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Onion is a biennial crop, with bulb development occurring in the first year and flower induction in the second. Bulb formation is mainly controlled by day length and flowering by the vernalization. Flowering (Bolting) is a pre-requisite for seed production, but pre-mature bolting is undesirable during bulb production. In this study, onion germplasm (122 lines) was screened for pre-mature bolting (%) and days to pre-mature bolting in the early Rabi (November transplanted) and Rabi (January transplanted) seasons (2020–2021) and we found significant differences between genotypes for both traits. The extent of pre-mature bolting was higher during early Rabi (0–76.67%) than Rabi season (0–24.60%). Genotypes were divided into different classes for pre-mature bolting incidence viz. resistant (< 1%), tolerant (1–10%), susceptible (10–25%), and highly susceptible (> 25%). Furthermore, genotypes exhibited quantitative response to pre-mature bolting with cold exposure. Consistent results for both the traits were observed in the 51 representative genotypes during the subsequent season. Molecular characterization of onion lines with 36 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers grouped pre-mature bolting susceptible and tolerant/resistant lines in distinct clusters highlighting the genetic differences between them. This study indicates that genotypes with strong vernalization requirement exhibit pre-mature bolting tolerance/resistance and variation in vernalization sensitivity differentiate genotypes at phenotypic and molecular level. The results of this investigation will help onion breeders in the development of pre-mature bolting tolerant/ resistant onion cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoplasmic male sterility has been a popular genetic tool in development of hybrids. The molecular mechanism behind maternal sterility varies from crop to crop. An understanding of underlying mechanism can help in development of new functional CMS gene in crops which lack effective and stable CMS systems. In crops where seed or fruit is the commercial product, fertility must be recovered in F1 hybrids so that higher yield gains can be realized. This necessitates the presence of fertility restorer gene (Rf) in nucleus of male parent to overcome the effect of sterile cytoplasm. Fertility restoring genes have been identified in crops like wheat, maize, sunflower, rice, pepper, sugar beet, pigeon pea etc. But in crops like eggplant, bell pepper, barley etc. unstable fertility restorers hamper the use of Cytoplasmic genic male sterility (CGMS) system. Stability of CGMS system is influenced by environment, genetic background or interaction of these factors. This review thus aims to understand the genetic mechanisms controlling mitochondrial-nuclear interactions required to design strong and stable restorers without any pleiotropic effects in F1 hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney damage for >3 months, as defined by structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney, with or without decreased Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A proper GI assessment is of paramount importance either for a prospective renal transplantation candidate or those patients having even minor GI symptoms when they are on maintenance haemodialysis or conservative management of CRF. Helicobacter Pylori infection is accepted as an etiological factor of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and other gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly heartburn, pyrosis, and regurgitation, are frequent findings in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). These complaints may be due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Aims and Objectives: Endoscopic finding in patients of CKD with special evaluation on diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Methodology: We conducted an observational study on 50 patients, who are diagnosed to have Chronic kidney disease and being admitted to M.B hospital Udaipur in medicine department over a period of one year. All patients with chronic kidney disease underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy for H. pylori were included in the study. Results: Majority of the subjects belongs to age group of 31 to 40 years (26%) and least belongs to 70 to 80 years age group (6%). Out of the 50 subjects, males were 28 and females were 22. Majority of the cases in our study belonged to stage IV. 84% of the cases had upper gastrointestinal involvement on endoscopic examination in our study. Erosive gastritis (26%), either antral or fundal, was the predominant lesion found on endoscopy. Majority of the subjects having erosive gastritis, had stage IV CKD (53.8%). Out of 50 cases in our study 55% of subjects had lesions of the stomach, 26% of subjects had lesions in the duodenum, 19% of subjects had lesions in oesophagus. Out of 50 subjects in our study 52% were undergoing haemodialysis and 48% of subjects were under conservative management. Majority of subjects undergoing haemodialysis were belongs to stage V. Biopsy for Pylori were done to all 50 patients out of which 22 (44%) detected positive. Conclusion: Majority of the patients with chronic kidney disease have upper gastrointestinal involvement on endoscopic evaluation. Erosive gastritis is the most common upper gastrointestinal manifestation in our study. Upper gastrointestinal manifestations are predominant in stage V. Upper gastrointestinal findings are frequently observed in chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis. Early diagnosis and management can reduce mortality and morbidity and prevent fatal complication like massive upper gastrointestinal bleed. This study showed that positive Pylori were detected in 44% of patients so upper GI endoscopy with biopsy is an acceptable procedure for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficient understanding about genetic composition of the traits associated with yield and quality helps crop breeders to design their breeding program. The goal of this study was to estimate the main genetic effects on fruit and seed traits from crosses involving hulled and hull-less seeded parents. The intraspecific [LGR-121/VSR-5921 (Cucurbita pepo)] and interspecific [HLP-36/PVR-1343 (C. pepo/C. moschata)] hybridization derived six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) were evaluated using generation mean analysis. Significant differences were observed among all six generations for the fruit (3) and seed (5) traits under study. The additive-dominance model assessed through scaling test revealed adequacy only for seed number in intraspecific cross while, seed thickness and 100 seed weight in interspecific cross. Non-allelic interactions with duplicate type of epistasis were observed for remaining traits. -- - It was observed -- that most of the fruit and seed traits in intra and interspecific crosses expressed epistatic effects. Hence, improvement for these traits requires breeding methods like recurrent selection that can exploit non-additive variation in subsequent generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adequate tillage checks and delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favourable environment for early crop establishment. Slow growth of crop plant provides favourable environment for emergence of weeds. Cultural as well as mechanical practices such as hand weeding and intercultural are effective but unavailability of labour and continuous rainfall in rainy season does not permit for timely management of weeds Chemical weed control is effective weed management option which provides effective control of weeds. It is well known that weeds are ubiquitous but their presence in cropped area particularly in rainy season crops like clusterbean act as major limiting factor in achieving high potential yield. The current study aimed to study the impact of crop establishment methods and weed control practices on productivity and profitability of clusterbean. Methods: A field experiment was carried out to find out suitable method of crop establishment methods and weed management practices in clusterbean during kharif seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020. The experiment was conducted in spilt plot design with three replications. The treatments were four crop establishment methods viz., conventional sowing, zero tillage sowing, broad bed sowing, zero tillage sowing with mulch as main plots and four weed control practices viz., weedy check, pendimethalin + imazethapyr 1000 g ha-1, T3- Imazethapyr 40 g ha-1, T4- Imazethapyr+imazamox 40 g ha-1 as sub plot treatments . Result: The broad bed sowing of clusterbean along with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr 1000 g ha-1 was found effective to achieve higher productivity and farm profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in kharif seasons of 2015, 2016 and 2017 at experimental farm of Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur (Rajasthan) to study efficacy of different weed management practices in clusterbean. Three years result shows that compared to weedy check (6.82 m-2) application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb one hand weeding recorded lowest weed density (3.58 m-2). Among herbicidal treatments, Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i/ha as PE fb one hand weeding at 25 DAS (83.7%) and Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE+ Imazathapyr+ Imazamox @ 40g a.i./ha PoE (74.0%) recorded highest weed control efficiency. Likewise, application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i/ha as PE fb one hand weeding at 25 DAS and Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha at PE fb Imazathapyr + Imazamox @ 40 g a.i. ha-1 recorded significantly higher seed (1136 kg ha-1 and 1009 kg ha-1), haulm (3304 kg ha-1 and 2943 kg ha-1) and biological yield (4440 kg ha-1 and 3953 kg ha-1), respectively over other herbicidal treatments. Economic evaluation indicated that application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75kg a.i/ha as PE fb one hand weeding at 25 and which was followed by with Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as PE+ Imazathapyr+ Imazamox@ 40g a.i./ha recorded, gross return (INR 55352 ha-1 and INR 49189 ha-1) net returns (INR 38852 ha-1 and INR 34289 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.35 and 2.20), respectively. Whereas, minimum cost of cultivation (INR 10000 ha-1) and gross returns (INR 25632 ha-1), net returns (INR 15632 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.56) were recorded under weed check. So looking to the laborious pressure of hand weeding, cost effectiveness ease of application of chemical herbicides, application of Pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 fb one hand weeding can be an effective weed control option in cluster bean crop with higher seed and haulm yield under Semi-arid and Arid regions of Rajasthan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous adoption of pearl millet-wheat cropping system led to reduction in productivity which put a serious threat to its sustainability in semi-arid eastern plain zone of Rajasthan, India. Crop diversification with wider choice with a variety of crops is being promoted as an alternative to profit maximization with enhanced soil fertility status. Therefore, a long term experiment was initiated to evaluate the production potential, sustainability, resource-use efficiency and economics of nine pearl millet based cropping systems. Result revealed that system productivity in terms of pearl millet equivalent yield (PMEY) was highest (30488 kg ha-1) with groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion crop rotation. Moreover, groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion recorded the highest SYI and land use efficiency (0.65 and 73.97%) followed by pearl millet-wheat-cluster bean-barley sequence (0.63 and 65.75%). The groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion also generated highest number of man days/ha/year (405). The highest values of organic carbon were found under green grammustard- pearl millet-lentil and cluster bean-pea-pearl millet-lentil. The maximum value of available P was recorded with cluster beanmustard- green gram-garden cress followed by the groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion sequence. Available K decreased significantly from their initial values in all the cropping systems except groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion crop rotation. Among the various systems, groundnut-wheat-cluster bean-onion realized the highest net returns ( '213000 ha-1), followed by pearl millet-wheat-cluster bean-barley ('163254 ha-1). Overall, it can be concluded that under the semi-arid agro climatic conditions of Rajasthan, ground nut wheat-cluster bean-onion, followed by pearl millet-wheat-cluster bean-barley, were more productive, sustainable, resource use efficient and remunerative than other cropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal healthcare services (AHS) are crucial for the profitability and sustainability of smallholder livestock production systems. Availability of veterinary services is very important for development of livestock sector in India. The preference of service providers depend upon the location, distance, livestock holding and capacity to pay and quality of services. This paper focuses on animal health delivery system, morbidity and mortality patterns in livestock of tribal remote areas of Banswara district. A total of 120 tribal livestock owners were drawn from eight villages of two tehsils of Banswara district of Rajasthan. The data from respondents were collected through the specially designed and pre-tested interview schedule. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (63.33%) were getting advice from Veterinary Officer/Livestock Assistant (LSA) for surgical affections, preferred traditional healer/Vaidat village for treatment of medicinal problems (46%), Veterinary Officer/LSA (70.83%) followed by quacks (21.67%) for gynaecological problems, vaccinated their animals in veterinary hospital as well as in animal health camps organized by animal husbandry department (40%), dewormed their animals on advice of Veterinary Officer/LSA (55%). Regarding the frequencies of mode of approach, only about 27 per cent were always calling veterinary expert at doorstep, sometime scalling veterinary expert at doorstep (73.33%), sometimes visited without diseased animals (45%) but about 31 per cent took their diseased animals at animal health service centre. Predominant diseases among cattle and buffalo were repeat breeding, metritis, diarrhoea, parasitic infections, pneumonia and poisoning. Parasitic infections, pox, pneumonia, diarrhoea and acidosis were found as major problems among goats of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to propose a new lector-based domino and examine it with inputs and clock signal combination in a 45-nm dual-threshold footerless domino circuit for reduced leakage current.Design/methodology/approach In this technique, p-type and n-type leakage control transistors (LCTs) are introduced between pull-up and pull-down networks, and the gate of one is controlled by the source of the other. A high-threshold transistor is used in the input for reducing gate oxide leakage current, which becomes dominant in nanometre technology. Simulations were based on a 45-nm BISM 4 model using an HSPICE simulator for proposed domino circuits.Findings The result shows that CHIL (clock high and input low) state is ineffective for lowering leakage current and the conventional CHIH (clock high and input high) state is only effective to suppress the leakage at low temperature for wide fan-in domino circuits. At high temperature, CLIL (clock low and input low) state is preferable to reduce the leakage current for low fan-in domino, but for high fan-in domino, CHIH state is preferred. The proposed circuit technique for AND2, OR2, OR4 and OR8 circuits reduces the active power consumption by 50.94 to 75.68 per cent and by 64.85 to 86.57 per cent at low and high die temperatures, respectively, when compared to the standard dual-threshold voltage domino logic circuits.Originality/value The research proposes a new leakage reduction technique used in domino circuits and also evaluates the state for leakage reduction which can be used for low-power dynamic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study conducted in Dausa and Jaipur districts to know about the extent knowledge about improved scientific management practices of members in comparison to non-members. A sample of 160 respondents, consisting of 80 members of dairy co-operative societies and 80 non-members of dairy co-operative societies was drawn. The respondents for the study were selected from 8 villages of 4 tehsils. The study revealed that 57.5 per cent members were having knowledge about whitening of animal drinking water tank but in the case of the non-members 48.8 per cent respondent. Whereas knowledge about drenching of animal 60 per cent members and 53.8 per cent non-members were aware. About 42.5 per cent members knew weaning practices but in the case of nonmembers only 27.5 per cent, respondent. The results revealed that 60 per cent members and 50 per cent non-members were having knowledge about naval cord cutting safety precaution. The majority of members (63.7%) and non-members (56.3%) respondent were having knowledge about clean milk production. It was concluded study that majority of the members had comparatively high level of knowledge about calf, housing, milking and heath care management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on a total 80 dairy farmers having minimum three milch animals selected from eight villages of Dausa and Jaipur districts of Rajasthan to ascertain the constraints perceived by dairy members in adoption of new technologies in dairy farming. The information was collected by conducting personal interviews of the livestock farmers with the help of well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. It has been observed that majority (42.5 per cent) of the dairy members faced high level of constraints followed by medium (38.7 per cent) and low (23.8 per cent) regarding infrastructure. In case of technical constraints, majority ( 45.0 per cent) of the dairy members were perceived as high level of constraints followed by medium ( 33.8 per cent) and low (21.2 per cent ) level of constraints. With respect to economic constraints, majority (38.8 per cent) of the dairy members faced medium level of constraints followed by high (35.0 per cent) and low level of constraints (26.2 per cent). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was carried out in the experimental farm of Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H. P.) to see the effect of different weed management practices on weed population and yield potential of peach cv. July Elberta during the years 2012 and 2013. The experiment was laid out with 13 treatments in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The peach trees of cv. July Elberta were treated with different treatment combinations viz., T1: Pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha), T2: Pendimethalin (1.5 kg/ha), T3: Pendimethalin (2.0 kg/ha), T4: Glyphosate (0.8 kg/ha), T5: Glyphosate (1.6 kg/ha), T6: Glyphosate (2.4 kg/ha), T7: Pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ ha) followed by glyphosate (0.8 kg/ha), T8: Pendimethalin (1.5 kg/ha) followed by glyphosate (0.8 kg/ha), T9: Pendimethalin (2.0 kg/ha) followed by glyphosate (0.8 kg/ha), T10: Pendimethalin (2.0 kg/ha) followed by grass mulch, T11: Grass mulch followed by glyphosate (0.8 kg/ha), T12: Hand weeding at 30 days interval and T13: Control. The results revealed that the treatment combination of grass mulch followed by two applications of glyphosate 0.8 kg/ha (first week of April and second mid-July) was found to be the best treatment for most of the characters among all the treatments and maximum weed control efficiency was registered in T9. Finally, the treatment T11: Grass mulch followed by two sprays of glyphosate 0.8 kg/ha was found to be the most economical (B: C ratio 4.31:1) for fruit grower's point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is conducted in Tonk district of Rajasthan in order to ascertain the status of livestock services delivery system of state department of animal husbandry (SDAH) in Rajasthan. A total of 120 livestock farmers were selected as respondent from 8 selected villages of 4 tehsils of the district while secondary data were collected from annual reports and other occasional reports of SDAH. Majority of the livestock farmers had medium availability for SDAH livestock services followed by high and low availability. Majority of the livestock farmer's rated SDAH livestock services as average in terms of their effectiveness followed by excellent and poor. Majority of the livestock farmers belonged to medium level of satisfaction towards SDAH livestock services followed by low and high satisfaction categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]