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This study investigated the potential use of microalgae as partial cement replacement to heal cracks in cement mortar. Microbially induced calcite (CaCO3) precipitation (MICP) from Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) (UMACC162) was utilised for crack-healing applications. Microalgae was cultivated in Kosaric Media (KM) together with filtered cement water (FCW), and used as a cement replacement material. The microalgal species was further evaluated for its capacity and adaptability towards large-scale culturing. The results showed that A. platensis could adapt and survive in cement water solution and cement mortar, suggesting the potential for self-healing in cement mortar. Further, the cultured species grown in both conditions (KM and KM & FCW) were harvested and incorporated into the cement mortar as a partial cement replacement material at different levels of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement weight. The cement mortars partially replaced with microalgae were cured in water for 28 days. Pre-cracks were induced in the cured mortar with the 75% of their ultimate load. It took just 14 days for the microalgae-incorporated mortar to heal the cracks. The specimens with microalgae cultured in FCW showed a better performance and recovered 59% of their strength, with a maximum healed crack width of 0.7 mm. In terms of water tightness and porosity, they are comparable to the control mortar. The compressive strength measurements indicated the formation of calcite aggregate (crystal) that sealed the surface cracks, which was confirmed by a microstructural analysis. The results also demonstrate that the incorporation of microalgae into cement produced a self-healing effect, providing a new direction for crack healing. Additionally, the investigation indicated that replacing cement with microalgae reduced CO2 emissions by as much as 30%, with a substitution of 30% of microalgae. Exploring microalgae as a cement replacement could reduce carbon emissions and improve the state of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As conventional concrete repairs have shortcomings and impact the environment, multiple attempts exist to find alternative sustainable measures to address this issue. Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) using microalgae is one of the proven methods that can heal microcracks. In this study, the method used in repairing micro-cracks is by spraying microalgae species, namely, Arthrospira platensis and Synechococcus elongatus, cultured in a high calcium-based medium onto the surface of the cement mortar. The crack healing was evaluated for 14 days after the cracks were induced by applying 65–70% of the maximum threshold load. The results show that the microalgal-treated specimens exhibited a higher strength recovery, crack closure, and less water absorption than the control specimen. It is also observed that over 75–80% (0.26 mm, approx.) of the cracks can be healed within the span of 14 days sustainably using microalgae. This research investigated the healing capacity of cracked cement mortar by applying a microalgal solution on the surface externally. The study proves that microalgae are a better and more eco-friendly way than other external chemical agents to crack repair. A maximum of 67% strength was regained in 14 days of treatment with Arthrospira platensis. Over 75–80% of cracks can heal after spraying microalgae. Comparing SEM and XRD polymorphs, CaCO3 precipitation was identified as Vaterite and Calcite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internet of things (IoT) integrates plans, operations, data management, and strategies, because they continuously support businesses, they could be a new point of entry for cyberattacks. IoT security is being seriously threatened by viruses and illicit downloads. These dangers run the risk of obtaining sensitive information, damaging their reputation and their finances. The attack prevention in IoT is detected in this work using a hybrid optimisation mechanism and deep learning a frame. A cybersecurity warning system (CWS) is proposed in this paper, by first preprocessing the input, then classifying, and finally optimizing it. With the modified particle swarm optimization algorithm (MPSO), the IDS is more effective at identifying both normal and abnormal connection in the networks. The smart initialization phase combines various pre-processing strategies to ensure that the informational features incorporated in the early development phase have been enhanced. Then the dilated convolutional neural network (di-CNN) is used for classification and is optimized by using MPSO algorithm to detect the attack. The recommended method is implemented in MATLAB stimulator. The effectiveness of the proposed CWS method approach has been assessed utilising performance criteria such as accuracy, precision ratio, F1 score, specificity, and detection rate. According to experimental findings, the proposed CWS technique 99% in which is relatively high compared to existing methods of 78%, 84%, and 90% than TCN-IDS, MCNN and DSBEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC), also known as foamed concrete, has been extensively used in construction for decades. Foamed concrete's properties include low density, excellent thermal conductivity, great workability, and selfcompaction; these features enable foamed concrete to be utilized in various contexts. However, the excessive use of conventional materials in concrete production harms the environment. Therefore, using agro-waste as a material to construct ecologically sustainable structures has numerous practical and financial benefits. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a waste product resulting from solid waste combustion during palm oil extraction. This research focused on the properties of foamed concrete with POC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% as the fine aggregate replacement to develop lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) with a density of 1300 kg/m3. Besides, the potential of POC powder (POCP) and thermally activated POCP (TPOCP) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% as cement replacements was examined. The development of compressive strength during a 90-day curing period was investigated. In addition, tensile and flexural strengths were assessed and reported, and the elastic modulus of the LFC was discussed. The transport properties of water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity were also investigated. The durability of concrete derivatives can exhibit the product's resistance to chemical attacks and environmental conditions. After 75 days of immersion in hydrochloric acid and magnesium sulfate, the chemical resistivity of the produced LFC was determined by measuring the loss in weight and compressive strength. In addition, the effects of elevated temperatures on the LFC were determined by analyzing the mass loss and compressive strength degradation of specimens exposed to temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 °C. The test results demonstrated that the complete replacement of sand with POC enhanced the compressive strength of LFC by more than 50%. Similarly, POC-based LFC had higher flexural and tensile strengths than normal LFC. Besides, substituting 20% of cement with TPOCP could improve the strength of LFC by 23% during the initial curing days. Utilizing the optimal proportions of POC and POCP could enhance the residual strengths of LFC. Therefore, POC has the potential to be utilized as a fine aggregate and cementitious material to produce sustainable concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), for rendering a supplementary solution for conventional data collection, a mobile agent (MA) was proposed recently. Normally, finding out an optimum itinerary for the MA is a vital research problem in any MA-centred sensor network. Thus to attain effectual data gathering as of multiple sensory data source nodes, an Efficient multi-MA-based Data Aggregation (DA) in WSN centered upon HSSO route planning (EDA-HSSO) is proposed. Primarily, the MKMeans clustering algorithm clusters the sensor nodes (SN). From this generated cluster, the Cluster Head (CH) is chosen by utilizing the Improved Crow Search Algorithm (ICSA). Subsequent to CH-selection, the system plans the route discovery for collecting data as of the CH of every cluster; in addition, here, the Hybrid Salp Swarm Optimization (HSSO) algorithm is employed for route planning (RP). Ultimately, by utilizing the route discovery, the MA migration along with DA processes are done. In an investigational assessment, the proposed EDA-HSSO system's performance is contrasted with the existing one. The proposed EDA-HSSO rendered a better performance when weighted against topnotch methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose generation and entanglement detection schemes for generalized N-mode single-photon perfect W-states. These states are suitable for perfect teleportation and superdense coding. Based on the evolution of single-photon wavefunction in scalable integrated photonic lattices, we present schemes to generate these states using both planar and ring type waveguide structures. The integrated waveguide structures can be precisely fabricated, offer low photon propagation losses and can be integrated on a chip. In addition, we derive set of generalized entanglement conditions using the sum uncertainty relations of generalized su(2) algebra operators. We show that any given genuinely entangled N-mode single-photon state is a squeezed state of a specific su(2) algebra operator and can be expressed as superposition of a pair of orthonormal generalized N-mode single-photon perfect W-states which are eigenstates of that specific su(2) algebra operator. Within the single-photon subspace, the generalized entanglement condition reduces to a simplified single-photon separability condition. Detection of entanglement of single-photon states, using this single-photon separability condition, requires finding fidelity with two pairs of orthonormal generalized N-mode single-photon perfect W-states and hence more suitable for our purpose. Finally, we propose an experimental scheme to verify the entanglement using the proposed conditions. This scheme uses a photonic circuit consisting of directional couplers and phase shifters. The same photonic circuit can also be used to generate generalized N-mode single-photon perfect W-states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive exploitation of natural resources, such as mining or river sand in concrete, has resulted in several catastrophic disasters worldwide. Furthermore, the low compressive strength of lightweight concrete (LFC) has limited its use as structural concrete. In this research, the feasibility of replacing natural mining sand (MS) as fine aggregates in the development of LFC with local agro‐industrial waste material, namely palm oil clinker (POC), which can be considered a sustainable material, at different replacement ratios of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% was investigated. Because of the porous structure of POC, a volume‐based method was employed in the mix design of using the specific gravities to produce LFC with three different target densities of 1100, 1300, and 1500 kg/m3. The investigated parameters include workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Overall, 100% replacement of MS volume with POC with the sieve size below 0.6 mm resulted in a 90‐day compressive strength of 26.7 MPa in the LFC with a density of 1500 kg/m3. Similar to the compressive strength, the utilization of the sustainable POC as fine aggregates slightly improved the tensile and flexural strengths of LFC. On the other hand, replacing 100% of MS with POC with the sieve size below 0.6 mm reduced the flow test results of LFC from 405 to 350 mm. The use of POC in LFC improved the bonding between cementitious material and fine aggregate, according to the UPV results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foxtail millet, scientific name Setaria italica, is an annual grass grown for human food. It is the second-most widely planted species of millet, and the most grown millet species in Asia. Foxtail millet like other millets is a powerhouse of nutrition. Rich in vitamin B12, these tiny seeds can offer a daily dose of ample protein, good fat, carbohydrate and amazing dietary fiber content rich in flavonoids like lysine, thiamine, iron and niacin, it also offers copious amounts of calcium. The objective of the present work is to study the effect of roasting time and temperature on the physiochemical properties of foxtail millet flour to develop a functional beverage . The time and temperature for roasting are varied from 15 minutes to 30 minutes and 50°C to 100°C, respectively. The physical properties such as tap density, bulk density, angle of repose, color, moisture content are found out and compared with the unroasted flour which is the control sample and processing for formulation of beverage by using retort processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, research work on the use of coal bottom ash (CBA) as a partial alternative for aggregate in concrete is on the rise. This research is aimed at examining the characteristics of lightweight foamed concrete with CBA as fine aggregate to produce environmentally sustainable product. With the volume replacement technique, CBA was used as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement for conventional mining sand with different sieve sizes of smaller than 4.75, 2.36, and 0.6 mm in concrete. Water absorption, porosity as well as mechanical characteristics tests, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were conducted and analyzed. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy microstructural investigations were also performed to correlate test results. The quality of concrete was investigated using a non-destructive ultrasonic pulse velocity test. According to the findings, the highest replacement level of CBA with a sieve size smaller than 0.6 mm had an impact in reducing workability. The effect of CBA particles on water absorption, MOE, compressive strength, and tensile strength depends on the size of the fine aggregate, the replacement ratio and the density. In general, substituting mining sand with CBA aggregate improved the mechanical performance of concrete, notably for the aggregate size of less than 0.6 mm. Moreover, the SEM images indicate that the addition of CBA particles decreased the size and quantity of voids in the foamed concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data used in the opinion can be either factual or subjective, or both. The subjective form includes a positive or negative view, whereas there are facts in the objective form. As the result of opinion mining, the subjectivity and objectivity of knowledge are described as created. The outcome may be either positive or negative or a combination of both. Machine learning helps the computer to behave without a specific task being specifically programmed. Many consumers will critically evaluate everything online, especially food and amenities in eateries, to show their modest viewpoint. These views are critical in the decision-making process, especially in an uncertain feedback pool. Manually evaluating and deriving genuine opinions from these evaluations is very tough despite the growing count of opinions that are accessible in every category. So, to solve this issue, an automated methodology is needed. Sentiment evaluations or opinion extraction are returned methodologies to evaluate and identify uncertain feedback subjects as either positive or negative in these reviews. Three different dimensions of recommender systems are present; document-based, sentence-based, and aspect-based. Report and statement-based opinion mining concentrates on the broader orientation of the review and does not identify more accurately the crucial aspects of all the extracted reviews. The subject of trend is thus view-based opinion mining, and the emphasis of this research is on the restaurant's feedback sector. Creative marketing strategies are planned using sentiment assessments and opinion mining. The sentiment classifications are managed through a smart method called Neuro-Fuzzy Sentiment Classification. It is an entirely automated method of sentiment estimation and prediction. It can be used to group textual data and then used to identify patterns about the contents of the textual information. The resultant data aids in creating autonomous systems that consider the input from customers and prepare restaurant strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the generation of a single photon perfect W-state. An important aspect of this perfect W-state is that it can be used for perfect teleportation and superdense coding, which are not achievable with maximally entangled W-state. Our scheme for generation involves entanglement between various path degrees of freedom of a single photon in a compact and weakly coupled integrated waveguide system, which can be fabricated precisely with a femtosecond laser direct writing technique. These platforms are interferometrically stable, scalable, less sensitive to decoherence and ensure a very low loss factor of 0.1dBcm−1 during photon propagation, and hence are ideal for generation of a perfect W-state. In addition to generation of the single photon perfect W-state, we study its non-local properties using the theory of local elements of reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the multiphoton coherence effects on two weak probe-beam transitions in a five-level double-inverted Y system, where the two probe transitions are also affected by phase-dependent χ(3) processes occurring via Λ and Ξ channels. This system provides two channels to create each two-photon coherence and three-photon coherence. We show that quantum interference induced by the closed loop structure formed by excited states enhance the effect of two-photon coherence. Conditions on probe and control beam Rabi frequencies are provided to remove this quantum interference effect and achieve a balance between absorption induced by three-photon coherence and gain due to χ(3) processes either via two channels or via one channel. When the control beams forming double-Λ-configuration are out of phase with each other and so are the control beams forming double-Ξ-configuration, the probe beams are shown to undergo correlated absorption mainly due to χ(3) contribution. Also we present absorption profiles of both probe beams for moving atoms to show the multiphoton coherence effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent decades, rapid transit system (RTS) plays a significant key role to form most affordable and comfort travel zone to humans. With increase in population and usage of RTS, safety measures are concerned to be most notable factor in the world. Moreover, during emergency cases internal wired safety setups of any RTS does not prevents drastic disaster and allows negative impact for on-demand reliable changes. As an alternative to other expensive technologies, wireless sensor network (WSN) system provides fast communicative and compact applications to RTS. Inorder to reduce causalities, designing such a network application to RTS always poses challenging problems in terms of fault tolerance and time bounded packet delivery. Integrated fuzzy-logic based synchronized data transmission (IFSDT) algorithm has been designed to optimize those challenges, especially in RTS. IFSDT is a synchronized energy aware algorithm that prevents the occurrence of potential faults during unexpected emergencies in the coaches of RTS and ensures the fast transmission of critical broadcast signal and response in a limited time span. Furthermore, the results of the proposed design performs better than the existing reliable and energy optimized WSN design and exhibits the optimized response time for broadcasting emergency signals which is below 0.02 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung perfusion scan provides a map of the spatial distribution of lung perfusion. This can be used to design radiation portals to spare functional lung (FL), potentially reducing lung toxicity. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of lung perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in treatment planning for lung cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Radiotherapy treatment planning computed tomography (CT) scans and SPECT scans of 11 patients of lung cancer suitable for external radiotherapy were co-registered. Conventional treatment plans (anatomic plan) and plans with FL information (functional plan) was generated. The difference in dose volume parameters (V20, V30 and mean lung doses) due to these two plans were compared using Bland-Altman plots. Results: Functional plans produced a more favorable plan compared with anatomic plan in all except three cases. FL V20 values and FL mean lung dose were reduced for all patients by an average of 5.45 Gy and 7.72 Gy respectively which were statistically significant. Conclusions: Lung perfusion scans provide functional information which is not provided by CT scans. SPECT-guidance aids in reducing the dose delivered to highly perfused regions which could reduce the incidence of pneumonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure with polar and non-polar constituents has been shown to exhibit interface metallic conductivity due to fractional charge transfer to the interface. The interface reconstruction by electron redistribution along the (001) orientation, in which half of an electron is transferred per two-dimensional unit cell to the adjacent planes, resulting in a net transfer of half of the charge to both the interface and topmost atomic planes, has been ascribed to a polar discontinuity at the interface in the polar catastrophe model. This avoids the divergence of the electrostatic potential, as the number of layers are increased, producing an oscillatory electric field and finite potential. Akin to the description of charge fractionalization in quasi–one-dimensional polyacetylene by the field-theoretic Jackiw-Rebbi model with fermions interacting with a topologically non-trivial background field, we show an analogous connection between the polar catastrophe model and the Bell-Rajaraman model, where the charge fractionalization occurs in the soliton free sector as an end effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]