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Inspired by the fact that both the dilaton potential encoding the trace anomalies of QCD and the Polyakov loop potential measuring the deconfinement phase transition can be expressed in the logarithmic forms, as well as the fact that the scale symmetry is expected to be restoring and colors are deconfined in extreme conditions such as high temperatures and/or densities, we conjecture a relation between the dilaton potential and the Polyakov loop potential. Explicitly, we start from the Coleman–Weinberg type potential of a real scalar field—a dilaton or conformal compensator—and make an ansatz of the relation between this scalar field and the Polyakov loop to obtain the Polyakov loop potential, which can be parameterized in Lattice QCD (LQCD) in the pure glue sector. We find that the coefficients of Polyakov potential fitted from Lattice data are automatically satisfied in this ansatz, the locations of deconfinement and scale restoration are locked to each other, and the first-order phase transition can be realized. Extensions to the low-energy effective quark models are also discussed. The conjectured relation may deepen our understanding of the evolution of the universe, the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, the phase diagram of QCD matter, and the properties of neutron stars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that the recent construction of Nf = 1 baryons on the η′ domain wall can be understood as vortexes of the principal effective theory — the Chern-Simons-Higgs theory — on a 2+1-dimensional sheet. This theory has a series of vortex solutions, and the vortex with unit topological charge naturally spins Nc/2, which coincides with the spin of the one-flavor baryon in QCD. Since the Nc scaling of the vortexes is the same as that of baryons, the latter can be regarded as the former. By virtue of the particle-vortex symmetry, the dual Zhang-Hansson-Kivelson theory indicates that the quark carries topological charge 1/Nc and obeys fractional statistics. The generalization to arbitrary Nf is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roles of the lightest vector mesons ρ and ω in the multi-Skyrmion states are studied using the hidden local symmetry approach up to the next-to-leading order, including the homogeneous Wess-Zumino terms. The low-energy constants in the effective field theory are determined using the Sakai-Sugimoto model and the flat-space five-dimensional Yang-Mills action. With only two inputs, mρ and fπ, it is possible to determine all low-energy constants without ambiguity. The vector meson effects can be investigated by sequentially integrating vector mesons, and their geometry can be elucidated by comparing the results using the low-energy constants estimated from the Sakai-Sugimoto model and the flat-space five-dimensional Yang-Mills action. We found that the ρ meson reduces the masses of the multi-Skyrmion states and increases the overlaps of their constituents, whereas the ω meson repulses the constituents of the multi-Skyrmion states and increases their masses. Therefore, these vector mesons are crucial in the Skyrme model approach to nuclei. We also found that the warping factor, an essential element in the holographic model of QCD, affects the properties of the multi-Skyrmion states and cannot be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been found that the topology effect and the possible emergent hidden scale and hidden local flavor symmetries at high density reveal a novel structure of compact star matter. When N f ≥ 2 , baryons can be described by skyrmions when the number of color N c is regarded as a large parameter and there is a robust topology change—the transition from skyrmion to half-skyrmion—in the skyrmion matter approach to dense nuclear matter. The hidden scale and local flavor symmetries, which are sources introducing the scalar meson and vector mesons, are significant elements for understanding the nuclear force in nonlinear chiral effective theories. We review in this paper how the robust conclusions from the topology approach to dense matter and emergent hidden scale and hidden local flavor symmetries figure in generalized nuclear effective field theory (GnEFT), which is applicable to nuclear matter from low density to compact star density. The topology change encoded in the parameters of the effective field theory is interpreted as the hadron-quark continuity in the sense of the Cheshire Cat Principle. A novel feature predicted in this theory that has not been found before is the precocious appearance of the conformal sound velocity in the cores of massive stars, although the trace of the energy-momentum tensor of the system is not zero. That is, there is a pseudoconformal structure in the compact star matter and, in contrast to the usual picture, the matter is made of colorless quasiparticles of fractional baryon charges. A possible resolution of the longstanding g A quench problem in nuclei transition and the compatibility of the predictions of the GnEFT with the global properties of neutron star and the data from gravitational wave detections are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we review how the "cusp" predicted in the nuclear symmetry energy generated by a topology change at density n 1 / 2 ≳ 2 n 0 can have a surprising consequence, so far unrecognized in nuclear physics and astrophysics communities, on the structure of dense compact-star matter. The topology change translated into nuclear EFT with "effective" QCD degrees of freedom encoded in hidden local and scale symmetries predicts an EoS that is soft below and stiff above n ≳ n 1 / 2 , and yields the properties of neutron stars with no tension with all the astrophysical observations available up to date. Furthermore it describes the interior core of the massive stars populated by fractionally charged quasi-fermions that are neither baryonic nor quarkonic. It is argued that the cusp "buried" in the symmetry energy resulting from strong correlations with hidden heavy degrees of freedom leads, at n ≳ n 1 / 2 , to a "pseudo-conformal" sound speed, v pcs 2 / c 2 ≈ 1 / 3 , converged from below at n 1 / 2 . It is not conformal since the trace of energy–momentum tensor is not zero even in the chiral limit. It reflects an emergent scale symmetry. This observation with the topology change implies that the quantities accurately measured at ∼ n 0 cannot give a qualitatively stringent constraint for what takes place at the core density of compact stars ∼ (3 – 7) n 0 . This is because there intervenes a change of degrees of freedom in the effective field theory. We discuss the implication of this on the recent PREX-II "dilemma" in the measured skin thickness of 2 0 8 Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When hadron-quark continuity is formulated in terms of a topology change at a density higher than twice the nuclear matter density (n 0) , the core of massive compact stars can be described in terms of quasiparticles of fractional baryon charges, behaving neither like pure baryons nor like deconfined quarks. Hidden symmetries, both local gauge and pseudo-conformal (or broken scale), emerge and give rise both to the long-standing "effective g A ∗ ≈ 1 " in nuclear Gamow–Teller (GT) transitions at ≲ n 0 and to the pseudo-conformal sound velocity v pcs 2 / c 2 ≈ 1 / 3 at ≳ 3 n 0 . It is suggested that what has been referred to, since a long time, as "quenched g A " in light nuclei reflects what leads to the dilaton-limit g A DL = 1 at near the (putative) infrared fixed point of scale invariance. These properties are confronted with the recent observations in GT transitions and in astrophysical observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topology effects have being extensively studied and confirmed in strongly correlated condensed matter physics. In the limit of large number of colors, baryons can be regarded as topological objects—skyrmions—and the baryonic matter can be regarded as a skyrmion matter. We review in this paper the generalized effective field theory for dense compact-star matter constructed with the robust inputs obtained from the skyrmion approach to dense nuclear matter, relying on possible “emergent” scale and local flavor symmetries at high density. All nuclear matter properties from the saturation density n0 up to several times n0 can be fairly well described. A uniquely novel—and unorthdox—feature of this theory is the precocious appearance of the pseudo-conformal sound velocity v s 2 / c 2 ≈ 1 / 3 , with the non-vanishing trace of the energy momentum tensor of the system. The topology change encoded in the density scaling of low energy constants is interpreted as the quark-hadron continuity in the sense of Cheshire Cat Principle (CCP) at density ≳ 2 n 0 in accessing massive compact stars. We confront the approach with the data from GW170817 and GW190425. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cancer worldwide, which mostly occurs in males over the age of 50. Accumulating evidence have determined that long non‐coding RNA/microRNA (lncRNA/miRNA) axis plays a critical role in cell progression of cancers, including PCa. However, the pathogenesis of PCa has not been fully indicated. In this study, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of HCG11 and miR‐543. Western blot was applied to measure the protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cleavage‐caspase 3 (cle‐caspase 3), N‐cadherin, E‐cadherin, GAPDH, P‐AKT, AKT, p‐mTOR, and mTOR. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), transwell invasion, and transwell migration assay were used to detect cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, respectively. The function and mechanism of lncRNA HCG11 were confirmed in PCa cell and xenograft mice models. Luciferase assay indicated that miR‐543 was a target miRNA of HCG11. Further investigation revealed that overexpression of HCG11 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, whereas induced cell apoptosis by regulating miR‐543 expression in vitro and in vivo. More than that, lncRNA HCG11 inhibited phosphoinositide‐3 kinase/protein kinaseB (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway to suppress PCa progression. Our data showed the overexpression of HGC11‐inhibited PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by downregulating miR‐543 expression, resulting in the suppression of cell growth in PCa. This finding proved a new regulatory network in PCa and provided a novel therapeutic target of PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the five-year government-funded World Class University (WCU) Projects in Korea, the category-3 program approved at Hanyang University in Seoul led to an exploratory effort to go from neutron-rich nuclei to dense matter in neutron stars. The principal results in what transpired in the effort — and what followed afterwards — are described with the focus on the possibly important, hitherto unexplored, role played in nuclear dynamics of topology and hidden symmetries of QCD. The potential link to the proton mass problem is pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The permeate flux in microfiltration (MF) declines sharply with time due to membrane fouling, which seriously restricts its use in industrial applications. The purpose of this paper is to investigate particles deposition in MF processes, and propose a three-dimensional numerical model that focuses on particle-fluid flow and considers both permeable boundary conditions and cake deposition. Design/methodology/approach – The two-ways coupling model was solved using Euler-Lagrange methods in which the suspended particle was traced by a hard sphere model and the fluid was simulated using large eddy model. Findings – The numerical results predicted based on this model demonstrated the permeate flux increased as trans-membrane pressure and inlet velocity increased but decreased with an increase in feed concentration. Research limitations/implications – Good agreement was observed between the values obtained with the model and experimental values from the literature. The error is less than 20 per cent both permeate flux and cake thickness. In addition, a precise visualisation of cake morphology with filtration time was provided. Originality/value – These analyses allowed for an estimation of the three-dimensional motion of suspended particles in turbulent flow. It saves manpower and financial resources for experiment, which possess important theoretical and industrial significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having succeeded in predicting the S wave spectra and decays of $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ mesons, Bhaghyesh, K. B. Vijaya Kumar and A. P. Monteiro, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.38, 085001 (2011), in this article, we apply our nonrelativistic quark model to calculate the spectra and decays of the orbitally excited states (P- and D-waves) of heavy quarkonia. The full $Q\bar{Q}$ potential used in our model consists of a Hulthen potential and a confining linear potential. The spin hyperfine, spin-orbit and tensor interactions are introduced to obtain the masses of the P- and D-wave states. The three-dimensional harmonic oscillator wave function is employed as a trial wave function to obtain the mass spectra. The model parameters and the wave function that reproduce the mass spectra of $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ mesons are used to investigate their decay properties. The two-photon decay widths, two-gluon decay widths and E1 radiative decay widths are calculated. The obtained values are compared with the experimental results and those obtained from other theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nonsymmetric gravitational theory (NGT) the space-time metric gμν departs from the flat-space Minkowski form ημν such that it is no longer symmetric, i.e.gμν ≠ gνμ. We find that in the most conservative such scenario coupled to quantum field theory, which we call Minimally Nonsymmetric Quantum Field Theory (MNQFT), there are experimentally measurable consequences similar to those from noncommutative quantum field theory (NCQFT). This can be expected from the Seiberg-Witten map which has recently been interpreted as equating gauge theories on noncommutative spacetimes with those in a field dependent gravitational background. In particular, in scattering processes such as the pair annihilation e+e- → γγ, both theories make the same striking prediction that the azimuthal cross section oscillates in ϕ. However the predicted number of oscillations differs in the two theories: MNQFT predicts between one and four, whereas NCQFT has no such restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picea mongolica is an endemic but endangered species in China. The spruce forest is only found in sandy forest-steppe ecotones. In this study, we examined the initial response of the quantity and refilling process of fine roots in an artificial canopy gap with a diameter of 36 m in a P. mongolica forest. Under the canopy, the fine root length densities of trees, shrubs and herbs were 2,622,864 and 3,086 m·m−2, respectively. The fine root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 148, 62 and 65 g·m−2, respectively. In the gap, the fine root length density of trees was 151 m·m−2. The mean fine root densities of shrubs and herbs in the gap were 756 and 2,568 m·m−2. The fine root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 9, 52 and 47 g·m−2, respectively. Two growing seasons after the gap creation, hardly any fine tree roots were found in the middle of the gap. The living tree roots in the gap edge zone were mainly located within a 4.5 m distance from the standing trees. Indices developed to show the influence of trees on fine root length density clearly revealed the effect of the vicinity of living trees on fine root length density. The root densities of shrubs and herbs did not show a clear response to gap creation despite the increase of their foliage. Our results suggest that in P. mongolica forests a gap disturbance creates a distinct tree root gap and that the gap edge trees do not extend their root systems rapidly into the formed root gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triangle anomaly in massless and massive QED is investigated by adopting the symmetry-preserving loop regularization method proposed recently in Refs. 1 and 2. The method is realized in the initial dimension of theory without modifying the original Lagrangian, it preserves symmetries under non-Abelian gauge and Poincaré transformations in spite of the existence of two intrinsic mass scales Mc and μs which actually play the roles of UV- and IR-cutoff respectively. The axial-vector–vector-vector (AVV) triangle diagrams in massless and massive QED are evaluated explicitly by using the loop regularization. It is shown that when the momentum k of external state is soft with $k^2 \ll \mu_s^2$, m2 (m is the mass of loop fermions) and Mc → ∞, both massless and massive QED become anomaly free. The triangle anomaly is found to appear as quantum corrections in the case that m2, $\mu_s^2 \ll k^2$ and Mc → ∞. Especially, it is justified that in the massless QED with μs = 0 and Mc → ∞, the triangle anomaly naturally exists as quantum effects in the axial-vector current when the ambiguity caused by the trace of gamma matrices with γ5 is eliminated by simply using the definition of γ5. It is explicitly demonstrated how the Ward identity anomaly of currents depends on the treatment for the trace of gamma matrices, which enables us to make a clarification whether the ambiguity of triangle anomaly is caused by the regularization scheme in the perturbation calculations or by the trace of gamma matrices with γ5. For comparison, an explicit calculation based on the Pauli–Villars regularization and dimensional regularization is carried out and the possible ambiguities of Ward identity anomalies caused from these two regularization schemes are carefully discussed, which include the ambiguities induced by the treatment of the trace of gamma matrices with γ5 and the action of the external momentum on the amplitude before the direct calculation of the AVV diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sandy forest with a forest canopy gap for a period of over 30 years, the spruce( Picea mongolica) seedlings were monitored on two 5-m-wide transects from the center of a large gap into the surrounding forest. The farther they were to the far center, the taller grew the seedling and the more is the number of seedling. There were many seedlings under the canopy but almost all seedlings died before they grow up. Along the forest edge, growth of seedlings was temporarily enhanced by lateral penetration of light from the gap. The implications for natural forest regeneration dynamics are discussed. Our results prove that in P. mongolica forest a gap disturbance creates a non-uniform environment for regeneration of the species, and determines that the forest was a non-even aged forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have constructed a heavy baryon effective field theory with photon as an external field in accordance with the symmetry requirements similar to the heavy quark effective field theory. By treating the heavy baryon and antibaryon equally on the same footing in the effective field theory, we have calculated the spin polarizabilities γi, i = 1,...,4 of the nucleon at third order and at fourth-order of the spin-dependent Compton scattering. At leading order (LO), our results agree with the corresponding results of the heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory, at the next-to-leading order (NLO) the results show a large correction to the ones in the heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory due to baryon–antibaryon coupling terms. The low-energy theorem is satisfied both at LO and at NLO. The contributions arising from the heavy baryon–antibaryon vertex were found to be significant and the results of the polarizabilities obtained from our theory is much closer to the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review a new development on the possible direct connection between the topological structure of the N f = 1 baryon as a FQH droplet and that of the N f ≥ 2 baryons (such as nucleons and hyperons) as skyrmions. This development suggests a possible "domain-wall (DW)" structure of compressed baryonic matter at high density expected to be found in the core of massive compact stars. Our theoretical framework is anchored on an effective nuclear effective field theory that incorporates two symmetries either hidden in the vacuum in QCD or emergent from strong nuclear correlations. It presents a basically different, hitherto undiscovered structure of nuclear matter at low as well as high densities. Hidden "genuine dilaton (GD)" symmetry and hidden local symmetry (HLS) gauge-equivalent at low density to nonlinear sigma model capturing chiral symmetry, put together in nuclear effective field theory, are seen to play an increasingly important role in providing hadron–quark duality in baryonic matter. It is argued that the FQH droplets could actually figure essentially in the properties of the vector mesons endowed with HLS near chiral restoration. This strongly motivates incorporating both symmetries in formulating "first-principles" approaches to nuclear dynamics encompassing from the nuclear matter density to the highest density stable in the Universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]