by innovatively incorporating a lightweight foam ball enclosed in a porous cellulose hydrogel. The 3D evaporator achieves a high water evaporation rate of ≈2.01 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 Sun, owing to its super high photothermal efficiency of 117.9% and efficient internal water transport channels. Even at a 0° simulated solar angle, the 3D evaporator maintains 85.8% of the evaporation rate at a 90° simulated solar angle. Moreover, the salt self‐cleaning capability is realized by the autonomous rotation caused by salt deposition. Particularly, the 3D evaporator can be fabricated over a large area and maintain seawater evaporation performance and structural integrity for 28 days. This study provides novel economically feasible and sustainable large‐scale solutions for interfacial solar‐powered seawater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) represents the climax of vegetation succession in a natural environment, free from significant disturbances. The reconstruction of PNV is widely used to study climate-vegetation relationships and predict future vegetation distributions. However, fine-scale PNV maps with high accuracy are still rare in biodiversity hotspots due to the complexity of ecosystems and limited field observations. In this study, we mapped the spatiotemporal distribution of 16 PNV types using adequate field and literature data, and an improved Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System (CSCS) approach under current (2005–2016) and future (2021–2080) climate scenarios in Yunnan province, Southwest China. We found that 1) from T0 (2005–2016) to T3 (2021–2080), regions with cold alpine PNV types, such as mid-mountain humid evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLF), are projected to experience more significant temperature increases compared to regions with warm PNV types, like tropic rainforests and monsoon rainforests. High-emission scenarios (SSP585) are expected to result in temperature increases approximately 2°C higher than low-emission scenarios (SSP126). Precipitation is projected to increase for water-deficient PNV types (e.g., monsoon rainforest and semi-humid EBLF) but decrease for humid PNV types (e.g., rainforest and mountain mossy EBLF). The SSP370 scenario predicts a slightly smaller increase in precipitation compared to other scenarios. 2) All PNV types are expected to shift to higher latitudes (by an average of 0.86°) and higher elevations (by an average of 454 m) by T3, based on their current niches. Alpine PNV types are more sensitive to climate change and are projected to shift more prominently than other types. For example, mountain mossy EBLF is expected to move 1.78° northward, while mid-mountain moist EBLF is projected to rise by 578 m. 3) Cold PNV types are likely to be replaced by warm types both in latitude and altitude. Semi-humid EBLF is projected to shrink the most, by 57,984 km2 (51.5% of its present range), while monsoon EBLF is expected to expand the most, by 44,881 km2 (64.7% of its present range). The suitable habitat for cold-temperate sclerophyllous EBLF and temperate shrublands may disappear entirely in Yunnan. Given the over-estimate of the projected PNV shift without accounting for the lag effects, these findings are still useful in planning future conservation and management efforts, which should prioritize PNV types experiencing drastic changes in temperature (e.g., mid-mountain moist EBLF), precipitation (e.g., mountain mossy EBLF), and distribution area (e.g., semi-humid EBLF and cold-temperate sclerophyllous EBLF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image classification algorithms are commonly based on the Independent and Identically Distribution (i.i.d.) assumption, but in practice, the Out‐Of‐Distribution (OOD) problem widely exists, that is, the contexts of images in the model predicting are usually unseen during training. In this case, existing models trained under the i.i.d. assumption are limiting generalisation. Causal inference is an important method to learn the causal associations which are invariant across different environments, thus improving the generalisation ability of the model. However, existing methods usually require partitioning of the environment to learn invariant features, which mostly have imbalance problems due to the lack of constraints. In this paper, we propose a balanced causal learning framework (BCL), starting from how to divide the dataset in a balanced way and the balance of training after the division, which automatically generates fine‐grained balanced data partitions in an unsupervised manner and balances the training difficulty of different classes, thereby enhancing the generalisation ability of models in different environments. Experiments on the OOD datasets NICO and NICO++ demonstrate that BCL achieves stable predictions on OOD data, and we also find that models using BCL focus more accurately on the foreground of images compared with the existing causal inference method, which effectively improves the generalisation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a real number q and a star body in the n-dimensional Euclidean space, the generalized dual curvature measure of a convex body was introduced by Lutwak et al. (Adv Math 329:85–132, 2018). The corresponding generalized dual Minkowski problem is studied in this paper. By using variational methods, we solve the generalized dual Minkowski problem for q < 0 , and the even generalized dual Minkowski problem for 0 ≤ q ≤ 1 . We also obtain a sufficient condition for the existence of solutions to the even generalized dual Minkowski problem for 1 < q < n . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angewandte Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vinylene‐linked two‐dimensional polymers (V‐2DPs) and their layer‐stacked covalent organic frameworks (V‐2D COFs) featuring high in‐plane π‐conjugation and robust frameworks have emerged as promising candidates for energy‐related applications. However, current synthetic approaches are restricted to producing V‐2D COF powders that lack processability, impeding their integration into devices, particularly within membrane technologies reliant upon thin films. Herein, we report the novel on‐water surface synthesis of vinylene‐linked cationic 2DPs films (V‐C2DP‐1 and V‐C2DP‐2) via Knoevenagel polycondensation, which serve as the anion‐selective electrode coating for highly‐reversible and durable zinc‐based dual‐ion batteries (ZDIBs). Model reactions and theoretical modeling revealed the enhanced reactivity and reversibility of the Knoevenagel reaction on the water surface. On this basis, we demonstrated the on‐water surface 2D polycondensation towards V‐C2DPs films that show large lateral size, tunable thickness, and high chemical stability. Representatively, V‐C2DP‐1 presents as a fully crystalline and face‐on oriented film with in‐plane lattice parameters of a=b≈43.3 Å. Profiting from its well‐defined cationic sites, oriented 1D channels, and stable frameworks, V‐C2DP‐1 film possesses superior bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI−)‐transport selectivity (transference, t_=0.85) for graphite cathode in high‐voltage ZDIBs, thus triggering additional TFSI−‐intercalation stage and promoting its specific capacity (from ~83 to 124 mAh g−1) and cycling life (>1000 cycles, 95 % capacity retention). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plants evolved sophisticated machineries to monitor levels of external nitrogen supply, respond to nitrogen demand from different tissues and integrate this information for coordinating its assimilation. Although roles of inorganic nitrogen in orchestrating developments have been studied in model plants and crops, systematic understanding of the origin and evolution of its assimilation and signaling machineries remains largely unknown.We expanded taxon samplings of algae and early‐diverging land plants, covering all main lineages of Archaeplastida, and reconstructed the evolutionary history of core components involved in inorganic nitrogen assimilation and signaling.Most components associated with inorganic nitrogen assimilation were derived from the ancestral Archaeplastida. Improvements of assimilation machineries by gene duplications and horizontal gene transfers were evident during plant terrestrialization. Clusterization of genes encoding nitrate assimilation proteins might be an adaptive strategy for algae to cope with changeable nitrate availability in different habitats. Green plants evolved complex nitrate signaling machinery that was stepwise improved by domains shuffling and regulation co‐option.Our study highlights innovations in inorganic nitrogen assimilation and signaling machineries, ranging from molecular modifications of proteins to genomic rearrangements, which shaped developmental and metabolic adaptations of plants to changeable nutrient availability in environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BAP module, comprising BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6), and PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4), functions as a molecular hub to orchestrate plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, components of the BAP module physically interact to form a complex system that integrates light, brassinosteroid (BR), and auxin signals. Little is known about the origin and evolution of the BAP module. Here, we conducted comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the evolution and functional diversification of the BAP module. Our results suggest that the BAP module originated in land plants and that the ζ, ε, and γ whole‐genome duplication/triplication events contributed to the expansion of BAP module components in seed plants. Comparative transcriptomic analysis suggested that the prototype BAP module arose in Marchantia polymorpha, experienced stepwise evolution, and became established as a mature regulatory system in seed plants. We developed a formula to calculate the signal transduction productivity of the BAP module and demonstrate that more crosstalk among components enables higher signal transduction efficiency. Our results reveal the evolutionary history of the BAP module and provide insights into the evolution of plant signaling networks and the strategies employed by plants to integrate environmental and endogenous signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's Vitamin D (VitD) fortification and supplementation are diminishing due to less outdoor exercise and insufficient VitD intake (low exogenous intake and endogenous malabsorption induced by gastrointestinal disease). Consequently, children in many developed countries suffer from VitD deficiency, which may contribute to many paediatric disorders. Our review briefly introduced the metabolic process of VitD, summarized the role of VitD in paediatric diseases such as autism, obesity, rickets and asthma. We sought to identify the link between VitD deficiency and these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary metal sulfides normally have narrow band gap energy levels, leading to fast recombination of photogenerated carriers. The construction of heterojunctions is generally believed to boost the photogenerated carrier efficiency via capturing and transferring electrons, and thus improving the photocatalytic activity. In this paper, different ratios of AgInS2–SnIn4S8 composites were synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, and the molar ratio of SnIn4S8:AgInS2 = 0.5:1 is determined as the optimal ratio based on the experimental results of visible photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO). Furthermore, AgIn5S8/AgInS2–SnIn4S8 composites were successfully prepared by changing the ratio of In, S element, and AgNO3. The component, structural morphology, and surface physicochemical properties of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance absorption spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption tests. The results show that AgInS2 and AgIn5S8 are compounded with SnIn4S8 to form a heterogeneous structure. After the formation of heterogeneous structures, light absorption properties are changed and light absorption range is broadened due to stronger light absorption capacity in AgInS2 and AgIn5S8. As they have matched energy band structures, the electron transfer paths are increased and the e−–h+ lifetime is prolonged, which leads to enhanced photocatalytic performance of AgIn5S8/AgInS2–SnIn4S8 composites. Moreover, the formation of regular and homogeneous flower globose structure under the effect of microwave polarization also has an important contribution to the improvement of their photocatalytic performance. AgIn5S8/AgInS2–SnIn4S8 composites exhibit a certain degradation ability towards MO, and the degradation is almost complete within 180 min under visible light irradiation. Finally, through trapping experiments with the addition of different radical trapping agents and the ESR tests, photocatalytic active species are identified, and thus the possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of AgIn5S8/AgInS2–SnIn4S8 composite is inferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a transport equation with nonlocal velocity and power law type damping. We show that a certain class of initial data smooth solution blows up in finite time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angewandte Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Emerging rechargeable aluminium batteries (RABs) offer a sustainable option for next‐generation energy storage technologies with low cost and exemplary safety. However, the development of RABs is restricted by the limited availability of high‐performance cathode materials. Herein, we report two polyimide two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D‐COFs) cathodes with redox‐bipolar capability in RAB. The optimal 2D‐COF electrode achieves a high specific capacity of 132 mAh g−1. Notably, the electrode presents long‐term cycling stability (with a negligible ≈0.0007 % capacity decay per cycle), outperforming early reported organic RAB cathodes. 2D‐COFs integrate n‐type imide and p‐type triazine active centres into the periodic porous polymer skeleton. With multiple characterizations, we elucidate the unique Faradaic reaction of the 2D‐COF electrode, which involves AlCl2+ and AlCl4− dual‐ions as charge carriers. This work paves the avenue toward novel organic cathodes in RABs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation plays important roles through the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) to realize epigenetic modifications. Thirteen AtMBD proteins have been identified from the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, but the functions of some members are unclear. AtMBD3 was found to be highly expressed in pollen and seeds and it preferably binds methylated CG, CHG, and unmethylated DNA sequences. Then, two mutant alleles at the AtMBD3 locus were obtained in order to further explore its function using CRISPR/Cas9. When compared with 92.17% mature pollen production in the wild type, significantly lower percentages of 84.31% and 78.91% were observed in the mbd3-1 and mbd3-2 mutants, respectively. About 16–21% of pollen from the mbd3 mutants suffered a collapse in reproductive transmission, whereas the other pollen was found to be normal. After pollination, about 16% and 24% of mbd3-1 and mbd3-2 mutant seeds underwent early or late abortion, respectively. Among all the late abortion seeds in mbd3-2 plants, 25% of the abnormal seeds were at the globular stage, 31.25% were at the transition stage, and 43.75% were at the heart stage. A transcriptome analysis of the seeds found 950 upregulated genes and 1128 downregulated genes between wild type and mbd3-2 mutants. Some transcriptional factors involved in embryo development were selected to be expressed, and we found significant differences between wild type and mbd3 mutants, such as WOXs, CUC1, AIB4, and RGL3. Furthermore, we found a gene that is specifically expressed in pollen, named PBL6. PBL6 was found to directly interact with AtMBD3. Our results provide insights into the function of AtMBD3 in plants, especially in sperm fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular self‐assembly is a promising strategy for stabilizing the photo‐sensitive components in photocatalysis. However, the underlying correlation between the enhanced photostability and supramolecular structure at the molecular level has not yet been fully understood. Herein, we develop a biomimetic vesicular membrane‐based polyporphyrin photocatalyst exhibiting excellent photocatalytic stability with at least activity time of 240 h in hydrogen generation. Time‐domain ab initio modelling together with transient absorption spectroscopy, visual frontier orbitals and Gibbs free energy calculation disclose that the ordered aggregation of porphyrin units in the vesicle membrane facilitates "hot" electron relaxation and the rapid dissipation of photo‐generated charges, thereby contributing to the longevity. This work deepens the molecular‐level understanding on photostability and photocatalytic mechanism of supramolecular photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular self‐assembly is a promising strategy for stabilizing the photo‐sensitive components in photocatalysis. However, the underlying correlation between the enhanced photostability and supramolecular structure at the molecular level has not yet been fully understood. Herein, we develop a biomimetic vesicular membrane‐based polyporphyrin photocatalyst exhibiting excellent photocatalytic stability with at least activity time of 240 h in hydrogen generation. Time‐domain ab initio modelling together with transient absorption spectroscopy, visual frontier orbitals and Gibbs free energy calculation disclose that the ordered aggregation of porphyrin units in the vesicle membrane facilitates "hot" electron relaxation and the rapid dissipation of photo‐generated charges, thereby contributing to the longevity. This work deepens the molecular‐level understanding on photostability and photocatalytic mechanism of supramolecular photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs), such as Au, Ag, and Cu, are considered as promising photothermal materials and attract extensive attention for freshwater production by solar steam generation. However, high cost, narrow absorption range and/or poor stability greatly limit their practical applications. Herein, a high‐efficiency solar energy conversion material consisting of low‐cost non‐metal, extremely thermally‐stable plasmonic TiN NPs and hydrophilic semi‐reduced graphene oxide (semi‐rGO), with broadband solar absorption capability, by a fast in situ microwave reduction method is prepared. The 2D semi‐rGO serves as a support for the loading of plasmonic NPs, and meanwhile accelerates the transport and evaporation of water due to its hydrophilicity. Then, decoration of plasmonic TiN NPs further enhances the solar photon absorption and hydrophilicity while suppressing the heat loss, thanks to the layered structure of TiN/semi‐rGO, improving overall solar energy utilization. Owing to the enhanced absorption and unique layered nanostructure with strong interfacial interaction, the optimal sample of TiN/semi‐rGO‐25% absorber achieves a high and stable water evaporation rate of ≈1.76 kg m−2 h−1 with an energy efficiency as high as 99.1% under 1 sun illumination. Furthermore, this plasmonic TiN/semi‐rGO absorber is capable of producing high‐quality freshwater from sustainable seawater desalination and wastewater purification processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rare ginsenoside Compound K (CK) is an attractive ingredient in traditional medicines, cosmetics, and the food industry because of its various biological activities. However, it does not exist in nature. The commonly used method for the production of CK is enzymatic conversion. In order to further improve the catalytic efficiency and increase the CK content, a thermostable β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and secreted into fermentation broth. The recombinant SS-bgly in the supernatant showed enzyme activity of 93.96 U/mg at 120 h when using pNPG as substrate. The biotransformation conditions were optimized at pH 6.0 and 80 °C, and its activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of 3 mM Li+. When the substrate concentration was 10 mg/mL, the recombinant SS-bgly completely converted the ginsenoside substrate to CK with a productivity of 507.06 μM/h. Moreover, the recombinant SS-bgly exhibited extraordinary tolerance against high substrate concentrations. When the ginsenoside substrate concentration was increased to 30 mg/mL, the conversion could still reach 82.5% with a productivity of 314.07 μM/h. Thus, the high temperature tolerance, resistance to a variety of metals, and strong substrate tolerance make the recombinant SS-bgly expressed in P. pastoris a potential candidate for the industrial production of the rare ginsenoside CK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating plasmonic nanoparticles into the photoactive metal-organic matrix is highly desirable due to the plasmonic near field enhancement, complementary light absorption, and accelerated separation of photogenerated charge carriers at the junction interface. The construction of a well-defined, intimate interface is vital for efficient charge carrier separation, however, it remains a challenge in synthesis. Here we synthesize a junction bearing intimate interface, composed of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles and matrix with silver node via a facile one-step approach. The plasmonic effect of Ag nanoparticles on the matrix is visualized through electron energy loss mapping. Moreover, charge carrier transfer from the plasmonic nanoparticles to the matrix is verified through ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy. The system delivers highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 generation, surpassing most reported metal-organic framework-based photocatalytic systems. This work sheds light on effective electronic and energy bridging between plasmonic nanoparticles and organic semiconductors. The integration of plasmonic structures with photoactive matrices offers a promising means to enhance solar-to-fuel conversion. Here, the authors bridge plasmonic nanoparticles and metal-organic matrix through interface-engineering to boost photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating plasmonic nanoparticles into the photoactive metal-organic matrix is highly desirable due to the plasmonic near field enhancement, complementary light absorption, and accelerated separation of photogenerated charge carriers at the junction interface. The construction of a well-defined, intimate interface is vital for efficient charge carrier separation, however, it remains a challenge in synthesis. Here we synthesize a junction bearing intimate interface, composed of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles and matrix with silver node via a facile one-step approach. The plasmonic effect of Ag nanoparticles on the matrix is visualized through electron energy loss mapping. Moreover, charge carrier transfer from the plasmonic nanoparticles to the matrix is verified through ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy. The system delivers highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 generation, surpassing most reported metal-organic framework-based photocatalytic systems. This work sheds light on effective electronic and energy bridging between plasmonic nanoparticles and organic semiconductors. The integration of plasmonic structures with photoactive matrices offers a promising means to enhance solar-to-fuel conversion. Here, the authors bridge plasmonic nanoparticles and metal-organic matrix through interface-engineering to boost photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of Lactobacillus as an antibiotic substitute has been investigated as one of the potential strategies to prevent Salmonella infection in poultry. The purpose of this study was to explore the antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus fermentum 1.2133 (Lact. fermentum 1.2133) against Salmonella pullorum CVCC533 (Salm. pullorum CVCC533) and its effect on chickens infected with Salm. pullorum CVCC533. Results showed that Lact. fermentans 1.2133 has antibacterial activity against Salm. pullorum CVCC533 and the cell-free fermentation supernatant of Lact. fermentum 1.2133 had a bactericidal effect on the bacteria in the Salm. pullorum CVCC533 biofilm by significantly reducing the number of Salmonella and aerobic bacteria in the chicken duodenum, ileum, and cecum, including Escherichia shigella (P  < 0.05), improved the species abundance of Lactobacilli (P  < 0.05). The damage to the chicken intestine by Salm. pullorum CVCC533 was reduced as the expression of avian beta-defensin 2 (AvBD2) mRNA in chicken small intestine was increased (P  < 0.05). The results showed that Lact. fermentum 1.2133 had the potential to be a probiotic for poultry due to its regulation of intestinal AvBD2 mRNA as well as its intestinal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinylene‐linked two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (V‐2D‐COFs) have shown great promise in electronics and optoelectronics. However, only a few reactions for V‐2D‐COFs have been developed hitherto. Besides the kinetically low reversibility of C=C bond formation, another underlying issue facing the synthesis of V‐2D‐COFs is the attainment of high (E)‐alkene selectivity to ensure the appropriate symmetry of 2D frameworks. Here, we tailor the E/Z selectivity of the Wittig reaction by employing a proper catalyst (i.e. Cs2CO3) to obtain more stable intermediates and elevating the temperature across the reaction barrier. Subsequently, the Wittig reaction is innovatively utilized for the synthesis of four crystalline V‐2D‐COFs by combining aldehydes and ylides. Importantly, the efficient conjugation and decent crystallinity of the resultant V‐2D‐COFs are demonstrated by their high charge carrier mobilities over 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, as revealed by non‐contact terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinylene‐linked two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (V‐2D‐COFs) have shown great promise in electronics and optoelectronics. However, only a few reactions for V‐2D‐COFs have been developed hitherto. Besides the kinetically low reversibility of C=C bond formation, another underlying issue facing the synthesis of V‐2D‐COFs is the attainment of high (E)‐alkene selectivity to ensure the appropriate symmetry of 2D frameworks. Here, we tailor the E/Z selectivity of the Wittig reaction by employing a proper catalyst (i.e. Cs2CO3) to obtain more stable intermediates and elevating the temperature across the reaction barrier. Subsequently, the Wittig reaction is innovatively utilized for the synthesis of four crystalline V‐2D‐COFs by combining aldehydes and ylides. Importantly, the efficient conjugation and decent crystallinity of the resultant V‐2D‐COFs are demonstrated by their high charge carrier mobilities over 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, as revealed by non‐contact terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use the modified potential well method to study the long time behaviors of solutions to the heat flow of H‐system in a bounded smooth domain of R2$$ {R}^2 $$. Global existence and finite time blowup of solutions are proved when the initial energy is in three cases. When the initial energy is low or critical, we not only give a threshold result for the global existence and blowup of solutions but also obtain the decay rate of the L2$$ {L}^2 $$ norm for global solutions. When the initial energy is high, sufficient conditions for the global existence and blowup of solutions are also provided. We extend the recent results which were. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart electronics and optoelectronics such as smart windows, touch panels and solar cells have profoundly changed our lives over the last decade, as a result of the development of transparent conductive electrodes. In particular, indium tin oxide-based electrodes dominate the market of the electronic and optoelectronic devices, but these electrodes have limitations. For instance, indium ores are only found in a few countries, such as China, Peru and Canada, thus limiting the global competitiveness of some countries. Moreover, indium tin oxide is quite brittle and easy to crack, thus unsuitable in flexible electronics. These issues may be solved by developing metal nanowire-based transparent conductive electrodes, such as Cu, Ag and Au nanowire electrodes. Here, we review the latest advances for metal nanowire-based transparent conductive electrodes, including the strategies for the synthesis of metal nanowires, the preparation of metal nanowire films by various solution-based deposition processes and their practical applications as electrodes in diverse flexible chromic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the concept of the inside-(a, η, h) domain to construct a subsolution to the Dirichlet problem for minimal graphs over convex domains in hyperbolic space. As an application, we prove that the Hölder exponent max{1/a, 1/(n + 1)} for the problem is optimal for any a ∈ [2, +∞]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The interaction between intestinal microbiota and host plays a key role in the development of intestinal diseases. Salmonella enteritidis infection is a common cause of human gastroenteritis, which can lead to gastrointestinal dysfunction and microecological disorder. It is an important public health problem all over the world. Lactic acid bacteria are among the main probiotics in the intestinal microbiota, which is one of the main defense lines against intestinal pathogens. It is now also considered to be an effective alternative antibiotic to fight pathogenic bacterial infections. In order to explore the potential mechanism of lactic acid bacteria against S. enteritidis infection, this study started from the perspective of lactic acid bacteria regulating the intestinal microbiota and the infection of antigenic bacteria. The probiotic strain Lactobacillusreuteri S5 (L. reuteri S5) was used to establish an animal model of S. enteritidis infection in broilers. The regulatory effect of L.reuteri S5 on the intestinal microbiota structure of chickens infected with S. enteritidis is studied by high throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that L. reuteri S5 could regulate the composition and abundance of intestinal microbiota and resist the infection of S. enteritidis. To understand the mechanism of lactic acid bacteria against Salmonella enteritidis infection; we examined how lactic acid bacteria regulated the intestinal microbiota to resist infection by pathogenic bacteria. The probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri S5 was used to construct an animal model of S. enteritidis infected broilers. A high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the regulatory effects of L. reuteri S5 on the structure of the intestinal microbiota of broilers infected with S. enteritidis; and to examine the possible defense mechanism they used. Our results showed that the administration of L. reuteri S5 reduced colonization of S. enteritidis (p < 0.05), decreased intestinal permeability (p < 0.05), and reduced the bacterial displacement likely due by S. enteritidis colonization (p < 0.05), suggesting some enhancement of the intestinal barrier function. Furthermore, L. reuteri S5 increased the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the chicken cecal microflora and the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and decreased the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. These results suggest that the lactic acid bacterium L. reuteri S5 protected the intestinal microbiota of chickens against S. enteritidis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs), as promising alternatives to Pt‐based catalysts, suffer from the limited choice of center metals and low single‐atom loading. Here, we report a pentacoordinated Zr‐based SAC with nontrivial axial O ligands (denoted O−Zr−N−C) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The O ligand downshifts the d‐band center of Zr and confers Zr sites with stable local structure and proper adsorption capability for intermediates. Consequently, the ORR performance of O−Zr−N−C prominently surpasses that of commercial Pt/C, achieving a half‐wave potential of 0.91 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and outstanding durability (92 % current retention after 130‐hour operation). Moreover, the Zr site shows good resistance towards aggregation, enabling the synthesis of Zr‐based SAC with high loading (9.1 wt%). With the high‐loading catalyst, the zinc‐air battery (ZAB) delivers a record‐high power density of 324 mW cm−2 among those of SAC‐based ZABs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs), as promising alternatives to Pt‐based catalysts, suffer from the limited choice of center metals and low single‐atom loading. Here, we report a pentacoordinated Zr‐based SAC with nontrivial axial O ligands (denoted O−Zr−N−C) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The O ligand downshifts the d‐band center of Zr and confers Zr sites with stable local structure and proper adsorption capability for intermediates. Consequently, the ORR performance of O−Zr−N−C prominently surpasses that of commercial Pt/C, achieving a half‐wave potential of 0.91 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and outstanding durability (92 % current retention after 130‐hour operation). Moreover, the Zr site shows good resistance towards aggregation, enabling the synthesis of Zr‐based SAC with high loading (9.1 wt%). With the high‐loading catalyst, the zinc‐air battery (ZAB) delivers a record‐high power density of 324 mW cm−2 among those of SAC‐based ZABs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide, however, it has a poor prognosis. Ginsenoside Rh4 is a rare saponin that has been shown to have potential antitumor effectiveness in ESCC. However, the utility of Rh4 in ESCC metastasis and its undiscovered mode of action has not yet been explored. In this study, we found that Rh4 could inhibit ESCC metastasis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the level of c-Myc, which is an important transcription factor in cancer. In in vitro experiments, Rh4 could inhibit the migration and invasion of ESCC cells without affecting cell viability. In in vivo experiments, Rh4 restrained ESCC metastasis to the lymph nodes and lungs via the suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The Wnt agonist HLY78 promoted EMT and migration of ESCC cells, whereas treatment of Rh4 can attenuate the promotion effect of HLY78. The siRNA knocking out c-Myc can also significantly reduce the expression of EMT-related marker proteins. This study illustrates a new concept for further research on the mechanism of Rh4 in ESCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrosis is a common feature of fibrotic diseases that poses a serious threat to global health due to high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. There exist some chemical compounds and biomolecules associated with the development of fibrosis, including cytokines, hormones, and enzymes. Among them, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), as a selenoprotein antioxidant enzyme, is widely found in the embryo, testis, brain, liver, heart, and photoreceptor cells. Moreover, it is shown that GPX4 elicits diverse biological functions by suppressing phospholipid hydroperoxide at the expense of decreased glutathione (GSH), including loss of neurons, autophagy, cell repair, inflammation, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Interestingly, these processes are intimately related to the occurrence of fibrotic disease. Recently, GPX4 has been reported to exhibit a decline in fibrotic disease and inhibit fibrosis, suggesting that alterations of GPX4 can change the course or dictate the outcome of fibrotic disease. In this review, we summarize the role and underlying mechanisms of GPX4 in fibrosis diseases such as lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and myelofibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enteritidis is an important food-borne pathogen. The use of antibiotics is a serious threat to animal and human health, owing to the existence of resistant strains and drug residues. Lactic acid bacteria, as a new alternative to antibiotics, has attracted much attention. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial potential and underlying mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SQ511 against S. enteritidis ATCC13076. The results revealed that L. rhamnosus SQ511 significantly inhibited S. enteritidis ATCC13076 growth or even caused death. Laser confocal microscopic imaging revealed that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. rhamnosus SQ511 elevated the reactive oxygen species level and bacterial membrane depolarization in S. enteritidis ATCC13076, leading to cell death. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus SQ511 CFS had severely deleterious effects on S. enteritidis ATCC13076, causing membrane destruction and the release of cellular materials. In addition, L. rhamnosus SQ511 CFS significantly reduced the expression of virulence, motility, adhesion, and invasion genes in S. enteritidis ATCC13076 (P < 0.05), and considerably inhibited motility and biofilm formation capacity (P < 0.05). Thus, antimicrobial compounds produced by L. rhamnosus SQ511 strongly inhibited S. enteritidis growth, mobility, biofilm formation, membrane disruption, and reactive oxygen species generation, and regulated virulence-related gene expressions, presenting promising applications as a probiotic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer has a high mortality rate and is very common. One of the main reasons for the poor prognosis of patients with lung cancer is the high incidence of metastasis. Ginsenoside Rh3, a rare ginsenoside extracted from Panax notoginseng, exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Nonetheless, the inhibitory potential of Rh3 against lung cancer remains unknown. The target genes of Rh3 were screened by the PharmMapper database; the proliferation of lung cancer cells was detected by MTT assay; the migration and invasion of cells were detected by the Transwell method; and the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and EMT-related proteins in vivo and in vitro were detected by Western blotting. In addition, we established a lung metastasis model in nude mice using A549 cells to assess the effect of Rh3 on NSCLC tumor metastasis in vivo. Our findings suggest that Rh3 significantly inhibited lung cancer metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. It was determined by flow cytometry analysis that Rh3 notably inhibited cell proliferation by blocking the G1 phase. In addition, Rh3 inhibited metastasis in lung cancer cells and regulated the expression of metastasis-related proteins under hypoxia. Mechanistic studies suggested that Rh3 targeted ERK to inhibit lung cancer metastasis. The ERK inhibitor U0126 or siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERK had an enhanced effect on Rh3's ability to inhibit lung cancer metastasis. The studies revealed that the inhibitory effect of Rh3 on the metastatic ability of lung cancer cells may be supported by ERK-related signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinylene‐linked two‐dimensional conjugated covalent organic frameworks (V‐2D‐COFs), belonging to the class of two‐dimensional conjugated polymers, have attracted increasing attention due to their extended π‐conjugation over the 2D backbones associated with high chemical stability. The Knoevenagel polycondensation has been demonstrated as a robust synthetic method to provide cyano (CN)‐substituted V‐2D‐COFs with unique optoelectronic, magnetic, and redox properties. Despite the successful synthesis, it remains elusive for the relevant polymerization mechanism, which leads to relatively low crystallinity and poor reproducibility. In this work, we demonstrate the novel synthesis of CN‐substituted V‐2D‐COFs via the combination of Knoevenagel polycondensation and water‐assisted dynamic Michael‐addition‐elimination, abbreviated as KMAE polymerization. The existence of C=C bond exchange between two diphenylacrylonitriles (M1 and M6) is firstly confirmed via in situ high‐temperature NMR spectroscopy study of model reactions. Notably, the intermediate M4 synthesized via Michael‐addition can proceed the Michael‐elimination quantitatively, leading to an efficient C=C bond exchange, unambiguously confirming the dynamic nature of Michael‐addition‐elimination. Furthermore, the addition of water can significantly promote the reaction rate of Michael‐addition‐elimination for highly efficient C=C bond exchange within 5 mins. As a result, the KMAE polymerization provides a highly efficient strategy for the synthesis of CN‐substituted V‐2D‐COFs with high crystallinity, as demonstrated by four examples of V‐2D‐COF‐TFPB‐PDAN, V‐2D‐COF‐TFPT‐PDAN, V‐2D‐COF‐TFPB‐BDAN, and V‐2D‐COF‐HATN‐BDAN, based on the simulated and experimental powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns as well as N2‐adsorption–desorption measurements. Moreover, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) analysis shows crystalline domain sizes ranging from 20 to 100 nm for the newly synthesized V‐2D‐COFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinylene‐linked two‐dimensional conjugated covalent organic frameworks (V‐2D‐COFs), belonging to the class of two‐dimensional conjugated polymers, have attracted increasing attention due to their extended π‐conjugation over the 2D backbones associated with high chemical stability. The Knoevenagel polycondensation has been demonstrated as a robust synthetic method to provide cyano (CN)‐substituted V‐2D‐COFs with unique optoelectronic, magnetic, and redox properties. Despite the successful synthesis, it remains elusive for the relevant polymerization mechanism, which leads to relatively low crystallinity and poor reproducibility. In this work, we demonstrate the novel synthesis of CN‐substituted V‐2D‐COFs via the combination of Knoevenagel polycondensation and water‐assisted dynamic Michael‐addition‐elimination, abbreviated as KMAE polymerization. The existence of C=C bond exchange between two diphenylacrylonitriles (M1 and M6) is firstly confirmed via in situ high‐temperature NMR spectroscopy study of model reactions. Notably, the intermediate M4 synthesized via Michael‐addition can proceed the Michael‐elimination quantitatively, leading to an efficient C=C bond exchange, unambiguously confirming the dynamic nature of Michael‐addition‐elimination. Furthermore, the addition of water can significantly promote the reaction rate of Michael‐addition‐elimination for highly efficient C=C bond exchange within 5 mins. As a result, the KMAE polymerization provides a highly efficient strategy for the synthesis of CN‐substituted V‐2D‐COFs with high crystallinity, as demonstrated by four examples of V‐2D‐COF‐TFPB‐PDAN, V‐2D‐COF‐TFPT‐PDAN, V‐2D‐COF‐TFPB‐BDAN, and V‐2D‐COF‐HATN‐BDAN, based on the simulated and experimental powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns as well as N2‐adsorption–desorption measurements. Moreover, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) analysis shows crystalline domain sizes ranging from 20 to 100 nm for the newly synthesized V‐2D‐COFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enteritidis is an important food-borne pathogen. The use of antibiotics is a serious threat to animal and human health, owing to the existence of resistant strains and drug residues. Lactic acid bacteria, as a new alternative to antibiotics, has attracted much attention. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial potential and underlying mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SQ511 against S. enteritidis ATCC13076. The results revealed that L. rhamnosus SQ511 significantly inhibited S. enteritidis ATCC13076 growth or even caused death. Laser confocal microscopic imaging revealed that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. rhamnosus SQ511 elevated the reactive oxygen species level and bacterial membrane depolarization in S. enteritidis ATCC13076, leading to cell death. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus SQ511 CFS had severely deleterious effects on S. enteritidis ATCC13076, causing membrane destruction and the release of cellular materials. In addition, L. rhamnosus SQ511 CFS significantly reduced the expression of virulence, motility, adhesion, and invasion genes in S. enteritidis ATCC13076 (P < 0.05), and considerably inhibited motility and biofilm formation capacity (P < 0.05). Thus, antimicrobial compounds produced by L. rhamnosus SQ511 strongly inhibited S. enteritidis growth, mobility, biofilm formation, membrane disruption, and reactive oxygen species generation, and regulated virulence-related gene expressions, presenting promising applications as a probiotic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery remains the cornerstone of gastric cancer treatment, and new strategies with adjuvant chemotherapy are currently gaining more and more acceptance. Ginsenoside Rh4 has excellent antitumor activity. Conversely, the mechanisms involved in treatment of GC are not completely understood. In this study, we certified that Rh4 showed strong anti-GC efficiency in vitro and in vivo. MTT and colony formation assays were performed to exhibit that Rh4 significantly inhibited cellular proliferation and colony formation. Results from the wound healing assay, transwell assays, and Western blotting indicated that Rh4 restrained GC cell migration and invasion by reversing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further validation by proteomic screening, co-treatment with disitertide, and SIX1 signal silencing revealed that SIX1, a target of Rh4, induced EMT by activating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. In summary, our discoveries demonstrated the essential basis of the anti-GC metastatic effects of Rh4 via suppressing the SIX1–TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling axis, which delivers a new idea for the clinical treatment of GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in two‐dimensional conjugated polymers (2D CPs) has increased significantly in recent years. In particular, vinylene‐linked 2D CPs with fully in‐plane sp2‐carbon‐conjugated structures, high thermal and chemical stability, have become the focus of attention. Although the Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons (HWE) reaction has been recently demonstrated in synthesizing vinylene‐linked 2D CPs, it remains largely unexplored due to the challenge in synthesis. In this work, we reveal the control of crystallinity of 2D CPs during the solvothermal synthesis of 2D‐poly(phenylene‐quinoxaline‐vinylene)s (2D‐PPQVs) and 2D‐poly(phenylene‐vinylene)s through the HWE polycondensation. The employment of fluorinated phosphonates and rigid aldehyde building blocks is demonstrated as crucial factors in enhancing the crystallinity of the obtained 2D CPs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the critical role of the fluorinated phosphonate in enhancing the reversibility of the (semi)reversible C−C single bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriophage-encoded depolymerases are responsible for degrading capsular polysaccharides (CPS), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of the host bacteria during phage invasion. They have been considered as promising antivirulence agents in controlling bacterial infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This feature inspires hope of utilizing these enzymes to disarm the polysaccharide capsules of the bacterial cells, which then strengthens the action of antibiotics. Here we have identified, cloned, and expressed a depolymerase Dpo71 from a bacteriophage specific for the gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii in a heterologous host Escherichia coli. Dpo71 sensitizes the MDR A. baumannii to the host immune attack, and also acts as an adjuvant to assist or boost the action of antibiotics, for example colistin. Specifically, Dpo71 at 10 μg/ml enables a complete bacterial eradication by human serum at 50% volume ratio. A mechanistic study shows that the enhanced bactericidal effect of colistin is attributed to the improved outer membrane destabilization capacity and binding rate to bacteria after stripping off the bacterial capsule by Dpo71. Dpo71 inhibits biofilm formation and disrupts the pre-formed biofilm. Combination of Dpo71 could significantly enhance the antibiofilm activity of colistin and improve the survival rate of A. baumannii infected Galleria mellonella. Dpo71 retains the strain-specificity of the parent phage from which Dpo71 is derived: the phage-sensitive A. baumannii strains respond to Dpo71 treatment, whereas the phage-insensitive strains do not. In summary, our work demonstrates the feasibility of using recombinant depolymerases as an antibiotic adjuvant to supplement the development of new antibacterials and to battle against MDR pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable aluminium (Al) batteries (RABs) have long‐been pursued due to the high sustainability and three‐electron‐transfer properties of Al metal. However, limited redox chemistry is available for rechargeable Al batteries, which restricts the exploration of cathode materials. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient Al–amine battery based on a quaternization reaction, in which nitrogen (radical) cations (R3N.+ or R4N+) are formed to store the anionic Al complex. The reactive aromatic amine molecules further oligomerize during cycling, inhibiting amine dissolution into the electrolyte. Consequently, the constructed Al–amine battery exhibits a high reversible capacity of 135 mAh g−1 along with a superior cycling life (4000 cycles), fast charge capability and a high energy efficiency of 94.2 %. Moreover, the Al–amine battery shows excellent stability against self‐discharge, far beyond conventional Al–graphite batteries. Our findings pave an avenue to advance the chemistry of RABs and thus battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable aluminium (Al) batteries (RABs) have long‐been pursued due to the high sustainability and three‐electron‐transfer properties of Al metal. However, limited redox chemistry is available for rechargeable Al batteries, which restricts the exploration of cathode materials. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient Al–amine battery based on a quaternization reaction, in which nitrogen (radical) cations (R3N.+ or R4N+) are formed to store the anionic Al complex. The reactive aromatic amine molecules further oligomerize during cycling, inhibiting amine dissolution into the electrolyte. Consequently, the constructed Al–amine battery exhibits a high reversible capacity of 135 mAh g−1 along with a superior cycling life (4000 cycles), fast charge capability and a high energy efficiency of 94.2 %. Moreover, the Al–amine battery shows excellent stability against self‐discharge, far beyond conventional Al–graphite batteries. Our findings pave an avenue to advance the chemistry of RABs and thus battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a generalitzation of the L p L p -Christoffel-Minkowski problem is studied. We consider an anisotropic curvature flow and derive the long-time existence of the flow. Then under some initial data, we obtain the existence of smooth solutions to this problem for c = 1 c = 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the dual Orlicz–Minkowski problem, which is a generalization of the dual Minkowski problem in convex geometry. By considering a geometric flow involving Gauss curvature and functions of normal vectors and radial vectors, we obtain a new existence result of smooth even solutions to this problem for smooth even measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]