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Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The existence of a mentally retarded child in a family leaves negative and irreversible effects on parents, particularly mothers. The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of schema therapy on distress tolerance and resilience of mothers with mentally retarded students. Materials and Methods: In this research, 30 mothers of mentally retarded students, studying in exceptional students in districts 1 and 2 of Zahedan, Iran in 2020, were chosen using the convenient sampling. Then, they were assigned randomly to two control and experimental (schema therapy-based) groups. In the next step, all participants filled out Distress Tolerance Questionnaire and CD Resilience Scale (Connor-Davidson), and the experimental group received eight 2-hour sessions of schema therapy-based training. The Control group received no intervention during the study. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS22 software by using descriptive indicators, univariate and multivariate ANCOVA. Results: The results showed the significant effect (P<0.05) of schema therapy on distress tolerance and resilience so that this therapy could expand distress tolerance and resilience of mothers. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, schema therapy can be recommended as an efficient method to increase distress tolerance and resilience in mothers who have mentally retarded students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College undergraduate students (N = 259), were given a measure of tolerance toward people with intellectual disability. Half of the sample was given a version that used the term mentally retarded, and half was given a version that used person with intellectual disability. Individuals receiving the version with mentally retarded had lower levels of tolerance on all four subscales of the instrument. They scored significantly higher on the subscales of Exclusion and Sheltering and significantly lower on the subscales of Empowerment and Similarities than their peers who received the version using the term person with intellectual disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional counselors and counselors‐in‐training (N = 211) completed a survey measuring tolerance toward people with intellectual disabilities. About half completed a version using the term mentally retarded, and half completed a version using people with intellectual disabilities. The first group was more empowering and less sheltering of people with intellectual disabilities but less likely to perceive them as basically like themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Mentally retarded children put mothers under physical, mental, and social pressures that severely decrease their quality of life. Meanwhile, spiritual skills training programs can lead to the empowerment of mothers in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of spiritual skills training on the quality of life in mothers of mentally retarded children. Methods: This experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The data were collected using the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire. In total, 20 mothers of mentally retarded children, who had met the inclusion criteria, were selected utilizing convenient random sampling. The participants were then assigned randomly into experimental (n=10) and control groups (n=10). The experimental group received the interventions through eight 90- min to 2-h sessions. The post-test was taken after the intervention. Results: According to the results, the mean±SD values of the quality of life before the intervention were 67.00±11.83 and 67.11±6.25 in the experimental and control groups, respectively, and there were no significant differences between the two groups. However, regarding the mean±SD values of the quality of life after the intervention, the experimental and control groups obtained 72.22±10.10 and 67.33±7.02, respectively, which was statistically significant (P<0.05, F=4.83). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, spiritual skills training have a significant effect on the quality of life in mothers of mentally retarded children. Accordingly, this approach can be utilized as a useful tool to improve the quality of life in mothers of mentally retarded children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences / Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes chronic infection in human population, with high mortality. One of the high risk communities is mentally retarded children, who are institutionalized. Special conditions in these centers predispose children for HBV infection and transmission to healthy people. In this study our objective was to determine the prevalence of HBV infection among institutionalized mentally retarded children and study its associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: In this study, 250 mentally retarded children (younger than 14 years old) were included. They were living in 5 nursing institutions, located in different parts of Tehran. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was measured in the sera of these patients by ELISA method. Results: Among 250 children, 20 children (8%) were HBsAg positive. HBV infection in girls was more than boys (11% to 5.6%). Among the types of mental retardation, children with cerebral palsy had the highest positive result for HBsAg. The most HBV infection (28.5%) was seen in children with longest duration of being institutionalized (10 to 11 years). Vaccinated children were more HBsAg positive (8.7%) than nonvaccinated children (5.3%). However, no significant relationship was observed between any of these factors and HBsAg positivity. Conclusion: Despite improvement of people's health condition and implementation of HBV vaccination, the prevalence of HBV infection is increased in institutionalized mentally retarded children, which highlights the need for active measures to reduce this infection among this high risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High level of periodontal problems of dental caries are frequently observed in mentally handicapped children. This group of patients presents various problems when they face dental treatments. Identification of such population and providing them affordable oral health care is the new concept. A systematic method for identification and screening of persons with mental retardation has been developed and is being followed. Cost and fear are the most commonly cited barriers to dental care. Physical or mental may lead to deterioration in self-care, and oral care state have a low priority. Risk factors are inter-related and are often barriers to oral health. With advancements in today's world sufficient information and support is available for each and every individual to lead a healthy life which include the access to the oral health care. Factors such as fear, anxiety and dental phobia plays a vital role in acceptance of dental care and also the delaying of dental care. Lack of knowledge of oral and dental disease, awareness or oral need, oral side-effects of medication and organization of dental services are highlighted in the literature. All health personnel should receive training to support the concept of primary oral health care. Training about dealing with such mentally handicapped people should be addressed urgently among the health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growth of mentally retarded children differs from that of normal children. However, the adolescent growth and development of Indian mentally retarded children has not been studied. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the physical growth and sexual development of adolescent mentally retarded girls in North Indian population and to compare it with that of normal girls of same age group. Materials and Methods: One hundred mentally retarded (intelligence quotient (IQ) less than 70) and 100 normal girls between 10 and 20 years of age were categorized into 1-year age groups. Their height was measured and the sexual development was assessed based on breast development (BD) and pubic hair growth (PH) stages 1-5 on the basis of Tanner scale. The data was then compared between the two groups using Student's t-test. The mean age of menarche was calculated by applying Probit analysis. Results: The mean height of mentally retarded girls was significantly retarded as compared to normal girls at all ages; however, the mean height gain during 11-20 years was same in both the groups. The mentally retarded girls also showed significant retardation in PH growth at 15-17 years and in BD at 15-16 years of age. Conclusions: The physical growth and sexual development of adolescent mentally retarded girls was retarded as compared to the normal girls. The physical growth retardation occurred during early childhood (before 11 years), however the retardation in sexual maturity occurred during middle adolescence, between 15-17 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social factors have an important role in the formation of disabilities and mental and physical disorders. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study. Samples were 494 mothers who had more than one disabled child or normal children and were selected by simple and multistage randomizing method. Data collection tool was a researcher made questionnaire. Results: There was a significant relation between father's job and belonging to the group (p = 0.000), and immigration history, father's job and belonging to the group (p = 0.04). Conclusions: There was a significant relation between immigration history, father's job and belonging to the group (p = 0.04) which means the interaction between immigration history and father's job would increase the risk for having a disabled child (intellectual and physical-mobility disabilities). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among mentally retarded residents of rehabilitation center of Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan province, southern Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in central rehabilitation institute of Hormozgan province in summer 2010. Fecal samples of all 133 residents (72 males, 61 females) aged 3-52, were collected in triplicate. Specimens were examined by direct smear, formalin-ether concentration techniques and stained by permanent Trichrome, Ziehl-Neelsen stains. Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS 13.5. Results: Intestinal parasitic infections were seen in 48.5% (64 out of 133 subjects: 53.4% in males and 46.6% in females). Strongyloides stercoralis with 17.3% showed the highest incidence followed by Entamoeba coli (9.8%), Blastocystis hominis (7.5%), Giardia lamblia (2.3%), Endolimax nana (2.3%), Hymenolepis nana (0.8%), Oxyuris vermicularis (0.8%), and Chilomasix mesnili (0.8%). Double infections were found to be as: Strongyloides stercoralis + Giardia lamblia (2.3%), Entamoeba coli + Giardia lamblia (1.5%), Entamoeba coli + Blastocystis hominis (1.5%), Oxyuris vermicularis +Entamoeba coli (0.8%), Strongyloides stercoralis +Entamoeba coli (0.8%), respectively. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that strongyloidiasis is a common disease among mentally retarded population in southern Iran. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective. To compare the likelihood of intellectually and developmentally disabled (ID/DD) adults receiving a dental cleaning across places of residence. Data Sources. Medicaid and Minnesota's Medicaid Management Information System (MMIS) databases. Study Design. All adults with DD assessments in MMIS in 2001–2002. Data Extraction Methods. All completed DD assessments in 2001–2002 linked to Medicaid utilization data for same recipients for same years. Conclusions. The most disabled individuals are generally least likely to receive a dental cleaning. Individuals living in their own or a family home are less likely to receive the procedure than those living in ICF/MRs or a group home, even after controlling for disability, with those living in a group home falling in between ICF/MR and own/family home residents. The level of preventive dental care that ID/DD adults receive in community settings may be inadequate, particularly for persons living in own homes or with family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constipation is frequently seen in patients with mental retardation (MR). Its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Measurement of colon transit time (CTT) differentiates between retentive and non-retentive constipation. To determine total and segmental CTT in MR patients compared to healthy controls. Of 250 residents, 60 patients older then 16, without swallowing disorder or scoliosis, are randomly chosen, 58 participated (intelligence quotient < 50, median age 35.5 year, 29 male). Constipation was defined as less than three defecations a week. Controls are 32 non-constipated age-matched healthy volunteers (median age 29 year, 19 male). CTT is measured by daily administration of ten radio-opaque markers during 6 days and abdominal X-ray on day 7. CTT is calculated using Bouchoucha’s [] method. Compared to controls, total CTT is significantly ( P < 0.001) longer in MR (median 22.8 h vs. 57.6 h, respectively). Of the MR patients, 21/58 (36%) are constipated. The mental retardated and constipated (MRC) have a significant prolonged CTT in all segments ( P < 0.01; median right CTT 19.2 h vs. 4.8 h; left CTT 14.4 h vs. 4.8 h; rectosigmoidal CTT 42 h vs. 9.6 h), whereas in mental retarded non-constipated (MRNC) persons, the rectosigmoidal CTT is prolonged (median 21.6 h vs. 9.6 h). Patients with moderate to deep MR have a significantly prolonged total CTT. In MRNC persons, rectosigmoidal CTT prolongation suggests a defecation problem. In MRC, CTT is prolonged in all segments, suggesting diffuse colonic inertia problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psicologia Educativa is the property of Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scleroderma, the general name of a group of progressive diseases affecting the connective tissues is the most deadly of the varying connective tissue disorders. Characterized by abnormal thickening of the skin, this collagen-vascular disease is associated with immune dysfunction. Hallmark signs of scleroderma include fibrosis, vascular instability and initial inflammation resulting from excessive collagen deposition. Oral facial involvement is considerable, necessitating adaptations in patient oral self-care and influencing oral hygiene. Appropriate dental hygiene management of patients with this autoimmune disorder requires an understanding of clinical characteristics, the recognition of oral facial involvement, treatment considerations and pharmacological interventions. With this information, dental hygienists will be better prepared to provide compassionate, safe and effective dental hygiene management and care to patients with scleroderma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate oral hygiene practices and oral health care given by parents to mentally retarded children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: A total of 140 questionnaires were distributed; only 100 questionnaires were completed and thus were included in the analysis, a 71.4% response rate. Questionnaires inquired on oral hygiene practices, supervision or assistance during tooth brushing, examination of the oral cavity, and measures taken in an event of oral health problems. Results: Sixty-five per cent of the children are able to brush their teeth, whereas 35% are brushed by a family member. About 74% of the children who brush themselves brush occasionally or once per day while 26% brush more than once per day. More than 58% of the children who brush themselves brush under supervision. A statistically significant difference was observed in respect of bleeding on brushing which was among 61% of the children who brush occasionally or once per day and among 29% of the children who brush more than once per day (Pearson χ2 = 5.13, P = 0.024). Sixty-four per cent of parents occasionally examine their children's oral cavity. Few parents take their children to a dentist in an event of toothache/cavity on a tooth (26%) or bleeding on brushing (37%). Conclusion: Most children are able to brush their teeth themselves. Majority of those who cannot brush are assisted. Bleeding on brushing and tooth cavities are common problems but few children are taken to a dentist for care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intellectually-disabled patients with acute abdominal conditions are susceptible to late diagnosis and adverse outcome due to impaired communication, altered behaviour, neurological impairment, associated congenital anomalies, variable reaction to pain and drugs and various difficulties in perioperative management. The present study aims to present the experience of surgery for acute abdominal conditions in intellectually-disabled patients. Various difficulties encountered during the management are highlighted and measures to overcome these problems are discussed. Methods: A prospective descriptive population study was performed through the prospective collection of data on consecutive intellectually-disabled adults operated for acute abdominal conditions over a 5-year period. Study parameters included demographic details, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, operative findings and outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality. Results: Of 19 men and three women with a mean age of 28.3 years, anorexia, vomiting, and increasing abdominal distension were the most common presenting features. History of pica was available in 36.4% of patients. Intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis, volvulus and pseudo-obstruction of the colon were the most frequently encountered conditions. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 33 and 23%, respectively. Conclusion: Intellectually-disabled patients demand particular clinical expertise owing to various difficulties inherent to their mental and physical disabilities. Short history, anorexia, vomiting and abdominal distension should make the clinician aware of the possibility of an acute abdominal condition. History of pica should be considered a serious clinical correlate. A high index of clinical suspicion, intensive perioperative care and low threshold for an early operation are recommended to reduce the higher morbidity and mortality figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Atkins v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the execution of mentally retarded offenders is constitutionally prohibited by the Eighth Amendment--a holding directly opposite to the conclusion it reached on this issue 13 years previously in Penry v. Lynaugh. This article examines the specific holdings in these two landmark decisions dealing with mentally retarded capital offenders as well as the roles they play in the evolution of the Supreme Court's capital punishment jurisprudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

summary The efficacy of nitrous oxide (N2 O) inhalation on the elevated orofacial muscle tonus during dental treatment in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) was studied by measuring the mean frequency of electromyographic (EMG) discharge, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) taking mentally retarded patients (MR) as a control. At a pre-treatment stage, the mean frequency of the EMG was higher in the CP patients than in the MR patients. By forcing the jaw open, the mean frequency of the EMG, BP and HR was elevated significantly in both types of patients. The enhanced level of the mean frequency of the EMG was higher in the CP patients than in the MR patients. After inhalation of N2 O, the mean frequency was reduced significantly in both types of patients, however, the reduction rate was higher in the CP patients than the MR patients; BP and HR were not affected. These results demonstrate the selective efficacy of N2 O in reducing the orofacial muscle tonus in CP patients during dental treatment probably because of the N2 O inhibiting the function of the central nervous system. The present study therefore suggests the beneficial properties of N2 O induced sedation performed during dental treatment on CP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentally retarded children from one age cohort and their randomly selected controls in one Finnish county were examined for standard of oral hygiene, and their parents and nurses interviewed for information on dental health habits and for other relevant background information. The mentally retarded consumed sugar containing products less frequently than the mentally normal controls. Toothbrushing arid fluoride supply was also less common in the retarded than in the healthy. Among the retarded, the dental health habits were most favorable in registered outpatients and least favorable in administratively unknown retarded not included in special welfare. Differences in dental health habits between these subgroups of the retarded were large. In contrast to the Endings in the healthy children, frequency of toothbrushing was not associated with the observed standard of oral hygiene in the mentally retarded. The toothbrushing subgroup of the mentally retarded consumed sugar more frequently than the toothbrushing healthy children and commonly used drugs which reduced saliva flow or promoted gingival hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral hygiene has been implicated as a causal factor in the development of dental caries and periodontal disease in mentally retarded individuals. Little attention, however, has been given to the determinants of oral hygiene status. The present paper assesses the oral hygiene status of institutionalized (I) and noninstitutionalized (NI) mentally retarded (MR) individuals aged 4 through 25, in relation to age, degree of mental retardation, and socioeconomic status. Institutional status was found to be a major determinant in oral hygiene conditions of the study group, as JMR individuals had significantly higher OH! scores than NIMR individuals. Associations of age and OHI were significant only for NIMR. Although differences between l and NI groups, with respect to degree of mental retardation, were seen for mildly, moderately, and severely retarded, no significant differences in OHI scores between I and NI profoundly retarded was seen. Socioeconomic status was not found to be a significant factor in the oral hygiene status of MR individuals. This study emphasizes the need to assess age, degree of menial retardation, and institutional status when implicating oral hygiene in caries and periodontal disease prevalence in MR individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual evoked responses (VERs) to slides having different emotional content were recorded in occipital, parietal, motor, and frontal cortex from mental retardates (MRs). Unpleasant stimuli produced the smallest VER amplitudes, neutral stimuli the largest, and pleasant stimuli produced VER amplitudes between unpleasant and neutral values. These results are qualitatively similar to those previously reported for normal subjects, although they occur in later VER components in the MRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1890, representatives of the Ministries and Departments of Social Security in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Denmark have been working to create a foundation and a framework for a common Scandinavian research and development project concerning the quality of life of the mentally retarded. In 1992, with financial support from The Nordic Council of Ministers, the exchange of information and the building up of a network was begun, involving those taking part in some 50 development projects in Scandinavian countries. The project has focussed on three themes central to efforts made on behalf of and with the cooperation of mentally retarded people in these countries: the mentally handicapped person in the local community, independence and the quality of life, and communication. The aim of the project is to establish a Scandinavian network of key persons in the field, to systematise and propagate promising developments and to cast light on differences and similarities between various Scandinavian models for research and development related to the mentally retarded. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]