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Introduction: Advocates of affirmative consent argue that such policies can change sexual mores rooted in entitled masculinity while shifting the burden of preventing sexual assault from women to men. Yet there is little research to date on the implementation of affirmative consent or analysis of whether the policy's demands are feasible in contemporary college sexual culture. We compare undergraduate students' descriptions of sexual norms and behaviors on one college campus to the norms and logics implicit in the school's affirmative consent sexual assault policy. Methods: Thirty-three undergraduate students from a mid-sized public university participated in one of eight same or mixed-gender, semi-structured focus groups in 2018. Results: Affirmative consent assumes that sexual situations are a clearly definable category of activity, whereas student accounts suggest that sexual and non-sexual situations bleed into one another, making it difficult for students to establish consent via clear communication before sexual encounters begin. Students convey sexual interest through an accumulation of gestures exchanged over time, leading us to propose a cumulative model of consent. Students also report deliberately using ambiguous communication in sexual situations because it confers several social benefits, despite the risk of miscommunication. Conclusions: Student sexual behavior and affirmative consent policies are at odds because they are logically incompatible, and because student sexual culture is influenced by factors other than rape avoidance. Policy Implications: Policies intended to curb sexual assault on campus should be written with normative student sexual behavior in mind and should offer clear guidelines for implementation in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival crime data collected by a police agency in Upstate New York from 2008 to 2015; outcome, sentencing, and incarceration data collected by the New York State's Department of Criminal Justice Statistics; and demographic data collected by the U.S. Census were analyzed to explore how a suspect's race and sex affect the investigation, prosecution, conviction, and sentencing in larceny cases. Results suggest that Black men were more likely to be the targets of excess suspicion, less likely to be granted leniency by prosecutors, no more likely to be convicted, but, if convicted, more likely to be incarcerated than White men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affirmative consent policies on college campuses establish more stringent standards for inferring consent to sex. Although these policies often permit nonverbal communication of consent, they rarely outline finer-grained distinctions about which specific behaviors can stand-in for verbal affirmation. It thus remains possible that students hold different understandings of this policy vis-à-vis the nonverbals used to convey and infer consent, which could undermine the purported utility of affirmative consent initiatives. We presently sampled 442 college undergraduates and asked them to rate whether specific behaviors often present during sexual interaction constitute affirmative indicators of consent. We hypothesized that students would separate into one of three groups depending on how restrictive (e.g., verbal communication only), inclusive (e.g., verbal and clear nonverbals) or potentially non-diagnostic (e.g., sexual arousal, passivity) their behavioral definitions were of affirmative consent. Using cluster analysis, we ultimately identified two groups adhering to a restrictive versus more inclusive operationalization. The former cluster understood affirmative consent as comprising verbal affirmation with variable endorsements of specific nonverbals, whereas the latter consistently endorsed a broader set of nonverbals along with variable ascription to behaviors that do not strongly imply consent. Students in the more inclusive group were more sexually experienced, less likely to use condoms, and viewed casual sex more favorably; as well as were likelier to have received sexual assault education from their parents before and during college, as well as from social media. These findings suggest that subgroups of college students construe affirmative consent policy differently and that these understandings may relate broadly to an individual's sexual experiences, attitudes, and/or education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapes perpetrated during college are both common and underreported. Research highlights that several person- and incident-level factors relating to gender and sexuality may diminish reporting, by themselves and as they pertain to attributions of blame for the assault. In this study, male and female college students (N = 916) read vignettes describing a rape perpetrated by a man against a woman, a man against a man, or a woman against a man. Participants rated the blameworthiness of both perpetrator and victim and rated the likelihood that they would disclose the rape to social ties or health services or report it to authorities if they were in the victim's position. We found that male gender and heterosexual orientation predicted higher victim blame, lower perpetrator blame, and lower likelihood of disclosure, although relative endorsement of masculine gender ideology seemed to be driving these associations, as well as predicted lower likelihood of reporting to authorities. Controlling for other factors, vignettes portraying a woman raping a man led to a lower likelihood of disclosing or reporting the assault, compared with a male-on-female rape. We also found that the effects of female-on-male rape and traditional masculine ideologies tied to rape disclosure partially by decreasing blame to the perpetrator, which itself carried a unique influence on decisions to report. Our findings overall indicate that factors related to gender, sexuality, and blame have myriad influences and may contribute to low rates of disclosing rape to important outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A priori, a posteriori, and mixed type upper bounds for the absolute change in Ritz values of self-adjoint matrices in terms of submajorization relations are obtained. Some of our results prove recent conjectures by Knyazev, Argentati, and Zhu, which extend several known results for one dimensional subspaces to arbitrary subspaces. In addition, we improve Nakatsukasa's version of the tan theorem of Davis and Kahan. As a consequence, we obtain new quadratic a posteriori bounds for the absolute change in Ritz values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We make use of newly available data that include roughly 5 million linked household and population records from 1850 to 2015 to document long-term trends in intergenerational social mobility in the United States. Intergenerational mobility declined substantially over the past 150 y, but more slowly than previously thought. Intergenerational occupational rank-rank correlations increased from less than 0.17 to as high as 0.32, but most of this change occurred to Americans born before 1900. After controlling for the relatively high mobility of persons from farm origins, we find that intergenerational social mobility has been remarkably stable. In contrast with relative stability in rank-based measures of mobility, absolute mobility for the nonfarm population--the fraction of offspring whose occupational ranks are higher than those of their parents--increased for birth cohorts born prior to 1900 and has fallen for those born after 1940. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational research has established a link between zero tolerance disciplinary policies and increases in racial disproportionality in suspensions and expulsions of students of color. This article reports on a critical ethnography of Rivertown, a school district with urban characteristics, where we have been working with parents of color whose children are subjected to exclusionary discipline. Using the framework of Critical Race Theory in education, specifically Derrick Bell's interest-convergence principle, we argue that several interrelated barriers prevent movement toward racial equity: a culture of colorblindness and white fragility that silences race talk; contested definitions of the problem that obfuscate its racialized nature; and the persistence of a zero tolerance framework even with the implementation of a restorative justice pilot. We conclude by discussing our ongoing strategies for creating interest-convergence between White power-holders and communities of color in Rivertown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Census Bureau has created a set of linkable census, survey, and administrative records that provides longitudinal data on the American population across the past eight decades. While these files include modern decennial censuses, Census Bureau surveys, and administrative records files from other federal agencies, the long time span is only possible with the addition of the complete count 1940 Census microdata. In this paper, we discuss the development of this linked data infrastructure and provide an overview of the record linkage techniques used. We primarily focus on the techniques used to produce a beta version of a linkable 1940 Census microdata file and discuss the potential to further document and extend the infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates linkage quality achieved by various record linkage techniques used in historical demography. The author creates benchmark, or truth, data by linking the 2005 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Social Security Administration's numeric identification system by social security number. By comparing simulated linkages to the benchmark data, she examines the value added (in terms of number and quality of links) from incorporating text-string comparators, adjusting age, and using a probabilistic matching algorithm. She finds that text-string comparators and probabilistic approaches are useful for increasing the linkage rate, but use of text-string comparators may decrease accuracy in some cases. Overall, probabilistic matching offers the best balance between linkage rates and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces and explores the concept impact validity, which is conceptualized as the extent to which research has the potential to play a role in social and political change or is useful as a tool for advocacy or activism. Including impact validity in the design of a research project means that, in addition to considering traditional criteria for determining the methodological rigor of research, it is also critical to consider the many related decisions that researchers make when working toward social change. In this article, the theory and methodology of impact validity and the assumptions that position impact validity as both a valid scientific approach, and a useful tool for promoting a more engaged social science, are considered. A "how to" guide is also provided that offers three guiding principles for enhancing impact validity: the strategic choice of research question, having explicit and realistic strategies for using research, and the strategic framing, communicating, and disseminating of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinicians often resent behavioral health managed care peer reviews. However, such reviews need not be onerous. This Open Forum, written by managed care physician viewers, attempts to help attending psychiatrists, specffically those on inpatient units, achieve more satisfying outcomes for patients by adhering to a few basic principles. Beyond the level-of-care guidelines, attending psychiatrists are advised to focus on immediate acuity, along with specffic life events that may have immediate impact on the patient's well-being. A clear diagnosis, relevant treatment plan, salient updates, and strategies for preventing readmission can justify additional treatment time. By contrast, "time-based treatments," dispositional issues, or a patient's lack of acceptance or effective use of treatment are harder to justify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Hookups,' or uncommitted sexual encounters, are becoming progressively more engrained in popular culture, reflecting both evolved sexual predilections and changing social and sexual scripts. Hook-up activities may include a wide range of sexual behaviors, such as kissing, oral sex, and penetrative intercourse. However, these encounters often transpire without any promise of, or desire for, a more traditional romantic relationship. A review of the literature suggests that these encounters are becoming increasingly normative among adolescents and young adults in North America, representing a marked shift in openness and acceptance of uncommitted sex. We reviewed the current literature on sexual hookups and considered the multiple forces influencing hookup culture, using examples from popular culture to place hooking up in context. We argue that contemporary hookup culture is best understood as the convergence of evolutionary and social forces during the developmental period of emerging adulthood. We suggest that researchers must consider both evolutionary mechanisms and social processes, and be considerate of the contemporary popular cultural climate in which hookups occur, in order to provide a comprehensive and synergistic biopsychosocial view of 'casual sex' among emerging adults today. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage fertilization practices are changing because of poultry litter use restrictions and reduced NH4NO3 availability. Our objectives were to compare bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] yield and N uptake among N sources and rates and evaluate the influence of N-fertilizer source on NH3 volatilization. Four N sources, pelleted poultry litter (PPL), NH4NO3, urea, and urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) were applied at rates of 0 to 500 kg N ha-1 yr-1 to common bermudagrass from 2006 to 2008. Measurements included dry matter yield and total N uptake from each N source applied at 400 kg N ha-1 yr-1 A semi-open static chamber method was used to measure NH3 volatilization for 15 d from each N source applied at 400 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in three split applications. Dry matter increased linearly in 2006 and curvilinearly in 2007 and 2008 as N rate increased, with maximum yields of 9910 to 14,328 kg ha-1 Forage fertilized with =300 kg PPL-N ha-1 yr-1 produced 78 to 96% of the dry matter as the same rates of NH4NO3 The addition of NBPT to urea showed no consistent benefit to yield or N uptake compared with urea alone. Urea-based fertilizers produced similar to slightly lower yields and N uptakes than NH4NO3 Cumulative NH3-N loss was greatest for urea (10.4-18.7% of applied N), intermediate for urea + NBPT (2.0-3.9%), and <1.5% for PPL and NH4NO3 Given the limited availability of NH4NO3, restrictions on poultry litter use, and concerns about air quality, urea amended with NBPT is a suitable N source for bermudagrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let A ⊆ Mn() be a unital *-subalgebra of the algebra Mn() of all n × n complex matrices and let B be an Hermitian matrix. Let Un(B) denote the unitary orbit of B in Mn() and let EA denote the trace preserving conditional expectation onto A. We give a spectral characterization of the set [image omitted] We obtain a similar result for the contractive orbit of a positive semi-definite matrix B. We then use these results to extend the notions of majorization and submajorization between self-adjoint matrices to spectal relations that come together with extended (non-commutative) Schur-Horn type theorems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay and lesbian parenting typically focuses on heterosexuals' views about whether or not gay men and lesbians should be parents. Although a significant literature describes positive outcomes for actual gay and lesbian parenting, research has not specifically examined the effect of these attitudes on heterosexuals' evaluations of parenting skills, competency in parenting situations, or attributions about behavior in children of lesbian and gay parents. Two hundred twenty participants responded to a series of vignettes describing a restaurant scene in which two parents respond to their child's public tantrum. Sexual orientation and gender of the active parent in the heterosexual condition were varied. Heterosexism, evaluation of parenting skills, and attributions for child's behavior were assessed. Unexpectedly, gay male parenting skills were rated most positively, and heterosexual parenting skills (where a woman was the active parent) most negatively. Both traditional and modern heterosexism predicted negative evaluations in the same-sex parenting conditions with modern heterosexism (denial of continued discrimination) explaining a larger portion of the variance in several outcome measures. It is suggested that differences in gender role expectations for men and women encourage excessive praise for men who interact with children and condemnation of women who disappoint unrealistic expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beneficial and adverse effects associated with the establishment of Voyageurs National Park are compared using a modified version of the 1973 Water Resources Council Principles and Standards for Planning Water and Related Land Resources. A measure of willingness to pay determined by the Clawson travel cost approach is the principal beneficial effect attributed to the park. Actual land purchase and development costs constitute the principal adverse effects. Sensitivity analyses are presented to show alternative results when basic assumptions are altered. Resulting net beneficial effects are positive in most cases, but rather than focusing on precise results the intent is to present an example of a method for evaluating establishment of a new national park. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The metastable ion supported fragmentations and fluorine transfer rearrangements of a series of fluoroaromatic heterocyclic derivatives of silicon, germanium and tin are reported. Of particular interest is the unique loss of neutral SiF4 from the parent ion of (C12F8)Si yielding the [C24F12]+˙ ion. These and similar rearrangements are discussed and structures are proposed for some of the ions observed. The general case of cyclic rearrangement intermediates prior to the loss of neutral metal fluorides from perfluoroaromatic derivatives is discussed. Losses of neutral metal fluorides from the parent ions appear to involve a species with increased co-ordination number about the central atom as an intermediate. In addition to (C12F8)2M, the following compound types were studied: (C6H5)2Ge(C12F8), (C12F8S)2M and R4Sn2(C6F4)2 (where M = a Group IV metal and R = CH3 or C6H5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the identity development process of gay men, lesbians and bisexuals. Identity structures' prediction that participants with heterosexually biased roles have lower self-esteem; Self-esteem of people with higher perceived stigma; Coping strategies for identity conflicts; Acquisition of identities.

Reports on the time-sharing computer information system designed to receive, store and provide feedback on conference results during the regional working conferences held by the U.S. Agriculture Department and Land Grant Colleges. Software's demonstration of the capability of a computer system, accessed via a remote interactive terminal, to provide accurate and rapid feedback.

The mass spectra of the compounds C12F8M2 (M = S, Se), (I), C12F8M (M = S, Se, Te), (II) and C12F8SX2 (X = Br, I), (III), have been measured. Results indicate that sulfur-carbon bonds are more stable under electron bombardment than either selenium-carbon or tellurium-carbon bonds. Numerous metastable-supported transitions are evident, which are incorporated into comprehensive fragmentation schemes for these compounds. Many metastable transitions, not previously reported, were observed for the fluorocarbon fragments and a fragmentation scheme is reported. The bromine and iodine-containing compounds behave remarkably like the heterocyclic systems, I and II, presumably due to initial loss of Br2 or I2 to form a ring system of type II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]