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Background: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of low‐dose anlotinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (ES‐SCLC). Methods: The study included 42 patients with ES‐SCLC who were treated with low‐dose anlotinib combined with programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 inhibitors at Henan Cancer Hospital between March 2019 and August 2022. We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety data for these patients. Indicators assessed included progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), the overall response rate (ORR), the disease control rate (DCR), and adverse events (AEs). Prognostic factors were identified in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Median PFS was 11.0 months (95% CI: 7.868–14.132) and median OS was 17.3 months (95% CI: 11.517–23.083). The ORR was 28.5% and the DCR was 95.2%. Treatment‐related AEs were noted in 27 patients (64.3%), the most common of which was thyroid dysfunction (26.2%). Grade 3/4 treatment‐related AEs were observed in two patients (4.8%). Conclusions: A combination of low‐dose anlotinib and immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for ES‐SCLC may achieve longer PFS and OS and have manageable AEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of thermal cracking on the tensile strength of granite through a combination of experimental testing and numerical simulations. The primary objective is to understand how thermal stress, induced by heat treatment at various temperatures (25 °C to 600 °C), influences crack initiation, propagation, and tensile strength changes. The granite specimens were subjected to Brazilian splitting tests after heat treatment, and the load–displacement curves and tensile strength variations with heat treatment temperature were analyzed. A grain-based model (GBM) was developed to simulate the complex cracking behavior, incorporating the mineral compositions and thermal expansion properties of the granite. The fractal dimension of the cracks was quantified using the box-counting method, and the relationship between fractal dimension and tensile strength was discussed. The results show that the GBM can effectively simulate the microcracking behavior and tensile fracture properties of heat-treated granite, accounting for mineral composition and thermal expansion. Thermal cracks are mainly intergranular tensile cracks, which increase in number with higher temperatures, while under mechanical loading failure is primarily due to intragranular tensile cracks. Higher heat treatment temperatures lead to denser crack networks with greater fractal complexity, reducing tensile strength and creating more tortuous crack propagation paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for critical minerals has increased extraction activities in coastal deep mines where challenges such as high stresses, chemical corrosion, and mining disturbance impacts are present. This study investigated the effects of chemical corrosion and confining pressure on the mechanical and fracture behaviors of granite specimens, which are crucial for ensuring the stability of surrounding rock in coastal deep mines. Triaxial compression tests were conducted on uncorroded specimens and corroded specimens immersed in acid and alkali solutions under varying confining pressures, with real-time acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. Based on the test results, the strength and deformation properties, progressive fracture, and failure processes, as well as the AE response characteristics of the specimens under chemical corrosion and confining pressure were analyzed. Additionally, the influence of confining pressure on the chemical damage and brittle–ductile transition behavior of specimens was discussed, and the mechanism of chemical corrosion on the physical and mechanical behavior of specimens was revealed based on mineralogical analysis. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the interplay between chemical corrosion, confining pressure, and rock fracture behavior in coastal deep mining and contribute to evaluating the stability of underground surrounding rocks under corrosion environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma catalysis is recognized as a promising technology for the elimination of diluted volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, a hybrid process was carried out using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and MCeZr/TiO2 (M = Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co) catalysts for the degradation of VOCs. The plasma-catalytic system demonstrated a substantial improvement in toluene conversion and CO2 selectivity compared to the plasma-only system owing to the synergistic effects of plasma and thermal catalysis on toluene degradation. The performance of toluene removal follows the sequence of CuCeZr/T > NiCeZr/T > CoCeZr/T > MnCeZr/T in plasma catalysis. The CuCeZr/T catalyst demonstrated the highest toluene conversion of 99.0% and a CO2 selectivity of 91.0% at a discharge power of 30 W. Energetic electrons and reactive species generated by plasma actively participate in toluene activation in the gas phase and facilitate adsorption on the catalyst surface. The redox properties between Ce4+/Ce3+ and Cu+/Cu2+ species dictated the reducibility of the CuCeZr/T catalyst, promoting oxygen cycling during toluene oxidation and leading to enhanced catalytic performance. The pathways of toluene destruction in the plasma-catalysis system are discussed based on the analysis results of GC–MS, optical emission spectroscopy and calculations of the electron-impact reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure from Motion (SfM) is a 3D reconstruction framework that has achieved great success on large-scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images. Due to the high time consumption of feature matching, overlapped match pairs are obtained by image retrieval to improve efficiency. Bag of words (BoW) is commonly used in existing SfM systems. However, the large number of local features and the high dimension of BoW vectors cause image retrieval time-consuming. Recently, the lower dimension learned global features and more efficient feature aggregation methods provide solutions to the problem. Besides, efficient approximate nearest neighbour (ANN) searching can further accelerate image retrieval. Thus, this study conducts an evaluation of image retrieval methods for UAV images in SfM-based reconstruction. First, image retrieval methods with varying combinations of feature descriptors, aggregation strategies, and NN searching algorithms are reviewed and configured for performance evaluation. Second, the selected methods are evaluated in SfM-based reconstruction, in which the image retrieval results are fed into the workflow to guide feature matching and then exploited to create the weighted view graph to achieve parallel SfM reconstruction. Finally, comprehensive tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of selected methods by using three large-scale UAV datasets. The experimental results show that: (1) for feature aggregation and NN searching, Vector of Locally Aggregated Descriptors (VLAD) has superior performance compared with other strategies, and Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW) has better achievement in NNS; (2) among evaluated feature descriptors, with the combination of VLAD and HNSW, the retrieval accuracy of SIFT is still higher than that of the learned local and global features. In a word, the optimal image retrieval method consists of SIFT, VLAD and HNSW, whose retrieval accuracy is higher than BoW by about 2% and efficiency is around 100 times that of BoW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tri‐cation (Cs+/CH3NH3+/CH(NH2)2+) and dual‐anion (Br–/I–) perovskites are promising light absorbers for inexpensive infrared (IR) photodetectors but degrade under prolonged IR exposure. Here, stable IR photodetectors based on electrospun tri‐cation perovskite fibers infiltrated with hole‐transporting π‐conjugated small molecule 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis[N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino]‐9,9‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD) are demonstrated. These hybrid perovskite photodetectors operate at a low bias of 5 V and exhibit ultra‐high gains with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) as high as 3009%, decreasing slightly to ≈2770% after 3 months in air. These EQE values are almost ten times larger than those measured for photodetectors comprising bilayer perovskite/Spiro‐OMeTAD films. A high density of charge traps on electrospun fiber surfaces gives rise to a photomultiplication effect in which photogenerated holes can travel through the active layer multiple times before recombining with trapped electrons. Time‐resolved photoluminescence and conductive atomic force microscopy mapping reveal the improved performance of electrospun fibers to originate from the significantly enhanced interfacial surface area between the perovskite and Spiro‐OMeTAD compared to bilayers. As a solution‐based, scalable and continuous method of depositing perovskite layers, electrospinning thus presents a promising strategy for the inexpensive fabrication of high‐performance IR photodetectors for applications ranging from information technology to imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene/silicon (Gr/Si) solar cells have aroused extensive research interest due to their simple structure and great potential for low-cost photovoltaic applications. Enhancing light absorption is one of the mainstream methods to improve the performance of Gr/Si solar cell. In this paper, a large scale inverted pyramid array (IPa) was prepared by a simple and cost-effective one-step copper assisted chemical etching method, followed by the surface of the silicon inverted pyramid structure smoothed with a concentrated KOH treatment. Gr/SiIPa solar cells with and without KOH smoothing were both prepared as a comparison. The results show that KOH treated SiIPa has a better Schottky junction contact between graphene and the SiIPa surface, thus silicon surface defects and carrier recombination of devices were reduced. Compared with Gr/Si solar cells, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of Gr/SiIPa device is improved by 42% with KOH smoothing procedure. Finally, the PCE of HNO3 doping Gr/SiIPa devices reached 5.58%. This study provides guide value for improving the light trap capacity of Gr/Si solar cells and simple surface smoothing treatment for inverted pyramid texturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene/silicon (Gr/Si) Schottky junction solar cells have attracted extensive research interest due to their simple structure and potential low-cost. Surface texturing is an important part of high-efficiency solar cells. In this paper, the effects of TMAH concentration, IPA concentration and etching time on the structure and anti-reflection ability of silicon pyramid array (SiPa) were systematically studied to obtain uniform and reliable pyramid array. Under the optimized conditions, a large scale SiPa with uniform size distribution was obtained and applied to Gr/Si solar cells. The results show that the TMAH etched SiPa has a better Schottky junction contact between graphene and the SiPa surface, and the SiPa can further improves the ability of collecting photogenerated carriers. Compared with Gr/Si solar cells, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of Gr/SiPa device is 1.66 times higher than that of Gr/Si solar cells. Finally, Gr/SiPa devices with PCE of 5.67% is successfully obtained by HNO3 doping. This work proposes a new strategy for TMAH etching SiPa to improve the performance of Gr/Si solar cells. Highlights: The effects of TMAH concentration, IPA concentration and etching time on silicon pyramid structure were studied. Uniform silicon pyramid arrays with low reflectivity were prepared. The results show that the TMAH etched SiPa has a better Schottky junction contact between graphene and the SiPa surface. The PCE of Gr/SiPa solar cells could reach up to 5.67%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing image matching techniques are crucial for urban planning and environmental monitoring. However, existing feature matching methods have limitations due to the lack of effective extraction of key diverse features, which hinders the improvement of matching accuracy for diverse ground scenes. To address the above limitations, we propose a remote sensing image feature-matching method using optimally regularized nonlinear diffusion model. Specifically, we first use the accelerated-KAZE (AKAZE) algorithm framework to detect and characterize features within a nonlinear scale space. To improve the adaptation of diffusion to the local image structure, we propose the introduction of a novel Charbonnier regularized nonlinear diffusion model for constructing the diffusion coefficients. We then propose to combine Brute force with the K -nearest neighbor algorithm to eliminate invalid matches. Lastly, we modified the sampling approach of the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. Instead, we achieve iterative dataset purification using the progressive sample consensus algorithm, complemented by the implementation of a termination criterion for the sampling process. Experimental results show that our method achieves an average matching precision of 82.8%, 80.2%, 82.9%, and 91.2% when the test set undergoes scale, rotation angle, noise blurring, and luminance variations, respectively, outperforming the existing feature matching methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma synthesis of NH 3 from N 2 and renewable H 2 under mild conditions is very attractive for decentralised sustainable green ammonia production using intermittent renewables. In this study, NH 3 synthesis was performed under ambient conditions in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor. Different tangled wire internal electrodes were employed to understand the influence of electrode materials on plasma ammonia synthesis. Compared with a rod electrode, a tangled wire electrode substantially enhanced the NH 3 concentration and reduced the energy cost for ammonia production, which can be attributed to the expanded surface area and the chemisorption properties of the tangled electrodes. The influence of the N 2 /H 2 molar ratio and total flow rate on the reaction performance was also evaluated. The lowest energy cost (59.0 MJ mol−1) for ammonia production was achieved using a Cu tangled electrode at a total flow rate of 250 ml min−1 and a discharge power of 20 W. The electrical diagnostics of the plasma process showed that the tangled wire electrodes decreased the breakdown voltage of the DBD and enhanced charge deposition, which enhanced the NH 3 production. The reaction mechanism was discussed for the process optimisation of ammonia synthesis in a tangled wire DBD system. • Plasma synthesis of ammonia was carried out using a DBD plasma reactor. • Using a tangled wire electrode enhanced the production of ammonia. • The optimal energy efficiency for ammonia production was achieved using a Cu tangled electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma reforming is a promising technology to transform tars from biomass gasification into valuable fuels and chemicals. However, the key performance (tar conversion, gas yield and energy efficiency) of the plasma tar reforming process can be significantly influenced by operating conditions such as the gas composition. In this study, the effect of CO 2 , steam and O 2 on the plasma reforming of toluene, a model tar compound, was investigated in a gliding arc (GA) reactor. Compared to the plasma reforming of toluene with N 2 , the presence of oxidative gases (CO 2 , H 2 O and O 2) can generate a highly reactive plasma environment, thus creating new reaction pathways in the plasma conversion of toluene. The optimal content of CO 2 , H 2 O and O 2 to balance the toluene conversion, syngas yield and energy efficiency in the plasma reforming was 2 vol%, 4 vol% and 2 vol%, respectively, suggesting that the presence of an appropriate amount of oxidative gas (CO 2 , H 2 O and O 2) is important to maximize the key performance of the plasma reforming process. The highest toluene conversion of 78.3%, syngas yield of 73.9% and energy efficiency of 69.5 g/kWh were achieved simultaneously in the plasma reforming of toluene containing 4 vol% steam. The reaction pathways in the plasma reforming of toluene have been proposed through the analysis of gas and liquid products coupled with optical emission spectroscopic diagnostics. [Display omitted] • Gliding arc plasma reforming of toluene as a tar model compound was performed. • The content of different oxidative gases on the plasma reforming of toluene was investigated. • The optimal content of CO 2 , H 2 O and O 2 was found to maximize the plasma reforming performance. • The highest toluene conversion of 78.3% and energy efficiency of 69.5 g/kWh were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Al2O3 and BaTiO3 packing on the plasma-enhanced NO x synthesis from air was investigated in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The discharge characteristics are significantly influenced by packing different materials into the discharge gap. Compared with the DBD without packing, the presence of Al2O3 or BaTiO3 beads in the discharge effectively enhanced the charge accumulation, average electric field, and mean electron energy, all of which contribute to the enhanced production of NO x . The lowest energy consumption of 15.9 MJ molâˆ'1 for NO x production was achieved when placing BaTiO3 beads in the DBD, which can be attributed to the increased mean electron energy using the BaTiO3 packing, facilitating the formation of more N2 excited species in the reaction. These results suggest that choosing proper packing materials can effectively reduce the energy cost for plasma NO x synthesis using DBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object tracking is an important issue in many practical computer vision applications, such as video surveillance, self-driving,and social scene understanding. Although the traditional correlation filter has been achieved the great performance in tracking accuracy and speed in a specific scenario, there are still some defects, such as weak robustness of trackers caused by using the single feature, boundary effects due to the circular shift and model corruption produced by the model update. To address the above problems, a visual tracking algorithm via confidence-based multi-feature correlation filtering is proposed in this paper. It adaptively selects histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features or fusion features according to the confidence to improve the robustness and speed of target tracking. Firstly, a confidence level is proposed to evaluate the reliability of HOG feature based on the response map of the HOG feature. Secondly, a selective multi-feature fusion method is proposed to improve the robustness of the tracking algorithm. Thirdly, a novel model-updating mechanism, called model rollback mechanism, is proposed to reduce the impact of the model corruption. The algorithm is evaluated on the public datasets and compared with several state-of-the-art algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the performance in tracking accuracy of tracker in the above problems and is superior to the state-of-the-art tracking algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To explore the retinal vascular density changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: We recruit 62 AD patients, 47 MCI patients, and 49 cognitively healthy controls (HC) in this study. All participants in the study received a comprehensive ophthalmological and neurological evaluation, including global cognitive screening, as well as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and completed the following eye examinations: visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), examination with slit-lamp, fundus photography (Version 1.5.0.0, NIDEK CO, LTD) and Optical coherence tomography imaging (software ReVue version 2017.1.0.155, Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, United States). The visual rating scales for atrophy and white matter lesion in MRI was evaluated for all the patients with AD and MCI. Results: In the AD patient group, the superficial vascular density in the superior, inferior and whole retina was 44.64 ± 3.34, 44.65 ± 3.55, and 44.66 ± 3.36, respectively. These values were 44.24 ± 3.15, 43.72 ± 3.16, and 44 ± 3.07, respectively, in the MCI patient group. After multivariate analysis of the generalized linear model, adjustments for the confounding factors of sex, age, hypertension, diabetes and the quality index of OCTA image, the superficial vascular density in the AD and MCI patient groups was significantly lower than that in the HC group (P < 0.05): 46.94 ± 2.04, 46.67 ± 2.26, and 46.82 ± 2.08, respectively. No difference in the area of the FAZ among the three groups was observed (AD group: 0.34 ± 0.11 mm2; MCI group: 0.36 ± 0.12 mm2; control group: 0.33 ± 0.12 mm2, p > 0.05). The ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, inner parafovea thickness, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (p-RNFL) thickness were associated with the superficial vascular density. We found no significant correlation between the global cognition (MMSE scores) or between the Fazekas score and retinal OCT angiogram flow density. Conclusion: The superficial vascular density in the AD and MCI patient groups was significantly lower than that in the HC group. Our findings suggest the retinal microvascular dysfunction occurred in MCI and AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding electron–phonon interactions in metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) is critical for improving their performance in optoelectronic devices. Probing lattice vibrations with conventional spectroscopic methods, however, is challenging due to the sensitivity of MHPs to laser light, humidity, and temperature changes. Here we report low-frequency Raman spectra of the δ and γ phases, as well as mixed ion derivatives, of CsPbI3. These spectra were obtained by combining below-bandgap low-frequency Raman measurements using a 976 nm laser and nanoconfinement of crystals within inert scaffolds to stabilize the MHPs against temperature-induced polymorph transitions and humidity-induced degradation. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the main vibrational modes in the δ- and γ-CsPbI3 Raman spectra correspond to octahedral twisting and distortions. Effects of the A-site cation and halide on these vibrational modes were determined by analyzing low-frequency Raman spectra of CsPbIxBr3−x and MAyCs1−yPbI3. The Raman peak positions primarily depend on the lattice dimensions, regardless of the nature of the cations and anions, with lattice expansions causing a shift of the vibrational modes to lower frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the problem of shape optimization of two-dimensional viscous flow governed by the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. The minimization problem of the viscous dissipated energy was established in the fluid domain. The discretization of Navier-Stokes equations is accomplished using a new stabilized finite element method in space and finite difference in time. This new method does not need a stabilization parameter or calculation of high-order derivatives. We derive the structures of the discrete Eulerian derivative of the cost functional by a discrete adjoint method with a function space parametrization technique. A gradient-type optimization algorithm with a mesh adaptation technique and a mesh moving strategy is effectively implemented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aims to develop a machine learning-based model integrating clinical and ophthalmic features to predict visual outcomes after transsphenoidal resection of sellar region tumors. Methods: Adult patients with optic chiasm compression by a sellar region tumor were examined to develop a model, and an independent retrospective cohort and a prospective cohort were used to validate our model. Predictors included demographic information, and ophthalmic and laboratory test results. We defined "recovery" as more than 5% for a p-value in mean deviation compared with the general population in the follow-up. Seven machine learning classifiers were employed, and the best-performing algorithm was selected. A decision curve analysis was used to assess the clinical usefulness of our model by estimating net benefit. We developed a nomogram based on essential features ranked by the SHAP score. Results: We included 159 patients (57.2% male), and the mean age was 42.3 years old. Among them, 96 patients were craniopharyngiomas and 63 patients were pituitary adenomas. Larger tumors (3.3 cm vs. 2.8 cm in tumor height) and craniopharyngiomas (73.6%) were associated with a worse prognosis (p < 0.001). Eyes with better outcomes were those with better visual field and thicker ganglion cell layer before operation. The ensemble model yielded the highest AUC of 0.911 [95% CI, 0.885–0.938], and the corresponding accuracy was 84.3%, with 0.863 in sensitivity and 0.820 in specificity. The model yielded AUCs of 0.861 and 0.843 in the two validation cohorts. Our model provided greater net benefit than the competing extremes of intervening in all or no patients in the decision curve analysis. A model explanation using SHAP score demonstrated that visual field, ganglion cell layer, tumor height, total thyroxine, and diagnosis were the most important features in predicting visual outcome. Conclusion: SHAP score can be a valuable resource for healthcare professionals in identifying patients with a higher risk of persistent visual deficit. The large-scale and prospective application of the proposed model would strengthen its clinical utility and universal applicability in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual-based a posteriori error estimate for conforming finite element solutions of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, which is computed with a new two-level method that is different from Volker John, is derived. A posteriori error estimate contains additional terms in comparison to the estimate for the solution obtained by the standard finite element method. The importance of the additional terms in the error estimates is investigated by studying their asymptotic behavior. For optimal scaled meshes, these bounds are not of higher order than the convergence of discrete solution. The two-level method aims to solve the nonlinear problem on a coarse grid with less computational work, then to solve the linear problem on a fine grid, which is superior to the usual finite element method solving a similar nonlinear problem on the fine grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-level finite element approximation to stream function form of unsteady Navier-Stokes equations is studied. This algorithm involves solving one nonlinear system on a coarse grid and one linear problem on a fine grid. Moreover, the scaling between these two grid sizes is super-linear. Approximation, stability and convergence aspects of a fully discrete scheme are analyzed. At last a numrical example is given whose results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is effcient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an inverse problem of determining a nonlinear source term in a heat equation with boundary-value condition u[subx](0,t) = F (t,u(o,t) is investigated. At first, the problem is equally reduced to a group of integral equations; and secondly, using Sobolev compact imbedding theorem and some skills of integral estimate, the source term's existence in Hölder space is proven by constructing iterative sequences. Finally, uniqueness is obtained in C[sup0,α](0 < α a < 1) space by fixed point theorem and some norm inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because they generate excellent images, nanoparticles (NPs), especially biosynthesized NPs, provide a new solution for tumor imaging. In this research, we unveil a novel type of biosynthesized NPs featuring multicolor fluorescence. These NPs exhibit little cytotoxicity to cells. The explored NPs, designated Zn-ZFP-GST NPs (Zinc NPs in abbreviation), are generated from leukemia cells treated with a Zn2+ solution, while zinc-finger protein and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were also identified in the Zinc NPs. Under near-UV illumination, the Zinc NPs simultaneously emit green, yellow, and red fluorescence. In addition, the intensity of the fluorescence increases with the existence of sulfides. Besides, the NPs are encapsulated by microvesicles (MVs) shed from the plasma membrane. As observed in whole-body research of nude mice, the NP-MVs migrate via blood circulation and are distinguished by their fluorescent signals. Furthermore, the folic acid (FA) &AVR2 (human VEGF antibody)-coated NP-MVs are exploited to target the tumor location, and the feasibility of this approach has been confirmed empirically. The Zinc NPs shed light on an alternative solution to tumor detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]