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White tea is valuable for having a high antioxidant content, which is considered to possess numerous beneficial effects on health. This study investigated the application of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the extraction of total phenolic compounds from white tea. The experimental setup included four independent variables: microwave power (ranging from 100 to 300 W), extraction time (ranging from 10 to 40 min), temperature (ranging from 35 to 50 °C), and the ratio of food to solvent (ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 g/10 mL). The responses that were evaluated were IC50 (ppm) and total phenolic content (mg/g). The experimental design consisted of thirty runs conducted within the MAE system. The group method of data handling (GMDH) models were used to predict important efficiency measures (IC50 and total phenol content) in the extraction process. The models were assessed based on their ability to capture the relationships between input conditions and efficiency outputs. Three GMDH variants were compared: baseline GMDH, GMDH optimized with a genetic algorithm (GMDH-GA), and GMDH optimized with a harmony search algorithm (GMDH-HS). While all models achieved high predictive ability on a test set, GMDH-HS emerged as the superior performer. It achieved near-perfect agreement with observations (d-index > 0.998), minimal errors (NRMSE < 0.02), and effectively captured data variance (NSE > 0.99) for both outputs. Correlation diagrams and Taylor diagrams confirmed the superior performance of GMDH-HS in terms of linearity, correlation, and error minimization. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of hybridizing GMDH with a harmony search algorithm for complex modeling tasks, paving the way for improved efficiency and yield optimization in extraction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of removing sulfur compounds and aromatic compounds to produce clean fuel is an important and effective contribution to the processes of mitigating and adapting to climate change. In contrast, it is necessary to find an innovative way to remove sulfur and carcinogenic aromatic compounds because clean, low-sulfur diesel is commonly used in all countries of the world at the present time. Therefore, in this work, we have studied the effect of the microwave radiation power and the irradiation time with the use of more than one type of organic solvent; methanol, acetonitrile and ethyl acetoacetate; as an extractant and solvent to feed ratio impact on the removal of sulfur and aromatic compounds of a real diesel fuel feed which has 450 ppm sulfur content and 16 wt% aromatic Content. The results showed that the best solvent used during this work was ethyl acetoacetate. According to the results, high sulfur removal (≈ 92%) was accomplished with microwave-assisted extractive desulfurization technique under the following ideal conditions: the irradiation time is 7 min, the solvent feed ratio is 3:1 and the microwave intensity is 180 W. To reveal the mechanism of microwave-assisted extractive desulfurization via different organic solvents, a theoretical study including structural examination and interaction energy analysis on the interaction between dibenzothiophene (DBT) or dimethyl dibenzothiophene (DMDBT) and the different organic solvents was also conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oranges dominate the world in terms of harvested area, with an annual global production of 60 million tonnes. Approximately 40–50% of orange production is utilized for fruit processing. Notably, the peel waste generated from juice processing industries exceeds 32 million tonnes. Most of the waste generated is either disposed of in landfills or thrown into rivers, leading to water contamination and elevated pollution rates. Factors contributing to this include low pH, high water and organic content, ease of fermentability, and substantial demand for oxygen. The orange peel is rich in bioactives, providing protection against a range of diseases. Both traditional and non-conventional extraction methods, are available to extract these bioactives. Traditional methods come with various limitations, meanwhile, the non-conventional green extraction methods like microwave assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), pulse electric field extraction (PEF), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), etc., are becoming more significant because of their no thermal nature and environmentally beneficial characteristics. Moreover, green extraction methods employ reduced amounts of solvents, consume less energy, require shorter extraction time, yield higher extraction rate, and are environmentally friendly. This review compiles the effective utilization of orange peel for the bioactive recovery, sources, properties and novel extraction techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation deals with the optimization of various parameters for extraction of oleoresins from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry buds (clove) using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) by response surface methodology comparing the results with Soxhlet extraction (SE). The chemical composition of oleoresins was studied by GC-MS analysis. This was followed by testing their antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp. and antioxidant potential. The maximum yield of clove oleoresin (COR) was obtained by UAE (42.00%) at 1:35 (solid to liquid ratio), 70°C for 12.50 min followed by SE (41.38%) and MAE (41.07%, 1:31 (solid to liquid ratio), 625 W for 60 s). The COR extracted by MAE showed the maximum percentage of various oxygenated terpenes (76.96%), followed by UAE (74.98%) and SE (44.92%). The major compound found in CORs extracted by MAE and UAE was eugenol acetate and for SE was 4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diol. The CORs extracted by MAE exhibited maximum antibacterial potential with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which is the lowest COR concentration that inhibited the detectable growth of the test microorganisms in the range of 2.80–4.20 mg/ml followed by UAE (3.20–4.45 mg/ml) and SE (3.75–4.56 mg/ml). The COR extracted by MAE also exhibited maximum antioxidant activity against mustard oil degradation having the least increase in peroxide value, anisidine value, thiobarbituric acid value and total oxidation value after 28 days of storage. Hence, the maximum yield of COR was obtained by UAE but the maximum antibacterial and antioxidant potential was shown by COR extracted by MAE. Hence, COR extracted by MAE can be used as a natural food preservative as an alternative to synthetic food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huge amount of waste is generated by the pineapple processing industries which raises concerns regarding its safe disposal into the environment. This ever-increasing problem of waste management can be solved by the valorization of pineapple by-products to high-value compounds. The extraction of proteolytic enzyme, bromelain from pineapple rind using green techniques can help to overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional methods. In the present study, the extraction of bromelain from pineapple rind using microwave assisted technique resulted in considerable amount of proteolytic activity (127.8 U/mL) and protein content (2.55 mg/mL). The optimized extraction conditions were found as 200 W microwave power, 1:5 solid/ liquid ratio and after treatment time of 10 min. Highest specific activity (512 U/mg) of bromelain was obtained after using gel filtration chromatography. FTIR result confirmed the presence of functional groups in bromelain, whereas, XRD analysis indicated the semi-crystalline nature of bromelain. The results indicated MAE as an effective green technique for the extraction of bromelain from pineapple rind. The proteolytic action of the extracted bromelain makes it a suitable functional ingredient for its applications in bakery, dairy, and seafood processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla seed meal (PSM) is a by-product rich in proteins and bioactive compounds obtained by cold pressed oil extraction method. Microwave is an efficient nonconventional technology usually used to accelerate the recovery of the extracts. In this study, pH, microwave power and treatment time were optimized to maximize the recovery of targeted compounds using Box–Behnken design. The pH was found to be the most significant variable affecting the yield followed by microwave power and treatment time (based on F-value). Compared to conventional alkaline extraction, an increase in the yield of protein content by 10.58%, antioxidant activity by 7.48% and total phenolic content by 21.59% was recorded at the optimal values of pH (11.5) microwave power (160 W) and treatment time (30 s). Moreover, principle component analysis revealed opposite correlation between antioxidant activity and extraction of protein/phenolics suggesting the loss of bioactivity at the higher yield of extracts. Also, from the clustering analysis, the effect of microwave treatment found to be lower in more extreme alkaline conditions compared to lower pH values. Hence, lower alkaline conditions are suggested for the microwave treatment to develop better control system in the extraction industry. Plant extracts are frequently obtained using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) Alkalinity level, microwave power and exposure time were analyzed Multicomponent analysis revealed optimum microwave treatments at less alkaline conditions The protein yield was 10.5% higher while total phenolic content was 21.6% higher than conventional alkaline extraction in optimum microwave conditions The MAE is recommended to obtain a high recovery of extracts with minimum degradation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Curcumin is one of the major constituents of turmeric which possess multifarious therapeutic properties. However, owing of its limited solubility in water its bioavailability is poor. Thus, attempts have been made to increase the solubility of curcumin by fermenting turmeric followed by extraction and encapsulation. Lactobacillus fermentum was used for the fermentation of raw turmeric pulp. The influence of Lactobacillus fermentation and different extraction methods (conventional solvent extraction (CSE), ultrasound (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) on total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and curcumin content were analyzed. Further, to increase the stability of extract, different concentrations of maltodextrin were used to microencapsulate the curcumin extract. The results showed that, Lactobacillus fermentation increased the TPC and antioxidant activity from 5.59 ± 0.20 to 6.27 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g and 67.49 ± 1.51 to 79.00 ± 2.20%, respectively. MAE showed highest TPC (7.88 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g), antioxidant activity (94 ± 1.57%) and curcumin content (0.866 ± 0.05 mg/g) followed by UAE and CSE. Maximum yield of curcumin extract was observed in MAE, UAE and CSE as 59.93, 47.09 and 29.44% respectively, higher than non-fermented turmeric pulp. Maltodextrin percentage showed a significant influence on bio-functional properties of encapsulated powder. However, 20% maltodextrin exhibited better bio-functional properties as compared to other concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Science & Technology / Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Igdir University, Institute of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Valorisation of agro-industry organic wastes has gained importance in the last decades since it pursues two major goals: environment protection and economic profit. Squalene that represents one the most important natural antioxidant for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry, can be recovered from olive oil production wastes, playing a prominent role to substitute of the shark liver oil as main squalene resource, with great benefits from the marine species protection. The "Aged Extra Virgin Olive Oil-Sludge" (AEVOO-S) a less studied olive oil waste contains squalene in a good concentration depending by the starting Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) quality (cultivar, extraction processes) and storage conditions. In the present work, fresh EVOO, aged olive oil (AEVOO) and isolated sludge have been characterized and compared in some chemico/ physical properties that confirm the applicability of this waste as a further alternative squalene source. Organic solvent under different conditions and supercritical-CO2 extraction of squalene methodologies, were evaluated in order to optimize its recovery. The results showed that at room temperature, chloroform extracts the highest squalene amount (up to 500 mg/100 g of sludge) but with low selectivity (high amount of free fatty acids were also detected) whereas Microwave Assisted Extraction using n-hexane as solvent, provided high squalene yield (456 mg/100 g of sludge) but with less free fatty acid. Due to the high viscosity of the semi-solid sludge, supercritical carbon dioxide does not show the high squalene extraction ability showed using oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gedong mango plant (Mangifera indica L.var.Gedong) is a plant that has potential as herbal medicine, especially in its leaves because it contains many secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, gallic tannins, catecat tannins, quinones and steroids or triterpenoids which can be used as antioxidants, antimicrobial and dandruff. This study aims to gedong mango leaf extract concentrations of 5%, 7%, and 10% in hair tonic preparations and to test the antidandruff activity. Gedong mango leaf simplicia (Mangifera indica L.var.Gedong) was extracted using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) sodium acetate dan lactic acid solvents with a molar ratlactic1:3. Hair tonic preparations are made in three formulas with the active ingredient of mango gedong leaf extract at a concentration of 5%, 7%, and 10%. Evaluation of hair tonic pr, separation air tonic preparation evaluation includes organ anoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity and eststy test of hair tonic anti-dandruffas carriedtestt by the healthy method against the fungus Pityrosporhealthyvale. Hair tonic of mango gedong leaf extract with concentrations of 5%, 7%, and 10% on organoleptic observations, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity met the requirements. The hair tonic has the potential as an antidandruff because it has antidandruff activity against the fungus Pityrosporum ovale and is classified as moderate to strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction methods like maceration, ultrasonication, vortex mixer, soxhlet extraction and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), were evaluated for the extraction of Camptothecin (CPT) from the leaves and stem of Tabernaemontana alternifolia, Tabernaemontana divaricata and Tabernaemontana citrifolia. The extracts were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The results show that the leaves of Tabernaemontana alternifolia exhibited highest yield of CPT as compared to the other species. MAE was the most efficient extraction method with CPT extraction yield of 0.154 ± 0.004% w/w from Tabernaemontana alternifolia leaves followed by Soxhlet extraction, sonication, maceration, and vortex extraction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) contains several bioactive and volatile components, the repercussions of oxidative stress are mitigated by natural antioxidants also found in a Pineapple peels var. Jaldhup. This study aims to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) and antioxidant properties of Pineapple peel extracted in various polar and non polar solvents using Microwave assisted extraction (MAE). These peels contain polyphenols and flavonoids that act as free radical scavengers, reduce oxidative stress, and may be an alternative remedy to cure various detrimental human diseases. After investigating several solvents, the highest TPC value was found in methanolic extract at 15.25 mg GAE/g, while the lowest was found in ethyl acetate extract at 2.83 mg GAE/g. The highest TFC value was found in water at 11.18 mg QE/g, while the lowest was found in ethyl acetate at 2.9 mg QE/g. The peel had remarkable antioxidant properties. With methanol, pineapple peel has the highest In vitro antioxidant activity (76.25 µg/mL), whereas acetone has the lowest In vitro antioxidant activity (61.04 µg/mL). Since pineapple peel has exceptional phytoconstituents, it can be exploited in phytotherapy and pharmacology as a source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, custard apple fruit has been applied in food processing with various products. The purpose of this study aimed to valorize the peel as organic food waste produced by fruit processing. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive polyphenols from custard apple peel was performed at different aqueous ethanol composition, extraction irradiation time, solvent to solid ratio, and microwave power. Total polyphenols content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated. Response surface methodology was applied to find the optimal condition according to the central composite design with ethanol concentration ranged from 50 to 70%, extraction time from 3 to 7 min, solvent to solid ratio from 20 to 30 mL/g, and microwave power from 154 to 274 W. A quadratic model was respectively developed to correlate the investigated variables to the TPC and radical scavenging activity by DPPH and ABTS of the extracts. Optimum condition was successfully selected at an ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction time of 5 min, solvent-solid ratio of 25 mL/g, and microwave power of 214 W. With a good correlation between predicted values and actual experimental results, the developed response surface model can be used to optimize the extraction of polyphenols from custard apple peel by MAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet-extraction (SE) were compared for the extraction of phytochemicals from the seed powder of Daucus carota. Results showed that only 5 min of MAE gave maximum phenolics 275 mg and flavonoids 229 mg as compared to SE, which took 5 h to give its maximum. GC-MS analysis of MAE and SE revealed 15 and 11 compounds respectively; Estragole (52.55%) and linalool (39.97%) being the major component in MAE and SE-derived extract respectively. HPLC analysis showed a variety of phenolics and flavonoids in MAE as compared to SE. MAE extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant (82%) and antifungal potential (89.3%inhibition) compared to SE (54.32% and 60.7% respectively). Results suggested that MAE can rapidly extract phytochemicals from carrot seeds without affecting their biological activities. The usage of MAE in analytical labs can safely opt for rapid extraction of required phytochemicals by optimizing the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC is a highly valued medicinal herb that has been used in traditional medicinal systems for its remedial effects. Owing to the over-exploitation and unethical trade of N. jatamansi, the accelerating global demand of herbal products from this plant cannot be satisfied by the conventional extraction approach. In view of the progressive demand and incredible biological potential of herb, the present research was designed to optimize various extraction parameters for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The extracts obtained from the traditional and green approach were also assessed for the recovery of secondary metabolites and anti-Alzheimer's potential. Various parameters like microwave power, temperature, and time of irradiation were optimized for MAE using Box Behkhen Design (BBD) The scanning electron microscopy of different plant samples was also done to observe the effect of microwave radiations. Further, the metabolite profiling of different extracts was also done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Also the different behavioral and biochemical parameters along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential were assessed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's potential. Optimized parameters for MAE were found to be as microwave power 187.04 W, temperature 90°C, and irradiation time 20 min. The extract yield in MAE was significantly enhanced as compared to the conventional method. Also, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC) were improved pointedly from 32.13 ± 0.55 to 72.83 ± 1.1 mg of GAE/g of extract and 21.7 ± 0.85 to 39.21 ± 0.7 mg of RUE/g of extract respectively. Later, the GC-MS analysis of various extracts confirmed the enhancement in the concentration of various sesquiterpenes like jatamansone, spirojatamol, valerenal, valeric acid, globulol, nootkatone and steroidal compounds such as sitosterol, ergosterol, stigmastanone, etc. in the optimized extract. A significant improvement in anti-Alzheimer's potential was also observed owing to the better concentration of secondary metabolites in the optimized microwave extract. From the current findings, it could be concluded that the MAE could be a successful and green alternative for the extraction and recovery of secondary metabolites from the selected medicinal herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites from the sawmill waste Picea abies bark were extracted using an innovative two-step extraction that includes a first step with supercritical CO2 (SCO2) and a second step using green solvents, namely ethanol, water, and water ethanol mixture. Maceration (M), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) techniques were applied in the second step. A total of nineteen extract were obtained and yield were compared. Bark extracts were characterized by LC-DAD-MSn and classes of compounds were quantified as abietane derivatives, piceasides, flavonoids, and phenolics to compare different extractions. Obtained extracts were studied by in vitro assay to evaluate potential pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic uses assessing the antioxidant activity as well as the inhibitory activity on target enzymes. Results show that the "smart extraction chain" is advantageous in term of yield of extraction and phytoconstituent concentration. SCO2 extract, presenting a unique composition with a large amount of abietane derivatives, exerted the best activity for amylase inhibition compared to the other extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujube fruit is a considerable source of antioxidants that could be used as ingredients against several diseases. The optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds from Z. lotus pulp and peel (Zlp) was achieved using response surface methodology. The effect of the extraction parameters (microwave power "MW", extraction time, ethanol/water solvent and liquid–solid ratio) on the total phenolic compounds (TPC) was well described by second-degree regression model. The liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) was done. Best results were obtained at 600 W MW power, 180 s irradiation time, 51% ethanol concentration and 47:1 mL/g solvent-to solid ratio obtaining 7473.38 ± 740.55 mg GAE/100 g of TPC, 1019.96 ± 75.03 mg CE/100 g of TFC, 14,253.11 ± 2453.86 mg CE/100 g of TTC. LC–MS–MS determined that from all phytochemicals, 44.51% of the extract was flavonoids which represent 80.75% of all secondary metabolites from which 5-hydroxy-7-O-nerylflavanone is found to be the most abundant one. The extracts revealed the presence of 34 bioactive compounds, from which 10 phenolic compounds have never been previously identified from Zizyphus plant. The Zlp extract exhibited a greatest antioxidant effects by PAOT, DPPH, and FRAP activity; as well as, a lowest cytotoxic effects against both HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. In a concentration of 1 mg/mL, Zlp produced a strong AChE inhibition. This research revealed that MAE is more rapid and an effective method to extract TPC recovery which can be used in food matrixes and/or in nutraceutical formulations for its good biological effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the optimum processing conditions of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of anthraquinone (aloe emodin, AE) and flavonoids (kaempferol 3-gentiobioside, K3G and kaempferol, KA) from Senna alata (L.) Roxb. The kinetic study indicates that MAE showed a greater extraction rate, compared to ultrasonic-assisted and maceration, due to the enhanced power which altered the leaf microstructures. The optimisation was undertaken using one-factor-at-a-time, two-level factorial design and central composite design were used to maximise the yield of the target compounds. The optimum yield of K3G (4.27 mg/g DW), KA (8.54 mg/g DW) and AE (0.86 mg/g DW) was obtained at 90.5% ethanol, microwave power of 18.6 W/mL with a desirability of 0.82. In addition, the yield of K3G and KA is correlated positively with the antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extraction is the primary essential step in preparation of plant formulations. Modern techniques of extraction are powerful in advancing the improvement of conventional natural remedies. The development of cuttingedge sample-preparation strategies with significant advantages over traditional methods for extracting and evaluating medicinal plants is likely to play an important role alongside the standard effort to ensure the availability of excellent natural merchandise to customers worldwide. Sample coaching is of maximum significance to the improvement of analytical techniques for the evaluation of elements gift within side the botanicals and natural preparations. In this review article, precept in the back of operation of diverse extraction techniques, elements influencing technique performance, studies progress, energy and weak spot of various extraction processes are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the techniques which might be solvent and energy saving, and appropriate for temperature stable bioactive compounds. The purpose of this review is to assess and do comparison of the most frequently used procedures on basis of their principles and strengths in order to describe the appropriateness and financial viability of the extraction procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaseolus vulgaris L. has beneficial effects on several chronic non-communicable diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases) related to oxidative stress. This redox state may influence platelet activation and aggregation; which is crucial in thrombus formation. In this work, the antiplatelet and antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts obtained by green processes, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, from 25 landraces of common beans were investigated. Phenol content and antioxidant potential were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total monomeric anthocyanin and ORAC assay, respectively. The antiplatelet potential of the extracts was explored by turbidimetry. Microwave extraction showed higher phenol content and antioxidant activity in most extracts. Soja landrace extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction showed higher phenol content and antioxidant activity (893.45 ± 87.30 mg GAE/g and 35,642.85 ± 2588.88 ORAC μmolTE/g, respectively). Although most of the extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction showed antiplatelet activity, the extract of Hallado Aleman landrace obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (IC50 = 0.152 ± 0.018 mg/mL) had the highest antiplatelet potential. The extraction method, MAE and UAE, influences the biological potential of the beans, specifically the antiplatelet activity and antioxidant activity. The functional value of this legume for direct consumption by the population was evidenced, as well as its inclusion in food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts are receiving attention due to their agro-food applications. Then, the simultaneous optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from jackfruit leaf with growth inhibitory action against Alternaria sp. was studied. The effects of power and time on total soluble polyphenols and total flavonoids contents, and antifungal activity were investigated using response surface methodology. Temperature behavior was considered also. Models showed good prediction and successfully validation. Treatment at 840 W and 2 min allowed the responses maximization (148.75 mg galic acid equivalent /g dried weight of total soluble polyphenols, 13.28 mg rutin equivalent /g dried weight of total flavonoids, and 39.9% of antifungal activity). Furthermore, high ABTS+ (97%) and DPPH (92%) inhibition was exhibited, as a function of the polyphenol's concentration and composition. Mainly flavonoids with potential antioxidant and antifungal properties were detected. These findings suggest the potentialities of these extracts for Alternaria sp. control during tomato postharvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was aimed to assess the effect of microwave assisted extraction on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), in-vitro antioxidant characteristics and identification of major volatile components of black cumin seeds extracted using different solvents (ethanol, n-hexane and water). Variation in TPC (28.72 - 37.15 mg GAE/g) and TFC (24.96 - 32.13 mg QE/g) of microwave assisted black cumin extracts (MABCEs) using different solvents was observed. Concurrently, the in-vitro antioxidant capacity varied from 63.34 to 82.12%, 119.82 to 168.0 µM Fe (II)/100mg, and 30.73 to 52.46% as analysed by DPPH, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays, respectively. Microwave-assisted extraction showed significantly higher results of TPC, TFC, and in-vitro antioxidant characterization as compared to control (non-microwave assisted). Depending upon the results of these in-vitro analyses, n-hexane extract was further employed to Gas Chromatographic analysis. Among all the 25 phenolic compounds identified, p-cymene, thymoquinone, carvacrol, α- thujene, 4-isopropyl-9-methoxy-1methyl-1-cyclohexene and longifolene were reported to be 26.97%, 35.91%, 2.19%, 8.26%, 5.45% and 4.98%, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that microwave assisted extraction technique is more efficient as compared to conventional extraction techniques keeping in view the antioxidant properties and volatile profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung) is a by-product of the rice milling process, consisting of an outer layer of rice grains with the whole seed institute. Rice bran oil is a result of rice bran extraction. Rice bran oil contains antioxidant compounds, one of which is oryzanol, so this study aims to determine the levels of or-oryzanol in rice bran. The stages of the research included sample preparation, extraction using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), followed by Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC) was extracted using the MAE method produced 30 mL of black-brown rice bran oil extract. A total of 8 grams of rice bran extract was obtained at VLCC using eluent (n-hexane: ethyl acetate) with ratios 9:1, 7:3, and 1:1, respectively. Then the five factions obtained were characterized using HPLC, and GC/MS identified the mass of the α-oryzanol compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of economical and environmental methods as an alternative process to recover the industrial crops and food products into high-added value compounds is of great significant. In the current study, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) in order to evaluate the waste of sour cherry as a source of phenolic compounds rich in anthocyanins. The process parameters (microwave power, irradiation time and ethanol solvent concentration) of MAE method were optimized by face centered composite design of RSM. Responses such as total phenolic componds (TPC), total anthocyanin (TA) contents and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) of extracts were measured spectrophotometrically after extractions of samples. The optimized result of MAE was 500 W of microwave power, 90 s of irradation time and 80% ethanol solvent concentration. Antioxidant capacity was tested using by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Chromatographic analysis (HPLC) was also used to measure the concentration of major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) of the samples. Maximum predicted TPC, TA and DPPH yields on optimized conditions were 44.15 mg-GAE/g-FM (mg- gallic acid equivalent per g- fresh matter), 12.47 mg-cyanidin-3-glucoside/g-FM and 69.90 (%, inhibition), respectively. A stability assay under different conditions (light, dark, ambient condition, refrigerator and deep freezer) has been also performed in order to display the stability of bioactivity profile. All of the process parameters were significant at the level of p < 0.0001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RSM and ANN were evaluated for prediction of physical and chemical properties of industrial hemp extracts prepared using MAE. The effects of liquid to solid ratio, ethanol content, extraction time, extraction temperature, and microwave power were analyzed. ANN had better prediction performance for both physical and chemical properties. Optimal conditions based on RSM were L/S = 30 mL/g, v/v = 25%, t = 25 min, T = 45°C and P = 600 W. Under those conditions, dynamic of the extraction process was analyzed using six kinetic models and showed that the extraction rate reached constant value after approximately 15 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwaves are utilized for extraction of Phytoconstituents from complex herbal sample as a result of incredible research. Conventional extraction strategies are tedious and need more solvents and are no more relevant for thermal sensitive plant components. This review emphasize on the working and significance of microwave extraction technology in herbal research and medical field. The extraction step must be more yielding; quick, particular, not more solvent consuming, ensuring stability of thermolabile components and these features are available with microwave extraction method. In this nonconventional technology heat is created utilizing microwave energy. The important parameters that influence extraction efficiency are solvent properties, volume, duration of exposure, microwave control, system attributes, temperature and application were discussed in this article. The microwave assisted extraction, as green technology is contrasted with other extraction technique. This review is intended to discuss this green extraction technique along with its critical parameters for extracting bioactive compounds from complex plant matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae) is a high-value medicinal plant indigenous to Africa and Southeast Asia. Its therapeutic benefits are well-established in traditional medicines including Ayurveda. It is well known for its natural bioactive compound colchicine which exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities i.e. rheumatism, gout and was also introduced into clinical practices. The increasing demand as well as its illegal harvesting has brought this valuable plant under threatened category. Methods: The present investigation describes a microwave assisted extraction (MAE) strategy coupled with a densitometric-high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methodology for the analysis of colchicine from 32 different populations of G. superba. A Box-Behnken statistical design (3 level factor) has been employed to optimize MAE, in which power of microwave, time of irradiation, aqueous ethanol and pH were used as independent variables whereas colchicine was used as the dependent variables. Chromatography was carried out on Silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates with toluene: methanol, 85:15 (v/v) being used as solvent system. Densitometric measurement was performed at λ=254 nm following post-derivatization (10% methanolic sulphuric acid). Results: Optimal conditions for extraction to obtain the maximum colchicine yield was found to be 7.51 mg g− 1 which was very close to be predicted response 7.48 mg g− 1 by maintaining microwave power (460 W), irradiation time (6.4 min), aqueous ethanol-30, pH -3. Colchicine content ranged between 2.12–7.58 mg g− 1 among 32 G. superba populations in which only three chemotypes viz. GS- 1, GS- 3, and GS- 2 collected from West Bengal and Sikkim, respectively exhibited maximum yield of colchicine. Conclusion: Therefore, this newly developed optimized MAE coupled with HPTLC densitometry methodology not only quantifies colchicine in order to identify elite chemotypes of G. superba, but it also encourages in selecting high yielding populations of the plants for industrial use and economic boost for the farmers. This validated, simple and reproducible HPTLC protocol is being used for the first time to estimate colchicine from natural populations of G. superba obtained from 32 different geographical regions of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main aim of this study was to evaluate hypocholesterolemic potential of microwave-assisted black cumin (Nigella sativa) extracts (MABCEs) in a rat bioassay. Efficacy trial in this study comprised of 25 male albino rats which were divided into 5 groups having 5 rats each. Out of these 25 rats, 20 were hypercholesterolemic and 5 were normal rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by providing high cholesterol diet for 15 days, and after the onset of hypercholesterolemia these rats were administered with different concentrations of the MABCE i.e. 150, 300 & 450 mg/kg B.W. for a period of 28 days. The administration of extract displayed significant lowering in the lipid profile of the experimental rats. The 300mg/kg B.W. dose of black cumin MAE provided the optimum results giving cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c content lowered by 14.9%, 11.32% and 12% and value of HDL-c elevated by 12.88% compared to the hypercholesterolemic control. Similarly, there was a percent elevation in levels of SOD and CAT by 19.83% and 13.97%. The current study concluded that MABCEs have hypocholesterolemic effect thus can be used for its therapeutic property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesbania grandiflora L. (Agathi) is a well-known small, loosely branching Tropical Asian plant and the consumption of these floral vegetables can cure illness and diseases. Shade dried flowers has higher polyphenol content compared to all other pretreatments like hot air drying, blanching. The influence of microwave assisted extraction for extraction of Phenolic compounds from Sesbania grandiflora flower has not been accounted for yet. Thus the aim of this research is to optimize the extraction using RSM to assess the different combination of microwave power, solid to solvent ratio and time on total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and flavanoid content of microwave assisted Sesbania grandiflora flower extract. The optimized value for polyphenol extraction were power-504.10 watt, time-65.85 sec and solvent-14.77ml. The usuage of CCD model gives the best experimental conditions for the selection of extraction. Inorder to optimize the total polyphenol, flavanoids and antioxidant activity of sesbania grandiflora flower extract, Quadratic polynomial model could be used with high correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, total phenolic content (167.25 mg GA/g), total flavonoids (42.37 mg QE/g DM) and tocopherol (4.60 mg αT/g DM) of Iranian golpar which obtained by microwave assisted extraction were measured. Antioxidant activity of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations of extract were compared with 100 ppm of TBHQ synthetic antioxidant and antioxidant activity increased with increasing extract concentration. The type and percentage of wall materials (0, 50 and 100%), extract to wall ratio (0.1, 0.25 and 0.4% w/w) and sonication time (2, 4 and 6 min) as independent variable factors and encapsulation efficiency of phenolic compounds, particle size of nanocapsule and zeta potential were considered as the response of encapsulation conditions. Iranian golpar extract was added to soybean oil at 1500 and 2000 ppm of concentration in free and optimum encapsulated form, which had more antioxidant activity than TBHQ during 60 days of storage at 27 ± 2 °C. Concentration of 1500 ppm of Iranian golpar extract (IGE) in the coating of sage seed gum and chitosan can be used as a natural antioxidant to increase the oxidative stability of soybean oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University / Gazi Osman Pasa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Gaziosmanpasa University, Agricultural Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modernization and sedentary lifestyle are resulting in a drastic increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, CVDs and hypercholesterolemia. The present study was planned to assess the antioxidant potential and physicochemical properties along with sensorial attributes of (arjun tree) Terminalia arjuna bark based functional drink. Terminalia arjuna (TA) bark extracts were obtained through traditional and non-traditional extraction techniques i.e. conventional solvent extraction (CSE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Terminalia arjuna bark extract based functional drinks along with control were prepared using 0.5% extract powder prepared after freeze drying of extracts. The physiochemical properties of the prepared drinks i.e. acidity, pH, Brix to acid ratio were affected significantly with the control and selected treatments and storage intervals while Brix was statistically unchanged. The sensorial properties i.e. taste, flavor, color and overall acceptability differed significantly with the treatments, however; mouthfeel and sweetness differed nonsignificantly. All the drinks were ranged as acceptable regarding sensory characteristics, while, drink having SFE got the highest score. Antioxidant potential of the drinks indicated significant variations for TPC, flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP with non-significant variations with storage. Conclusively, different extraction techniques significantly affected the antioxidant potential and sensorial attributes of TA bark based functional drink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to improve antioxidant extraction of Hom Nin rice bran using microwave-assisted extraction by Response Surface Methodology. The results showed that the predicted values i.e. total phenolic content, total flavonoids, anthocyanin and antioxidant activities (DPPH), were close to the predicted results which were 89.89 mg GAE/g DM, 76.98 mg CE/g DM, 18.08 mg C3G/g DM and 107.72 μmol TE/g DM, respectively. Comparing with the results obtained from the optimum extraction condition which the three factors were used as followings: 648 watt of power energy, 0.076 mol/dm3 of citric acid concentration and 83 second of extraction time, the experimental values were 90.59 mg GAE/g DM, 77.53 mg CE/g DM, 18.82 mg C3G/g DM), 109.35 μmol TE/g DM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basal stem rot (BSR) is a devastating disease to Malaysian oil palm. Current techniques employed for BSR disease detection on oil palm are laborious, time consuming, costly, and subjected to accuracy limitations. An ergosterol detection method was developed, whereby it correlated well with the degree of infection in oil palm. This current study was designed to study the relationship between Ganoderma biomass, ergosterol concentration, BSR disease progress and to validate the efficiency of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method for extraction of ergosterol compound. In addition, testing on the sensitivity of thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis for detection of ergosterol was also the aim of this study. The optimised procedure involved extracting a small amount of Ganoderma-infected oil palm root tissues suspended in low volumes of solvent followed by irradiation in a conventional microwave oven at 70°C and medium high power for 30 s, resulting in simultaneous extraction and saponification. Based on the results obtained, MAE method may be effective in extracting low to high yields of ergosterol from infected oil palm roots demonstrating disease scale 2, 3 and 4. Positive relationship was observed between ergosterol content and inoculation period starting day 3 in the inoculated oil palm seedlings and hour 6 in germinated seeds. TLC analysis demonstrated a good correlation with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification. Therefore, a semi-quantitative TLC analysis may be applied for handling a large amount of samples during onset field survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Edible plants generally green leafy vegetables contain bioactive Phenolics and antioxidant principles which are important in maintaining the oxidative balance of the human body and are used widely as dietary supplements. Optimal extraction of such principles is the need of the hour for the nutraceutical industries. The work presents three innovative sample pretreatment such as providing additional heat to the thimble, use of microwave pretreated sample and pretreatment with acoustic waves. These modifications are intended to improve the working efficiency and output of traditional Soxhlet extraction and make it at par with modern extraction techniques. Extraction of plant phenolics/flavonoids from edible leaves of Amaranthus viridis Linn (Amaranthaceae) and their subsequent HPTLC mapping was used as the performance indicator. Check of nutraceutical and biological integrity upon application of such pretreatment methods was performed. SEM analysis was carried out to get a true inside of the exctraction events occurring internally. Such findings can be helpful for small scale industries who cannot afford costlier modern extraction methods. Four assumptions have been proposed which can be a critical in impriving any extraction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana peel is rich in phenolic compounds and is generally considered as waste. This study aimed to maximise recovery of phenolics from banana peel using water via microwave assisted extraction. The impact of various parameters including pH of solvent, sample to solvent ratio, irradiation time with/without cooling periods, and irradiation power were investigated individually. Following this, extraction conditions were further optimised using Response Surface Methodology. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency can be significantly improved by reducing the pH of water, increasing microwave power and time. However, cooling time during irradiation did not affect the extraction efficiency. Optimal conditions were identified at pH of 1, ratio of 2:100 g/mL, 6 min irradiation, and microwave power of 960 W. Under these optimal conditions, approximately 50.55 mg phenolics could be recovered from 1 g dried peel. These conditions are recommended for recovery of phenolic compounds from banana peel for further utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) roots are used in traditional medicines for its wide range of biological effects. The process of extracting out this essential oil from the plant requires a delicate and efficient method. In this research the extract of the essential oil of Eurycoma longifolia's root using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), Soxhlet Extraction and Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE) methods, is characterized to identify the components of essential oil extracted and then to compare the yield percentage and components of the extracts from both methods. The extract obtained was characterized using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) by comparing the compositions of components present in commercial Tongkat Ali oil stored in the GC-MS library. The findings showed that the MAE gives a maximum yield percentage of 5% with six chemical components extracted in 20 min while SE and CSE gives high yield percentage of 28.3% in 3 h and 2.5% in 6 h respectively with only three chemical components extracted. Therefore, MAE is the optimum method for extracting essential oil from Tongkat Ali with a high quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil is a valuable product and is extracted from whole plant or plant part/s, like fruits, nuts and seeds for use in many household needs, like cooking, soap making, and as ingredient in other food/s. Extraction is considered as an important step to separate and identify compounds (including oils) from different plants, for which a number of techniques are available depending on the nature of the compound. The traditional oil extraction techniques, include hydrodistilation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, soxhlet extraction and hydrolytic maceration distillation. The modern oil extraction techniques in the plants, include: Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Microwave-Assisted Hydro Distillation (MWHD), Solvent Free Microwave Extraction (SFME), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave Hydro Diffusion and Gravity (MHG). The present review focuses on an advancement of various oil extraction methods (traditional to modern) in plants, with a discussion on principle, mechanism and important results of each method/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape skins are one of the most important leftovers of grape juice production, and are also a good source of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic antioxidants and fiber, because they are not stressed as the winemaking process occurs. Their extracts may be used as functional components of enriched foods and beverage, both to color the products and to supplement with bio-functional metabolites. Therefore, in this work, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) were optimized and compared using response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function (D) statistical tools, at selected temperature and solvent type (close to 50 °C and water/ethanol/phosphoric acid 70:30:1) but varying contact time (t) and sample-to-solvent ratio (S/L), to find the best conditions for the extraction of the main polyphenols present in table grape skin (Apulia Rose cv.) residues from juice processing. The mathematical models built in this investigation showed that the highest significant factor (P < 0.001) was t, influencing the extraction of all compounds irrespective of the technique used, with the optimal results obtained at intermediate levels (10.5 and 21 min for MAE and UAE, respectively). On the contrary, the only S/L factor was not always significant, even though higher amount of polyphenols were generally recovered at low solid/liquid ratio (0.05 and 0.07 g/mL for MAE and UAE, respectively). Finally, UAE extracts exhibited higher content of anthocyanins, procyanidins, flavonols, and stilbenes than MAE, with values ranging from 1.5 to 69.6 mg/100 g of fresh weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography– fluorescence-mass spectrometer (RP-HPLC–FLD-MS) method based on pre-column derivatization using 2-(5-benzoacridine)ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate (BAETS) as labelling reagent has been developed for simultaneous determination of five triterpenic acids (asiatic acid (AA), maslinic acid (MA), corosolic acid (CA), oleanolic acid (OA), and betulinic acid (BA). The presented method was validated for linearity (correlation coefficient R2 > 0.9994), precision (RSD 2.1%–3.9%) and reproducibility (RSD 0.01%–2.1%). The limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantitation LOQs were within the range of 0.71–1.02 ng mL−1and 2.28–3.24 ng mL−1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to simultaneously determine five triterpenic acids of fourCorydalisplants and showed satisfactory reproducibility and credibility. Moreover, several main parameters affecting extraction procedure and derivatization efficiency were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM), respectively. Triterpenic acid content in fourCorydalisplants was measured according to the established method and the results indicated that triterpenic acid contents were various in different organs and herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several naturally derived food substances have now moved from territory of traditional and folklore medicines to rigorous studies aimed at identifying natural preventive therapies for disease. During chemical treatment bioactive substance can also be modified with possible negative impacts. Therefore safe and reliable extraction procedure should be improved and assessed. Because of growing interest in the extraction of bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals from plants and herbs and the search for sustainable extraction technique, MAE is fast realizing its promise as a technique that can respond to the rigorous demands this field necessitates. The traditional techniques of solvent extraction of plant materials require long extraction time and have low efficiency. Moreover, many natural products are thermally unstable and may degrade during thermal extraction. There are several novel techniques including ultrasound assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction have been developed for the extraction of phytoconstituents from plants in order to shorten the extraction time, decrease the solvent consumption, increase the extraction yield and enhance the quality of extracts. MAE has risen rapidly in the latest decade, and for most applications it has proven to be effective compared to traditional extraction techniques. The studies reported prove many advantages that make MAE an excellent substitute to traditional methods such as soxhlet and solid liquid extraction, as well as other environmentally benign technologies. Results also depicted that MAE coupled with high speed counter current chromatography is highly suitable technique for extraction, separation and purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solvent free in situ microwave hydro-distillation method for extraction of essential oil from fresh ginger root it presented. Extraction was conducted in a TE10n single-mode microwave cavity and variable power 2 kW generator operating at 2.45GHz. The main extracted components identified by gas chromatography (GC) were Zingiberene, α-Curcumene, β-Sesquiphellandrene and α-Selinene. At energy inputs of 0.40 kWh/kg higher powers and shorter exposure times, crucially did not degrade the highly volatile components (α-Pinene and Camphene) despite providing the highest essential oil yields. Optimum processing conditions were found to be 1000W (0.40kWh/kg) for 5 min, for whole ginger root, where 0.35g oil/100g plant was obtained. This was compared to a yield of 0.2g/100g plant in 150 in using conventional hydro-distillation and 0.3g/100g plant in 90 min using a multi-mode microwave cavity-based hydro-distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of the polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth herb (Piperaceae family) using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as a solvent was attempted. The herbs were extracted using the ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction method with some combination factors such as extraction time, microwave power, liquid-solid ratio, and ionic liquid concentration. The optimum yields of total polyphenolic content (13.750 μg GAE/g sample) were obtained by using a microwave power of 30% Watt, extraction time of 10 minutes, the liquid-solid ratio of 14 ml/g, and ionic liquid concentration of 0.7 mol/l. Based on the results, compared to conventional organic solvent, the solvent of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide could provide higher extraction yields of polyphenolic content. Moreover, the extraction of a secondary metabolite from this herb becomes more rapid, easy, and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]