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As businesses increasingly adopt digital processes and solutions to enhance efficiency and productivity, they face heightened cybersecurity threats. Through a systematic literature review and concept development, this article examines the intersection of digitalisation and cybersecurity. It identifies the methodologies and tools used for cybersecurity assessments, factors influencing the adoption of cybersecurity measures, and the critical success factors for implementing these measures. The article also puts forward the concept of cybersecurity governance process categories, which are used to classify the factors uncovered in the research. Findings suggest that current information security standards tend to be too broad and not adequately tailored to the specific needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) when implementing emerging technologies, like Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and artificial intelligence (AI). Additionally, these standards often employ a top-down approach, which makes it challenging for SMEs to effectively implement them, as they require more scalable solutions tailored to their specific risks and limited resources. The study thus proposes a new framework based on the Plan-Do-Check model, built around the cybersecurity governance process categories and the three core pillars of governance, culture and standards. This is essentially a bottom-up approach that complements current top-down methods, and will be of value to both information technology (IT) professionals as an operational guide, and to researchers as a basis for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic research on the human element in phishing attacks is essential for developing effective prevention and detection strategies and guiding policymakers to protect individuals and organizations from cyber threats. This bibliometric study offers a comprehensive overview of international research on phishing and human factors from 2006 to 2024. Analysing 308 articles from the Web of Science database, a significant increase in publications since 2015 was identified, highlighting the growing importance of this field. The study revealed influential authors such as Vishwanath and Rao, leading journals like Computers & Security, and key contributing institutions including Carnegie Mellon University. The analysis uncovered strong collaborations between institutions and countries, with the USA being the most prolific and collaborative. Emerging research themes focus on psychological factors influencing phishing susceptibility, user-centric security measures, and the integration of technological solutions with human behaviour insights. The findings highlight the need for increased collaboration between academia and non-academic organizations and the exploration of industry-specific challenges. These insights offer valuable guidance for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to advance their understanding of phishing attacks, human factors, and resource allocation in this critical aspect of digitalisation, which continues to have significant impacts across business and society at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's technology-centric business environment, where organizations encounter numerous cyber threats, effective IT risk management is crucial. An objective risk assessment—based on information relating to business requirements, human elements, and the security culture within an organisation—can provide a sound basis for informed decision making, effective risk prioritisation, and the implementation of suitable security measures. This paper focuses on asset valuation, supply chain risk, and enhanced objectivity—via a "segregation of duties" approach—to extend and apply the capabilities of an established security culture framework. The resultant system design aims at mitigating subjectivity in IT risk assessments, thereby diminishing personal biases and presumptions to provide a more transparent and accurate understanding of the real risks involved. Survey responses from 16 practitioners working in the private and public sectors confirmed the validity of the approach but suggest it may be more workable in larger organisations where resources allow dedicated risk professionals to operate. This research contributes to the literature on IT and cyber risk management and provides new perspectives on the need to improve objectivity in asset valuation and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, seven different MOSFET-C transimpedance filters with their corresponding transfer functions and basic filter specifications, are provided. Presented designs show second-order standard band-pass, low-pass, or high-pass characteristics. Moreover, some filters provide both low-pass and band-pass characteristics. Especially, having a tunability feature makes a design more useful and applicable for various communication and instrumentation systems. The selected filter topology was biased under various biasing conditions to tune central frequency by keeping bandwidth constant. To elaborate the design with different aspects, we checked its small-signal performance by introducing both changing temperature and implementation errors. The theoretical results are in detail verified by numerous simulations using Cadence IC6 Spectre analog design environment. In the design, transistors with 1.8 V supply voltage were used and modelled by the SilTerra Malaysia 180 nm CMOS process parameters. The implemented layout, including metal-insulator-metal on-chip capacitors, occupies an area of 175 μm × 75 μm, while the total power consumption of the filter is found to be only 128.86 μW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events concerning the Kaspersky anti-virus software in the UK and the Android operating system in the US have highlighted the significance of the domesticity of digital products for national cybersecurity, and the importance of establishing the origin of digital products has been further brought into focus by the war in Ukraine and China's military activities around Taiwan. Digital products can contain hardware components, software elements, embedded systems, and data, and determining the country of origin (COO) in these circumstances is problematic. The aim of this research, and its main contribution, is to provide an operational framework for the application of the COO concept to address this problem. Using an inductive research methodology based on semi-structured interviews and an online survey, a 19-parameter framework for assessing the COO of digital products is developed and then applied to the case example of a mobile phone import in Turkey. This article concludes that new processes and policies are urgently required to enhance the cyber and information security for digital products, aid domestic digital technology production, and support the transition to recyclable technologies. Such developments are of significance not only for western nations concerned with data and security issues, but also for developing world countries trying to develop their own domestic digital product manufacturing capabilities. This is also of relevance to the computer end-user, who would benefit from greater clarity on the origin of digital products ahead of a purchase decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, MOS-Only transimpedance mode filters are proposed. The presented circuits use two capacitors and MOS transistors that operate in saturation mode. The circuits are additional examples contributing to the set of previously published circuit topologies. One of the circuits is chosen and its functionality is verified with simulations. An important aspect of the chosen design is the versatility of filter parameters. Changing the drain currents of MOSFETs makes it possible to adjust the center frequency after production. We performed simulations with the LTSPICE simulation program using 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS technology. Simulation results are found in close agreement with the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present six area-efficient transimpedance type second-order analog filters. There are many applications where the available signal is current, however the necessary signal for further processing is voltage type. For such applications the presented circuits will be a useful solution. The technique employed is called MOS-only technique and to the best of our knowledge this is the first attempt to implement transimpedance type filters with MOS-only technique. Starting from the core circuit biasing is illustrated and the functionality is shown with LT SPICE simulations using TSMC 0.18u technology parameters. From six core circuits one circuit is selected and the design is completed for illustration purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a set of current-mode MOSFET-C multifunction filters are presented. Since MOS transistors operating in saturation region are used instead of the passive resistors, key filter parameters are all electronically controllable. The main properties of a total of eight different multifunction filters are catalogued in tabular form. The proposed circuits exhibit attractive features such as circuit simplicity and reduced chip area compared to the classical analog filters that require active elements including large number of transistors. All the filters are simulated in spectre simulation software in Cadence design environment using 90 nm UMC CMOS process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new low-voltage, MOSFET-only, third order low-pass filter is proposed. The circuit employs only MOSFETs operating in saturation region. The transconductance gains and the parasitic gate to source capacitances of the MOSFETs represent resistive and capacitive elements of the filter. Using TSMC 0.18 µm technology parameters the circuit is simulated, non-ideal effects have been investigated and dynamic threshold voltage MOS tuning technique has been developed for the filter circuit to suppress the non-idealities. In this tuning technique, bulk terminals of MOS transistors are used to adjust the biasing point of the circuit by changing the threshold voltages of the MOS transistors. This gives the designers more flexibility than conventional tuning methods and allows low voltage operation when several transistors are stacked over each other. The resulting circuit is capable of operation at high frequencies with low power consumption due to the usage of significantly less number of transistors than conventional active block-based filtering circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the application possibilities of the newly presented voltage differencing active building block called voltage differencing differential difference amplifier. Using this active element, a multifunction frequency filter is designed featuring the possibility of mutually independent control of quality factor Q and characteristic frequency $$\omega _0$$ by means of active elements. The structure of the filter is based on the idea of the Akerberg-Mossberg (AM) filter, i.e. the integrators in the structure are always realized only by two active elements. This fact results in better phase compensation for the filter. Compared to the AM opamp based filter, the newly proposed structure features high-impedance inputs, low-impedance output, and all basic frequency responses. The performance of the proposed structure has been verified by SPICE simulations using the TSMC $$0.18\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ level-7 SCN018 CMOS process parameters with $$\pm 0.9\,\hbox {V}$$ supply voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A differential pair-based, high-performance, first-generation current conveyor is proposed. The proposed circuit is laid out using the Mentor Graphics IC Station layout editor. The performance characteristics have been determined from HSpice postlayout simulations using the Austria Mikro Systeme 0.35 µm, 3.3 V process parameters. During the simulations, ±1.65 V supply voltages and a 25 µA biasing current are used. The power consumption is about 1.12 mW. The circuit also has very high voltage swings on ports X and Y, a very small impedance value on port X, high impedance values on ports Y and Z, and high-valued current and voltage transfer bandwidths. It is shown that the presented circuit can satisfy both the low-voltage/low-power and high-frequency performance current conveyor needs of the analog circuit applications. Furthermore, 2 new all-pass filter circuits as application examples are given and a procedure that can be used to search for the opportunities that would result from the use of the modified current conveyors is presented. Some special circuit topologies and new circuit function possibilities can be obtained by redesigning circuits with modified current conveyors, which is not possible with a standard current conveyor. The proposed approach is expected to allow deeper insight into circuit synthesis using modified current conveyors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a current-mode dual output low-pass and band-pass filter is presented using only six MOSFET transistors in its core. Transconductances and gate-to-source capacitances of the MOS transistors are employed instead of passive resistors and capacitors. The proposed circuit exhibits important features such as simplicity, low-voltage/power operation, reduced chip area and wide frequency range compared to classical analog circuits that require active elements with large number of transistors. Simulations are performed to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential current conveyor (DCCII) can be defined as a second-generation current conveyor with current differencing capability. In this article, a BJT implementation of the DCCII is introduced. Also, to emphasise the advantage of this active element, two new inductance simulator circuits are proposed as application examples. Furthermore, the presented inductor simulator circuits employ a minimum number of elements and they enjoy having grounded capacitors. Experimental and simulation results are given to verify theoretical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An advantage of the second-generation current conveyor (CCII) over the first-generation current conveyor (CCI) is its high-input impedance Y terminal. Thus, CCII offers cascadable voltage mode filter realisations with little efforts. However, in case of CCI this feature is difficult to achieve. This article presents a case where the CCI is able to provide cascadability for some voltage mode filter topologies, where the CCII is not. The presented approach is applied to some filter circuits from the literature and new circuits are derived with cascadability feature. Simulations are performed to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the compensation advantage of the first-generation current conveyor (CCI) over the second-generation current conveyor (CCII) in tunable circuits is shown. For this purpose, a new floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR) simulator using three CCIs is presented and employed in a third-order high-pass filter. The compensation feature of the CCI is shown for the proposed high-pass filter. As a second example, the presented compensation method is tested in a second-order band-pass filter constructed with two CCIs. Applying the proposed compensation technique, the CCI-based circuits can operate in lower biasing currents, which result in lower power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a new complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) high-performance fully differential second-generation current conveyor (FDCCII) implementation is proposed. The presented FDCCII provides high-output impedance at terminals Z+ and Z-, good linearity and excellent output-input current gain accuracy. Also, the proposed FDCCII circuit operates at a supply voltage of ±1.3 V. The applications of the FDCCII to realise voltage-mode multifunction filters are given. Simulations are performed using TSMC CMOS 0.35-μm technology to verify theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a CMOS current controlled current differencing buffered amplifier (C-CDBA) realization is presented. Also, a new first-order all-pass filter that compensates for some C-CDBA non-idealities is given as an application example. The all-pass filter circuit has low output impedance for easy cascadability and it can be made electronically tunable using the proposed C-CDBA implementation. The theoretical results are verified with SPICE simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article a dual output filter synthesis topology is proposed using a negative impedance converter (NIC) and the minimum number of passive components. Different from the preceding NIC based synthesis methods, the proposed circuits allow passive element matching to reduce the number of passive elements. The proposed dual output topology can simultaneously provide all-pass, notch/high-pass or notch/low-pass filter configurations. Also, the proposed filters have a pole frequency independent of the voltage and current gain deviations of the active element, so it is suitable for pole frequency sensitive applications. Simulations, including a post-layout simulation, Monte-Carlo analysis and Routh-Hurwitz stability tests are performed to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature, opportunities of the current conveyors with reduced current gains are not adequately emphasised for filter designs. In this study, we show a new all-pass filter (APF) possibility using a current conveyor with half current gain. Although many first-order voltage mode APFs were proposed, most of them either cannot provide high input impedance and grounded capacitor features together or they provide these features with components more than necessary. The presented circuit provides both of these features using reduced number of elements. Spice simulation and experimental results are given to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]