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6–11-year-old children provide a critical window for physical activity (PA) interventions. The Virtual Fitness Buddy ecosystem is a precision health PA intervention for children integrating mixed reality technology to connect people and devices. A cluster randomized, controlled trial was conducted across 19 afterschool sites over two 6-month cohorts to test its efficacy in increasing PA and decreasing sedentary behavior. In the treatment group, a custom virtual dog via a mixed reality kiosk helped children set PA goals while sharing progress with parents to receive feedback and support. Children in the control group set PA goals using a computer without support from the virtual dog or parents. 303 children had 8+ hours of PA data on at least one day of each of the 3 intervention time intervals. Conversion of sedentary time was primarily to light-intensity PA and was strongest for children with low baseline moderate-to-vigorous PA than children above 45 min of baseline moderate-to-vigorous PA. Findings suggest that the VFB ecosystem can promote sustainable PA in children and may be rapidly diffused for widespread public health impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensor-based technologies (SBTs) allow users to track biometric data and feature interactions that foster social support. The social support from SBTs can increase intrinsic motivation to engage in and sustain positive health behaviors. Guided by technological affordances and self-determination theory, this study tested the long-term efficacy of an ecosystem of SBTs to strengthen social support for children's behavior change, children's perceived relatedness, and positive physical activity (PA) attitudes. This ecosystem integrated Fitbits tracking each child's PA, kiosks with virtual agents that synced with Fitbit data, and a messaging system for parents and children. Afterschool programs (N  =   19) were randomly set with this ecosystem or a Fitbit with a computer for 6 months. Results suggested that parents of girls provided more social support to children via the ecosystem than parents of boys. Children's perceived support from the virtual agent was positively associated with perceived relatedness and PA attitudes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) estimates from the Fitbit Flex 2 were compared to those from the ActiGraph GT9X Link in 123 elementary school children. Steps and intensity-specific estimates of PA and 3-month PA change were calculated using two different ActiGraph cut-points (Evenson and Romanzini). Fitbit estimates were 35% higher for steps compared to the ActiGraph. Fitbit and ActiGraph intensity-specific estimates were closest for sedentary and light PA, while estimates of moderate and vigorous PA varied substantially depending upon the ActiGraph cut-points used. Spearman correlations between device estimates were higher for steps (rs =.70) than for moderate (rs =.54 to.55) or vigorous (rs =.29 to.48) PA. There was low concordance between devices in assessing PA changes over time. Agreement between Fitbit Flex 2 and ActiGraph estimates may depend upon the cut-points used to classify PA intensity. However, there is fair to good agreement between devices in ranking children's steps and MVPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal synchrony serves as a subtle, yet powerful bonding mechanism in social interactions. Problematically, the term 'synchrony' has been used to label a variety of distinct aspects of interpersonal coordination, such as postural similarities or movement activity entrainment. Accordingly, different algorithms have been suggested to quantify interpersonal synchrony. Yet, it remains unknown whether the different measures of synchrony represent correlated features of the same perceivable core phenomenon. The current study addresses this by comparing the suitability of a set of algorithms with respect to their association with observers' judgments of dyadic synchrony and leader-followership. One-hundred fifteen observers viewed computer animations of characters portraying the movements of real dyads who performed a repetitive motor task with instruction to move in unison. Animations were based on full-body motion capture data synchronously collected for both partners during the joint exercise. Results showed most synchrony measures significantly correlated with (a) perceived synchrony and (b) the perceived level of balance of leading/following by each dyad member. Phase synchrony and Pearson correlations were associated most strongly with the observer ratings. This might be typical for intentional, structured forms synchrony such as ritualized group activities. It remains open if these findings also apply to spontaneous forms of synchrony as, for instance, occurring in free-running conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is a growing concern as it can lead to lifelong health problems that carry over into adulthood. A substantial contributing factor to obesity is the physical activity (PA) habits that are formed in early childhood, as these habits tend to sustain throughout adulthood. To aid children in forming healthy PA habits, we designed a mixed reality system called the Virtual Fitness Buddy ecosystem, in which children can interact with a virtual pet agent. As a child exercises, their pet becomes slimmer, faster, and able to play more games with them. Our initial deployment of this project showed promise but was only designed for a short-term intervention lasting three days. More recently, we have scaled it from a pilot grade study to a 9-month intervention comprised of 422 children. Ultimately, our goal is to scale this project to be a nationwide primary prevention program to encourage moderate to vigorous PA in children. This article explores the challenges and lessons learned during the design and deployment of this system at scale in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on libraries and society will be the focus of intense study for generations to come—a process that was already well underway even in the midst of the pandemic. Topics discussed include to capture and preserve a slice of this historical moment, we invited members of the Library History Round Table listserv to respond anonymously to a survey; and the results of the survey complement the more detailed stories published in this issue.

The current paper addresses two methodological problems pertinent to the analysis of observer studies in non-verbal rapport and beyond. These problems concern: (1) the production of standardized stimulus materials that allow for unbiased observer ratings and (2) the objective measurement of non-verbal behaviors to identify the dyadic patterns underlying the observer impressions. We suggest motion capture and character animation as possible solutions to these problems and exemplarily apply the novel methodology to the study of gender and cultural differences in non-verbal rapport. We compared a Western, individualistic culture with an egalitarian gender-role conception (Germany) and a collectivistic culture with a more traditional gender role conceptions (Middle East, Gulf States). Motion capture data were collected for five male and five female dyadic interactions in each culture. Character animations based on the motion capture data served as stimuli in the observation study. Female and male observers from both cultures rated the perceived rapport continuously while watching the 1 min sequences and guessed gender and cultural background of the dyads after each clip. Results show that masking of gender and culture in the stimuli was successful, as hit rates for both aspects remained at chance level. Further the results revealed high levels of agreement in the rapport ratings across gender and culture, pointing to universal judgment policies. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA for gender and culture of stimuli and observers showed that female dyads were rated significantly higher on rapport across the board and that the contrast between female and male dyads was more pronounced in the Arab sample as compared to the German sample. Non-verbal parameters extracted from the motion capture protocols were submitted to a series of algorithms to identify dyadic activity levels and coordination patterns relevant to the perception of rapport. The results are critically discussed with regard to the role of non-verbal coordination as a constituent of rapport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research distinguishing terrorist groups has employed categorical schemes that are (1) ideologically broad and ambiguous (e.g., right‐wing versus left‐wing) or (2) focused on single‐issues (e.g., guns, abortion). Broad schemes often fail to clearly distinguish groups' motivations, and single‐issue schemes provide no coherent theoretical structure for understanding terrorist behavior. To address these limitations, we applied the conceptual framework of moral foundations theory (MFT) to derive a content‐analytic scheme identifying universal instincts we term "moral motivations." We then applied this scheme to classify descriptions found in the Profiles of Perpetrators of Terrorism in the United States, an open‐sourced dataset providing information on terrorist organizations that committed violence on U.S. soil. Analyses examined how terrorist‐group activities are associated with specific moral motivations in order to distinguish dominant motives among different groups. Results showed that extremist right‐wing, religious, and ethno‐nationalist/separatist ideologies were associated with the binding motivations of loyalty, authority, and purity. Extremist left‐wing and single‐issue ideologies were associated with the individualizing motivations of care and fairness. These findings are discussed regarding the value of using MFT's motivations to distinguish terrorist groups and how describing their moral motivations might advance efforts to curtail their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature suggests that affective disposition theory (ADT) has difficulty explaining the appeal of protagonists that sometimes do bad things. We addressed this issue by integrating logic from attribution theory with ADT. Three studies examined whether causal factors identified in attribution theory's covariation model (consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency) affected internal/external attributions (for a character's harmful behavior) to shape liking for characters seen inflicting extreme harm. In Study 1, a 2 x 2 x 2 experiment varied (high vs low) the perceptions of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency associated with a protagonist's harmful acts to examine their effect on liking for a well-known hero. In a 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 experiment using an unknown character, Studies 2 and 3 added to Study 1's design by varying character type (imperfect hero, morally equivocal character, villain). Findings indicate narrative cues serve as antecedent factors that prompt either internal or external attributions for a protagonist's harmful behavior. Internal attributions negatively predict character liking, whereas external attributions are positive predictors. Findings suggest that writers, when they want viewers to like characters, may use attribution theory principles to signal that external factors caused the character's harmful acts. We discuss this belief as an alternative to models that explain the appeal of protagonists who behave immorally, reasoning that initially-activated character schema can bias audiences in favor of a protagonist and minimize the importance of moral judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces about the theme of using imaginative literature to reflect on real and desired worlds, drawing inspiration from Ursula Le Guin's work. Topic include It highlights the publication of two research articles, one focusing on Vivian Davidson Hewitt's contributions to librarianship, particularly as the first Black president of the Special Libraries Association, and the other discussing the impact of public library development on racial inequality in Milwaukee during the 1960s.

Previous research suggested that real-world lies are detected through hard evidence, such as physical evidence or a direct confession, and not via nonverbal clues. However, we argue that discovering a lie is a process, and nonverbal clues are an important source of information that can induce suspicion, which then triggers the search for hard evidence. We replicated an original study suggesting the irrelevance of nonverbal clues, but experimentally manipulated the wording of the critical question as ‘discovering’ a lie versus ‘suspecting’ a lie. A second study was conducted that further manipulated the phrasing to ask about ‘events’ versus ‘clues’ that led one to detect the lie. Results of both studies showed that those asked about suspecting a lie cited nonverbal behaviors significantly more often than those asked about discovering a lie. Thus, in contrast to previous research, these findings suggest the importance of behavioral clues (e.g. verbal and nonverbal behavior), specifically in the early stage of lie detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) highlights the central influence of innate moral instincts (or intuitions) in media use. Recent experimental research on the MIME found that moral intuitions that are chronically accessible in video gamers are likely to influence players to uphold related moral principles in the game. This study replicated and extended this research to examine the influence of both chronic and temporary accessibility of moral intuitions. Discussion focuses on the prospect that while chronic accessibility should be a better predictor of behavior in most cases, there are proximal in-game instances where environmental cues temporarily increase the accessibility of other moral intuitions. This suggests that (a) players do not necessarily disengage their morals during gameplay, and that moral intuitions influence their in-game decisions, and that (b) this influence is not fixed, but can be continuously modulated by game design features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using logic suggested by the model of intuitive morality and exemplars, we examined the impact of exposure to terrorist attack news coverage on the salience of moral intuitions and prosocial behavioral intentions toward outgroup members. In an experiment, participants were randomly assigned to watch news of the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks or a control news story. Afterward, we measured the salience of five moral intuitions (sensitivity to care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity) and the participants’ prejudice (i.e., the lack of intentions to help outgroup members). Results showed that exposure to terrorist attack news (a) increased the salience of respect for authority and subsequently (b) reduced prosocial behavioral intentions toward outgroup members. Closer inspection revealed that authority salience mediated the effect of terrorist news exposure on these behavioral intentions toward outgroup members. In a second study using the same design as in the first study, we ensured that the ingroup and the outgroup addressed in the first study were indeed perceived differently on dimensions of ingroup membership. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Common wisdom holds that graphic media violence leads to antisocial outcomes. This common wisdom is reflected in the Society for Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics. However, theory and research regarding moral emotions’ ability to increase moral sensitivity suggests that this type of negative content may be capable of yielding prosocial responses. This article describes this logic and tests its predictions in two experimental studies utilizing news footage of a mass execution conducted by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Results corroborate claims that graphic media violence can serve as a moral motivator. Higher levels of graphic violence led to stronger anger and disgust responses, which in turn predicted higher levels of (a) moral sensitivity, (b) desires for anti-ISIS interventions (including military and humanitarian efforts), and (c) eudaimonic motivations (i.e., seeking meaning in life). Important to note, no increases in negative attitudes toward Arab Muslims were observed. Theoretical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

During the 2016 election, Pennsylvania was viewed as a crucial state not only for the presidential race, but also for a Senate seat, seats in the House of Representatives, and for state-specific positions. In response to the attention placed on Pennsylvania during the election, Penn State University Libraries undertook a project to document the discourse that occurred online. The resulting project, "Pennsylvania Perspectives on the 2016 U.S. Election," collected websites and Twitter data in order to document the people, voices, moments, and prominent issues in Pennsylvania. In this practice paper, we describe the project background, scope, collection methodology, lessons learned, and best practices that we discovered, in the hopes that it will inspire others to undertake similar projects to document important societal events at local, state, national, and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In section I Method: Behavior Analysis, Parameter Formation, Paragraph 4 i , we said: "From DTW we calculated the length of the optimal warp path as a measure of similarity of the behavior vectors when stretched or compressed in time." Keywords: rapport; nonverbal behavior; motion capture; character animation; gender; culture EN rapport nonverbal behavior motion capture character animation gender culture N.PAG N.PAG 2 04/26/21 20210415 NES 210415 In the original article, there was an error. Rapport, nonverbal behavior, motion capture, character animation, gender, culture. [Extracted from the article]

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Chicago Public Library employed a brand of casual candid censorship embraced by its peers. In 1910 the Chicago Tribune favorably reported on a so-called "Book Inferno" in the library; a metaphorical pit where works of questionable merit were hidden from immature readers. Patrons, especially juveniles, needed to convince a librarian of their honorable intentions before being granted access to works in the Inferno. By 1936, the same institution issued a forceful Intellectual Freedom statement that affirmed the right, and the obligation, of the library to provide access to books on any subject of interest to its readers, including controversial works. An examination of the treatment accorded controversial works in the Chicago Public Library in the decades preceding the 1936 Intellectual Freedom statement reveals both continuity and change in attitudes towards censorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff from roadways on which road salt (NaCl) has been applied for driving safety in winter can form a saline water layer at the bottom of a lake, pond, reservoir, or river impoundment. Natural vertical mixing of lentic surface water bodies can be hindered by the presence of a benthic saline layer and thereby affect lake water quality and ecology. To study the formation and disappearance of the saline layer, temperature and specific conductance profiles were measured intermittently over two years (2007, 2008) and at high frequency during one year (2009) in an urban lake of the northern temperate region (Tanners Lake, Oakdale, Minnesota). Erosion of the saline layer in the spring occurred only in year 2007. In years 2008 and 2009, the saline layer persisted throughout the summer only to be removed during fall turnover when thermal stratification was at a minimum. In all three years, salinity dominated density stratification after ice-out, but was quickly overtaken by temperature stratification as the epilimnion warmed. The deterministic, unsteady dynamic one-dimensional (1D) lake temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) model MINLAKE was modified by including vertical salinity gradients, and it was used to simulate summer stratification and mixing dynamics in Tanners Lake. The daily adjustment of the hypolimnetic eddy diffusion as a function of lake number was an important component in the developed model. This addition allowed mixing in the hypolimnion to be stronger in the fall and spring when the lake stratification was weaker than in the summer after thermal stratification formed. Model results of dissolved oxygen in the water column demonstrated that the saline benthic layer can prevent dissolved oxygen from reaching lake sediments. The adverse consequences of dissolved oxygen depletion on phosphorus recycling from the sediments, benthic microbial communities, and fish habitat are well known. Overall, the results show how salinity from road salt applications can influence water quality and natural mixing in urban lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chloride concentrations of urban lakes where road de-icing salt (NaCl) is used have increased to levels that can change natural lake-mixing behavior and influence aquatic life. A zero-dimensional model was formulated to project the long-term accumulation of chloride in urban lakes receiving runoff from roads on which road salt is applied. Four model parameters and an initial concentration were obtained by calibrating the model with 5 years (2004–2008) of monthly salinity data from seven lakes in the Minneapolis/St. Paul Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minnesota, USA. Three of the seven lakes appear headed towards year-round volume averaged chloride concentrations above the 230-mg/L chronic standard for impairment to aquatic habitat. The two lakes with the lowest projected equilibrium concentrations of chloride have already reached equilibrium. One lake is projected to take an additional 40 years to reach equilibrium under current climate conditions and current road salt application rates. If road salt application rates are reduced in future winters, it is projected that the lakes will respond with noticeably lower chloride concentrations within 5 to 10 years. If road salt applications are discontinued altogether, chloride concentrations are projected to drop to natural levels within 10 to 30 years in all seven lakes. A reduction of application rates by 50% would result in annual volumetric average chloride concentrations below the chronic standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Twin Cities metropolitan area (TCMA) of Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, an estimated 317,000 metric tons (t) of road salt were used annually for road deicing between 2000 and 2005. To determine the annual retention of road salt, a chloride budget was conducted for a 4150 km2 watershed encompassing the populated areas of the TCMA. In addition to inflows and outflows in the major rivers of the TCMA, multiple sources of chloride were examined, but only road salt and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents were large enough to be included in the analysis. According to the chloride budget, 235,000 t of chloride entered the TCMA annually with the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, and 355,000 t exited through the Mississippi River. Of the 120,000 t of chloride added annually to the rivers inside the TCMA watershed boundaries, 87,000 t came from WWTPs and 33,000 t came from road salt. Of the 142,000 t of chloride applied annually in the TCMA watershed as road salt (241,000 t NaCl), only 23% (33,000 t) were exported through the Mississippi River and 109,000 t or 77% were retained in the TCMA watershed. Chloride budgets for 10 subwatersheds within the TCMA analyzed in a similar way, gave an average chloride retention rate of 72%. The retention is occurring in the soils, surface waters (numerous lakes, wetlands, and ponds) and in the groundwater. Chloride concentrations in many of these urban water bodies are now considerably higher than the presettlement background levels of less than 3 mg/L with concentrations as high as 2000 mg/L in shallow groundwater wells. The continued accumulation of chloride in the groundwater and surface waters is a cause for concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This presentation by Eric Novotny discussed the results of a usability study conducted at the Pennsylvania Statc University Libraries. Novices and experienced searchers were recruited to discover how Net Generation library users search the online catalog. Findings of the investigation revealed that library users have been greatly impacted by Internet search behaviors. The session provided insights into how libraries can design user-centered online systems to meet the Web-savvy users' expectations, dot: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the effectiveness of instructions in online cataloging of library resources, which was undertaken at Pennsylvania State University in 2004. Participants of the study were eight first-year students who were given library instructions to use the online catalog. Results were compared to the results of a previous study conducted in 2002 and the analysis showed little differences on how the online catalog was used. The study demonstrated the positive effect of instruction on the search behavior of the user.

This article acts as an introduction to digital collections that can be used to locate images relating to American history. A discussion of the use of search engines, image databases, subscription services, local online catalogs, and print indexes to images is presented. Technology has changed the way in which historians view and search for historical images from the past. Several features of search engines are compared. Summaries of databases that provide access to historical images are listed. Some institutions have shared their information in an effort to decentralize collections of historical images. Some strategies are suggested for locating images in print resources. Also included is contact information for visual organizations and discussion groups.

A protocol analysis study was undertaken to explore how a Web-savvy generation of library users searches the online catalog. Eighteen users, including experienced and novice searchers, were recruited. Participants agreed to be recorded and to express their thoughts aloud while searching. Analysis of these data has revealed several distinct trends. Most notable among these trends has been the impact of Internet search engines on user expectations. Given the influence of the Web, these assumptions are likely common throughout higher education. This research reveals where bottlenecks occur and provides insights into how libraries can design systems that help users around trouble spots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study on the role of U.S. libraries in the Americanization process. Changes in the focus of public librarians; Services to immigrant communities; Delivery system of the Chicago Public Library in Illinois.

Focuses on the overview of chief methodologies available for conducting assessment of electronic services. Analysis of the ways electronic reference services being implemented and used; Criteria for evaluating reference services; Suggestion on the way reference services can be applied to online service environment.

Focuses on the impact of learning theory on the course of learning for adults. Factors that affect learning; Recommendations and guidelines for applying study of learning to reference service and library instruction.

The article discusses that the Washington Post, and many other publications were drawing comparisons between 1968 and 2020, two American election years when the tragedy of thousands of lost lives, protests against race-based injustice, and sharp political divides captured broad public attention. It mentions that many of us have no personal memories of the 1960s; a reference to a psychedelic rock song seems like an appropriate opener for this issue.

The article examines the response of the Chicago Public Library to the financial challenges faced during the Great Depression in the U.S. during the 1930s. The effects of increased unemployment on library use, demands on library hours, and library staffing are discussed and the effect of budget cuts on library priorities is explored. The impact of reduced book budgets on circulation, appeals to the public for financial support, and dependence on state aid are also discussed. Comparisons between the effect of the Depression and the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 on U.S. public libraries are explored.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including LHRT's history and library history literature; and the insights into the Pantainos library.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including how differing priorities motivated the responses of a diverse range of international stakeholders; and development of America's first Asian-language collections in a public library.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including research on electric references from a variety of authors including Andrew Briedenbaugh, Buff Hirko, Ruth Vondracek, Lauren Miranda, and Melissa Gross.

This section provides information on bibliographies in history published in 2003 and 2004 which were considered outstanding by the Reference and User Services Association History Section Bibliography and Indexes Committee. The volume Black Populism in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography, by Anthony J. Adam and Gerald H. Gaither, describes resources documenting African Americans' participation in the populist movement. While the depth of treatment suggests a scholarly audience, the annotations help make the work accessible. The book The Pawnee Nation: An Annotated Research Bibliography, by Judith A. Boughter, is a comprehensive bibliography on the Pawnee, which cites monographs, theses, scholarly and popular journal articles, as well as government documents and other sources. Extensive annotations are included. There is also a list of archival collections. The book A Bibliography of the First World War in the Far East and Southeast Asia, by Justin Corfield, aims to fill in the gaps for an aspect of World War I which has to a large extent, been overlooked, or has taken second place to the action in Europe and the Middle East. Included are nearly fifteen hundred references to books, magazine and journal articles, newspaper reports, manuscripts, and unpublished theses and dissertations, including some materials in Western European and Asian languages, in addition to English.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including reconstructs the library use of the famous nineteenth-century philosopher; the social, political, and examines and business worlds inhabited.

A preface for the September 2006 issue of the "Reference Librarian" is presented.