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Background and Objective: As the need for adult orthodontic treatment develops and cosmetic dentistry becomes more fashionable, orthodontists are frequently faced with the issue of bonding attachments to porcelain-restored teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective surface etching technique to obtain the optimum shear bond strength of ceramic brackets to porcelain surface without damage to the ceramic surface after debonding. Also, different methods were used on the porcelain surface to evaluate the shear bond strength. Methods: In this study, 40 feldspathic porcelain discs were fabricated and randomly assigned to four groups (n=10). Group (1) ceramic bracket bonded to HFA-etched porcelain discs; Group (2) ceramic bracket bonded to PHA-etched porcelain discs; Group (3) ceramic bracket bonded to 3W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-conditioned porcelain discs; Group (4) ceramic bracket bonded to 6W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-conditioned porcelain discs. Extra samples from each group were selected before bonding to test the topography of the ceramic surface using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Debonding surfaces were investigated under an optical stereomicroscope. Findings: Surface treatment conditioning methods caused significant differences in bond strength among groups (p=0.001). The highest bond strength was 22.40±1.74 MPa in the HFA-etched group, and the lowest bond strength was 11.40±2.95 MPa for 6W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-conditioned group. Among all groups, the HFA-etched group exhibited damage to porcelain surfaces on debonding. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the Er, Cr: YSGG laser group produced a more consistently conditioned surface treatment for bonding between orthodontic ceramic brackets and feldspathic ceramic surfaces, and minimal surface damage during debonding. Consequently, the Er, Cr: YSGG laser conditioning method is appropriate for ceramic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aphthous stomatitis is a recurring oral ulceration condition that affects a significant proportion of the population. While several factors have been proposed to contribute to its occurrence, the link between caffeine consumption, anxiety levels, and the development of aphthous stomatitis remains unknown. This survey-based study aimed to understand the association between coffee, anxiety, and the development of aphthous stomatitis in this specific demographic, which can provide useful insights for medical management as well as preventive strategies. Material and methods: A structured online questionnaire was distributed via various social media platforms targeting a sample of the Armenian population. The questionnaire collected information on participants’ demographics, coffee use patterns, anxiety levels as measured by perceived stress scales, and the occurrence of aphthous stomatitis. Statistical analyses, including Kendall’s tau, were carried out to investigate the relationships. Results: The results revealed a significant negative association between caffeine consumption and the occurrence of aphthous stomatitis among Armenian individuals Kendall’s tau-b (τb) correlation - 240* (p<0.05). Participants who reported regular caffeine consumption, such as coffee, tea, and energy drinks, had a lesser prevalence of aphthous stomatitis than non-consumers. Furthermore, Armenians in the survey showed that the majority (83.5%) had a low to moderate stress level. Conclusion: The data we collected in our research indicate that the prevalence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis in the Armenian ethnicity was infrequent; over half of the participants didn’t report Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis in the past 12 months. Which may correlate to their caffeine consumption habits, which can lead to stress reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver cancer is the sixth most prevalent cancer and ranks third in cancer‐related death, after lung and colorectal cancer. Various natural products have been discovered as alternatives to conventional cancer therapy strategies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Curcumin (CUR) with antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities has been associated with therapeutic benefits against various cancers. It can regulate multiple signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β‐catenin, JAK/STAT, p53, MAPKs, and NF‐ĸB, which are involved in cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. Due to its rapid metabolism, poor oral bioavailability, and low solubility in water, CUR application in clinical practices is restricted. To overcome these limitations, nanotechnology‐based delivery systems have been applied to use CUR nanoformulations with added benefits, such as reducing toxicity, improving cellular uptake, and targeting tumor sites. Besides the anticancer activities of CUR in combating various cancers, especially liver cancer, here we focused on the CUR nanoformulations, such as micelles, liposomes, polymeric, metal, and solid lipid nanoparticles, and others, in the treatment of liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was Effect of Early Childhood Education (ECE) Rooms to Retain and Enrollment of Students Grade Kachi and Pakki in Government Primary Schools of District Kasur. The population of the study was consisted of 294 primary schools and 9282 students in early childhood education classrooms of district Kasur. The data were collected through questionnaire. Early childhood education teachers were trained for early childhood education classrooms who teach only katchi and pakki classes in primary school of district Kasur. The results indicated that in many primary school early childhood education rooms were well decorated with wall papers sheets, blocks, trees, shapes, colors which shows the effectiveness of the early childhood education classrooms. Punjab Government has a goal to achieve 100% enrolment & retention and to provide not just free but most importantly quality education. Master Trainers for early childhood education teacher training from all districts of Punjab were selected. The Government provided the 46 kit items for the early childhood education children and also a caregiver for early childhood education classroom. A well decorated room was established for katchi and pakki classes and also trained early childhood education teacher. The third objective of the study was to investigate students' interest, attention, and motivation in education. Provision of early childhood education class room in government schools has helped to enhance student's interest, attention, motivation in education and laid a strong foundation for future education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has revealed to look into the issue of "social media concerns faced by university students during COVID-19." Our lives have been impacted by social media. This study's major goal was to determine how social networking sites affected pupils during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was helpful for kids to use social media in a constructive way, inform and educate them about it, and make them aware of its drawbacks while they have plenty of opportunities to stay at home and utilize social media for their education. Four Lahore universities, two of which were private and two of which were public, were included in the study. Each institution had two departments. Random selection was used to choose a sample of 10 male and 10 female students from each department. Information was gathered utilizing the created with an online technique for this descriptive research. The questionnaire was created to assess the various responses provided by men and women regarding their good use of social media. Both good and negative effects of social media during the pandemic were covered by the questionnaire. A five-point Likert scale was used to create the questionnaire. Independent t-tests were used to evaluate the data at SPSS. The findings showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, social media had both positive and bad effects on students. Social media's effects on college students during COVID-19. Students primarily utilize social media to stay in touch with friends and family and to trade useful information and take online classes. Utilizing social media for group projects and assignments helps students build their technical and social skills. Students spend more time on social media during pandemics, which has a negative impact on our cultures and causes health problems. Children waste valuable time playing games and chatting on social media platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing data have shown the significance of various miRNAs in malignancy. In this regard, parallel to its biological role in normal tissues, miRNA-128 (miR-128) has been found to play an essential immunomodulatory function in the process of cancer initiation and development. The occurrence of the aberrant expression of miR-128 in tumors and the unique properties of miRNAs raise the prospect of their use as biomarkers and the next generation of molecular anticancer therapies. The function of miR-128 in malignancies such as breast, prostate, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, esophageal, cervical, ovarian and bladder cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed in this review. Finally, the effect of exosomal miR-128 on cancer resistance to therapeutics and cancer immunotherapy in certain malignancies is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of the ongoing outbreak of epidemics, the Iraqi government ordered the temporary closure of university buildings and explicit compliance with social distancing, fearing increased infection rates among the large numbers of students. This closure, and the fear of infection, acted as an obstacle for users of educational spaces. To overcome this challenge, the study aimed to investigate the impact of educational space design on the effectiveness of social distancing to reduce the spread of epidemics. The shape, area, and furniture arrangement pattern were determined in the study of educational spaces design as a spatial configuration through the level of wayfinding and permeability. To better understand the relationship between the design of the current educational spaces and the effectiveness of social distancing, this study used a visual survey, field visits, and a quantitative method using a space syntax analysis. And the analysis was carried out on various models of educational spaces design in three elected samples of the buildings of the Technological University Baghdad, Iraq. The analysis values were represented in quantitative tables to illustrate the values of the space syntax attributes and charts showing measures of permeability and wayfinding in all the analysed models. The study results show an impact and a close relationship between the elements of educational space design as a spatial composition and the effectiveness of social distancing. This relationship is formed by the effect of the shape, space, and furniture arrangement pattern in changing the values of spatial space relationships. Furthermore, permeability and wayfinding as spatial characteristics depend on those relationships and control users' circulation within the educational space, which is essential in determining the effectiveness of social distancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of surfactant on the breakup of a prestretched bubble in a quiescent viscous surrounding is studied by a combination of direct numerical simulation and the solution of a long-wave asymptotic model. The direct numerical simulations describe the evolution toward breakup of an inviscid bubble, while the effects of small but non-zero interior viscosity are readily included in the long-wave model for a fluid thread in the Stokes flow limit.The direct numerical simulations use a specific but realizable and representative initial bubble shape to compare the evolution toward breakup of a clean or surfactant-free bubble and a bubble that is coated with insoluble surfactant. A distinguishing feature of the evolution in the presence of surfactant is the interruption of bubble breakup by formation of a slender quasi-steady thread of the interior fluid. This forms because the decrease in surface area causes a decrease in the surface tension and capillary pressure, until at a small but non-zero radius, equilibrium occurs between the capillary pressure and interior fluid pressure.The long-wave asymptotic model, for a thread with periodic boundary conditions, explains the principal mechanism of the slender thread's formation and confirms, for example, the relatively minor role played by the Marangoni stress. The large-time evolution of the slender thread and the precise location of its breakup are, however, influenced by effects such as the Marangoni stress and surface diffusion of surfactant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "The Clinical Relevance of Physical Activity Education in Medical School" which is published in the previous issue of the journal.