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This study investigates the effect of aluminium oxide nanoparticlesaddition to biodiesel blends made from dairy milk scum on performance and combustion characteristics of the diesel engine. The dispersion of Al2O3 nanoparticles in B20 blends at different concentrations was done with the help of ultrasonicator. Good number of blends were prepared for the analysis. Advanced Machine learning algorithms (Random Forest (RF) and CatBoost) was used for the prediction. The results show that in comparison to biodiesel blends without nanoparticles, the kinematic viscosity and density is higher for fuel blends with nanoparticles. But these Fuel blends have higher calorific values. These blends exhibited reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) of 2.85% than the blends without nano particles (Dairy Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel 20%+Neat Diesel 80% (in volume), DSMEB20), 57.14% less CO, 40.8% less hydrocarbon, and increased NOx emissions compared to conventional diesel, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly and renewable biofuel blends with nanoparticles. DSME B20NP30 is the optimal blend for performance and emission characteristics. The study concludes with findings on enhanced Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of 26.29% in 3×10−5 (in volume) Al2O3 nanoparticle-blended DSME B20 and other DSME B20 fuel blends, emphasizing the importance of optimal nanoparticle concentration. The correlation matrix shows how engine load, efficiency measures (BTE, BSFC), and emissions (CO, CO2, NOx, Smoke) are connected in complex ways. The results help us understand the complicated dynamics of engine performance and emission characteristics better. Taylor's diagram for BTE and BSFC shows that CatBoost-based BTE models perform superior to RF-based models during the training as well as testing phase. Similar results were obtained for CO and CO2 emission results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract.Cloud computing is quickly expanding, with applications in practically every industry, including education. E-learning systems often necessitate a large number of hardware and software resources. Many educational institutions cannot afford such investments, thus cloud computing is the best solution. Here, the Matrix Factorisation-based maximum rate recommendation system (MatFac-Maxirate RS) is utilised to recommend the courses for students to choose their career. According to user access, the e-learning application server is acquired from the E-Khool dataset which is subjected to learner or course agglomerative matrix calculation. The E-learning application server is executed based on Minkowski and Kumar Hasebrook's distance to retrieve learner preference items. The recommended course having the maximum rating is considered which is forecasted with matrix factorisation considering the course ID and learner ID. The MatFac-Maxirate RS generated the finest efficacy with the best precision of 88.9%, recall of 88.2% and F-measure of 87.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease encompasses conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, leading to ailments such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and myocardial infarction (MI), which occurs when blood flow to the heart is obstructed. Early prediction of MI is vital to prevent severe damage and enhance survival rates. Traditionally, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is employed to detect cardiovascular anomalies, but its requirement for multiple electrodes placed on various body locations makes continuous monitoring difficult. Current research gaps involve the necessity for medical assistance during ECG monitoring, data variability, accuracy, early symptom prediction, and limited data availability due to the sensitive nature of medical records. To address these issues, introduce EMIP-CardioPPG, a novel mathematical framework for early MI prediction using CardioPPG, a non-invasive method that utilizes photoplethysmography (PPG) signals to monitor heart rate (HR) and detect cardiovascular abnormalities. Our approach comprises four steps: first, acquiring data from the same individual using two different sources, a self-created IoMT device and a 4-channel BIOPAC-Mp-36 device; second, preprocessing the data by denoising, filtering, normalizing, and removing motion artifacts; and third, employing mathematical calculations to determine heart rate variability (HRV) and HR, enhancing PPG signal features for early MI prediction. Fourth, evaluate our model performance using machine learning algorithms such as ridge regression, support vector classifier, independent component analysis, singular value decomposition, random forest, and XGBoost, PAN-TOMPKINS algorithm achieving overall accuracy of 97.91% for HRV from our IomT device and 98.83% for HR from our BIOPAC-MP-36. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the assessment of surface roughness on turned surfaces of Ti 6Al 4V using a computer vision system. We utilize the Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) to break down the images of the turned surface into sub-images oriented in directions. Three different methods of feature generation have been compared, i.e., the use of Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and DTCWT-based extraction of second-order statistical features, DTCWT Image fusion, and the use of GLCM for feature extraction, and DTCWT image fusion using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based GLCM features. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to identify and select features. The model was developed using a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). Accordingly, six models were designed based on the three feature generation methods, considering all features and features selected using PCA. The RBFNN model, which incorporates DTCWT Image fusion and utilizes PSO with PCA features, achieved a training data prediction accuracy of 100% and a test data prediction accuracy of 99.13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To extract maximum features ResAttNet (RAN) network structure is chosen as an alternative to the convolutional layer and it enhances image feature extraction. Additionally, a Deformable Convolution (DC) network was included to provide a feature extraction module, improving the model's capacity to simulate vessel deformation. Apart from the two additional networks because of inadequate quality in retinal data, before model building pre-processing is done. The data is processed by CLAHE, normalization, grayscale transformation, and gamma transformation. Second, the fundamental network structure model U-net is constructed, and the ResAttNet (RAN) structure and DC network are combined to form the ARDC-UNet network. Experimental data, both quantitative and qualitative, demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy with which our ARDC-UNet can segment retinal vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The choice of sealing material is a crucial factor that influences the outcome of endodontic treatment. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus, Endocem MTA, and NeoPutty MTA when used as furcal perforation repair materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 mandibular molars were used. Root canal treatment was carried out following which standardized furcal perforations were made. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups of 15 teeth each. Group A-Furcal perforation repair by means of MTA Angelus, Group B-Furcal perforation repair using Endocem MTA, and Group C-Furcal perforation repair by NeoPutty MTA. Following the repair procedure, the pulp chambers and access openings were filled with temporary restorative material and immersed in 1% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally and the linear dye penetration was measured using a stereo-microscope. Results: The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference among the groups (F = 16.15, P < 0.001). On calculating the depth of leakage to the total length of the perforation, it was observed that the mean leakage was 32.83% in Group I, 52.92% in Group II and the lowest, 16.35% in Group III. The ANOVA test reveals a statistically significant difference among the groups (F = 15.92, P < 0.001). Comparing the depth of dye penetration of dye, 33.3% of the Group I samples showed ≥50%, 49%–25%, and <25% dye penetration. Although 56.7% of Group II samples showed ≥50% dye penetration, whereas 63.3% of Group III showed <25% dye penetration. Conclusion: The present study indicated that NeoPutty MTA had the least dye penetration followed by MTA Angelus and Endocem MTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image dehazing is said to be an emerging research area in the platform of computer vision and image processing. Due to the cruel fog, air dispersion, and haze around the environment, the hazes images are resulted in different challenges in retrieving the actual information of the original image. On the other hand, the conventional approaches are ensured with the huge computational complexity and also with the distortion of actual images like over-saturation and halos. The recent methods are used for restoring the haze-free images however they are worked with the physical models and along with the learning methods. It is a very challenging task to maintain the detailed details of the image at the time of reducing the fog in the single-image dehazing. With an advanced development deep structured strategy, mostly Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-aided dehazing approaches are developed for processing the single image dehazing. However, haze residual and slow training of the convergence rate are considered as the two main drawbacks in these conventional dehazing networks. To deal with these problems, the latest approach is proposed for the restoration of haze-free images. The hazy images are gathered from the standard datasets. At first, Adaptive Discrete Wavelet Transform (ADWT) is utilized for decomposing the images, where the ADWT is implemented by Hybrid African Vultures Fire Fly Optimization (HAVFFO). Further, image dehazing is designed by Optimized Residual-Based Deep CNN (OR-Deep CNN), where the hyperparameters of the Residual-Based Deep CNN are optimized by the same HAVFFO. Finally, the restoration of haze-free images is carried out through adaptive inverse DWT. Through the performance analysis, our recommended model is better in quantitative visual and performances on online resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of unidirectional (UD) composites has been investigated by analyzing their elastic and strength characteristics under shear loading. The UD fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites usually consist of fibers randomly dispersed throughout the cross‐section in the transverse direction which is generally not accounted for. A micromechanical model based on finite element analysis (FEA) approach is utilized here to examine these properties. The study begins by identifying micro scale unit cells or repetitive unit cells (RUCs) at the micro scale, as well as representative volume elements (RVEs). The distribution of fiber volume fraction (Vf) varies among various micro scale unit cells positioned in the transverse cross‐section. The elastic properties and strength are estimated by considering the properties of the matrix and fibers, and the configuration of micro scale unit cells, which feature a fiber arrangement which is categorized as hexagonal and varying Vf at different locations (from 0.35 to 0.75). However, the overall Vf for the UD composite remains constant at 0.65. Studies are also carried out with the random distribution of fibers at micro scale unit cells. The findings reveal that the random distribution of fibers significantly impacts the shear behavior of the composite. This investigation provides valuable insights into how the mechanical properties of the UD composite are subjective by the distribution of fiber, thereby contributing to the design and development of this light weight high‐performance material. Highlights: Elastic and strength analysis of UD composites is presented.Emphasis is on fiber dispersion in transverse plane.Microscale unit cells, RUCs and RVE are identified.Studies are carried out based on micromechanical model.Influence of fiber distribution on shear behavior is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disorder known as hyperdontia is characterized by an excess of teeth or teeth that appear to be added to the normal amount of teeth. With a frequency ranging from 0.1% to 3.9% in permanent dentition and from 0.3% to 1.8% in deciduous dentition, it affects males more often than women. Since children’s cognitive abilities are still developing in comparison to adults’, children freely communicate their worry and anxiety and frequently exhibit uncooperative behavior patterns while undergoing treatment. A7‑year‑old child who was emotionally immature reported with a principal complaint of missing tooth in his left upper front tooth area for 2 years. Cone‑beam computed tomography was advised to verify location and structural interaction with neighboring structures. Due to his lack of emotional sensitivity and cooperation with others, we planned the surgical extraction under general anesthesia. In the present case, it was deemed preferable to wait for a spontaneous eruption, and the patient was observed for a month on a regular basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposed an off-board bidirectional battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs) that have been designed to perform various modes of operation of EVs like grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) while improving the grid power quality (PQ). During the charging process, the charger operates in the G2V mode. In this mode, power flows from the utility grid to the EV, ensuring a smooth and efficient transfer, which has the ability to maintain a sinusoidal grid current waveform and a unity power factor throughout the operation. This not only ensures efficient power transfer but also minimizes disruptions and distortions in the grid. On the other side of the operational spectrum lies the discharging phase, governed by the V2G mode. This mode allows the charger to deliver power from the EV's batteries back to the utility grid. This capability is a significant step toward establishing a two-way relationship between EVs and the grid, enabling EVs to act as energy reservoirs and support grid stability during peak demand or emergencies. This paper presents the proposed adaptive direct power control (ADPC) theory for the proposed electric vehicle charger (EVC), which consists of a grid-side converter and an EV side converter. The proposed control algorithm on both sides of the converters plays a significant role in various operating modes. The ADPC employs a control strategy referred to as the second-order generalized integrator to estimate the actual synchronizing voltage templates specifically designed for single-phase grid-side converters. Consequently, the appropriate current reference used by the charger is to ensure that the power factor remains unity throughout various operating modes. Similarly, for the EV side converter, the integration of the power delivery error further enhances steady-state responses with the proposed ADPC by generating actual phase shifted pulses for the DAB. The overall performance under similar conditions is studied with virtual direct power control to further check the robustness of the proposed ADPC. The adopted topology and control technique further implemented in the prototype of an off-board EVC to verify the various operating conditions to demonstrate its effectiveness and justified as per the IEEE 519-2022 standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power quality of the grid-coupled photovoltaic system (GCPVS) is enhanced using a control scheme developed by employing a robust generalized soft-root-sign (GSRS) adaptive filter. Power quality (PQ) deterioration issues are common in the distribution grid due to the mix of irregular loads. The GSRS control scheme mitigates harmonics, compensates load unbalances, achieves unity power factor at the grid, and compensates load reactive power, thus leading to balanced sinusoidal currents at the grid side. The GSRS algorithm utilizes a soft-root-sign cost function to achieve less steady-state misalignment while estimating magnitudes of fundamental frequency load current components for PQ improvement. The designed single-stage GCPVS performs smooth power flow between local loads and the grid without necessitating an energy storage system. The control scheme initially meets load demand and then sends any surplus power to the grid. However, if the generated PV power falls below the load demand due to environmental conditions, the additional power for the load is drawn from the grid. Moreover, voltage source converter used in the GCPVS also provides the functionality of DSTATCOM, thus avoiding the usage of additional equipment. The proposed GSRS control scheme and the GCPVS are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. A laboratory-designed experimental setup is used to carry out the experimental validation of the GSRS control scheme and found to be performing satisfactorily. The behavior of GCPVS is verified during steady-state and dynamic conditions. The GCPVS performance is verified with the standard IEEE-519-2022, and a comparison of the GSRS algorithm with other filtering algorithms is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree or horseradish tree, has long been recognized for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. This article revisits the therapeutic and safety aspects of Moringa while exploring recent trends in its utilization in the formulation of functional foods. A comprehensive analysis of the literature reveals the rich nutritional profile of Moringa, encompassing vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. The therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, ACE inhibition, and antimicrobial activities, are discussed in the context of contemporary research findings. Additionally, safety considerations, dosage, and potential adverse effects are addressed, providing a balanced perspective on the consumption of Moringa. The second focus of this article is the emerging trend of incorporating Moringa into functional foods. The recent surge in interest is attributed to its diverse bioactive components, which can enhance the nutritional value and health-promoting qualities of food products. Examples of functional food formulations are explored to illustrate the versatility of integrating Moringa into modern dietary practices. By revisiting the therapeutic and safety aspects of Moringa and exploring its recent applications in functional foods, this article contributes to a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted role of this plant in promoting health and wellness. The synthesis of traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific insights provides a foundation for informed decision-making regarding the utilization of Moringa in functional food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: With the increase in the penetration level of renewables into the grid, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) concept has emerged as an attractive solution for controlling grid‐tied inverters. The variation in reactive power also affects the real power of the system as well. To address the voltage variations and phase angle variations occurring because of the energy storage elements, the control of the reactive power loop (RPL) is important. Also, it is used to maintain voltage regulation and improve the power factor of the VSG system. This paper focuses on the damping of oscillations occurring because of load variation by proper adjustment of the rotational inertia, damping coefficient, droop coefficient, and regulatory coefficient of reactive power with a proposed adaptive control strategy. Small‐signal analysis of the active and reactive power and point of common coupling (PCC) have been derived, and the detailed dynamic performances are analyzed. The influences of parameters perturbation on PCC voltage and reactive power were investigated. Furthermore, adaptive control includes optimizing dynamic indexes such as rise time, delay time, and response settling time. Finally, the performance and improvement in the results of VSG with and without adaptive control are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article presents an improved least mean square (LMS) algorithm‐based control approach for a three‐phase grid interfaced solar photovoltaic (GISPV) system for smart building applications. The SPV is primarily utilized to supply household loads, and the absence or intermittency of SPV is curbed by utilizing power from the grid. The majority of household loads are nonlinear loads that affect the grid power quality (PQ). However, the effects of both linear and nonlinear loads on grid PQ have been analyzed in this article. This article proposes a Gaussian Kernel function‐based normalized LMS (GKNLMS) algorithm to calculate the active peak weight component of the load current, thereby utilizing it to obtain a sinusoidal reference current. Considering a higher step size and utilizing the Gaussian Kernel function for reduced mean square error (MSE) improves both the convergence rate and accuracy of estimation in the conventional LMS. The proposed control technique effectively addresses system anomalies caused by dynamic solar irradiance, load variation, and unbalanced loading conditions. Furthermore, the system response with the GKNLMS algorithm is assessed in MATLAB/Simulink and validated by developing a laboratory setup of the system for experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental stains are pigmented deposits that can be intrinsic or extrinsic in origin and are seen on the surface of the teeth. Discoloration of teeth can be due to developmental defects, traumatic injuries, or the intake of several medications. Extrinsic stains create discoloration outside the tooth surface and lay on the surface or in the acquired pellicle, whereas stains within dentin or intrinsic discoloration sometimes come from pulpal or systemic origin. To plan a specific treatment approach and its associated result, it is important to identify the etiologic cause that is creating the stain, in an attempt to provide esthetic treatment for the same. This case report describes the successful management of intrinsic staining of anterior teeth in a 10-year-old girl. The treatment plan included esthetic rehabilitation using composite veneer. The fluoride-releasing composite used provided an acceptable color match and exceptional handling properties and was relatively easy to maintain with its antiplaque effect. This case also represents a unique histopathological finding from ground sections of a retained extracted deciduous tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catechins in their free form are bitter in taste, and undergo deterioration and oxidation during processing and storage that limit their use as nutraceuticals in foods. Therefore, catechins were electrospun using zein as encapsulating polymer into nanofibres at 15, 18 and 21% w/w concentrations, 16, 20 and 24 kV applied voltage and 0.5 and 1.0 mL/h feed rate. The electrospinning conditions were optimized using Taguchi L18 (21 × 32) design. Encapsulation efficiency as high as 92.8% and mean fibre diameter as low as 95.2 nm were obtained at 18% concentration of zein, 0.5 mL/h feed rate and 20 kV applied voltage. Scanning electron and atomic force micrographs revealed that the nanofibres produced at zein concentration of 18% and above were clean and beadfree, with cylindrical morphology and non-porous topography. The hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential and polydispersity index of catechins-loaded nanofibres at optimized conditions were 172.3 nm, −26.3 mV and 0.15. FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry confirmed that catechins were encapsulated within the nanofibres. The catechins got released from loaded nanofibres in a controlled and sustained manner, while their antioxidant property was retained. The physico-chemical and sensory qualities of milk were not affected after fortification with catechins-loaded nanofibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To determine the pattern of antibiotic prescription and to assess the knowledge of antibiotic resistance among dentists. Material and Methods: An electronic version of the questionnaire regarding antibiotic use and knowledge on antibiotic resistance was created using google forms and a link was mailed to dental surgeons and their response was recorded. Data obtained was recorded and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of 130 responses recorded 45.4% of dentists prefer prescribing antibiotics daily. Amoxicillin was the most often recommended antibiotic by majority (49.6%) of the practitioners, While 54.6% of dentists considered a duration of 3 days course of antibiotics for odontogenic infections. 43.7% of the respondent's considered clindamycin as an alternative in penicillin-allergic patients. Abscess was the most common (67.2%) condition considered for antibiotic prescription, 49.6% of the participants stated that availability of a particular brand as a primary factor for prescription of antibiotics. 40.3% of dental surgeons felt that failure to prescribe antibiotics was the main reason for the spread of infection. Almost 91.8% of dental surgeons were aware that antibiotic resistance was becoming a global concern. Conclusion: Antibiotics revolutionized the way infections are being treated, Although incorrect and inappropriate use of antibiotics could be a contributing factor for the development of Antibiotic Resistance. Anti-microbial stewardship should be deeply integrated into dental practice and oral health care, to reduce the number of unnecessary prescriptions and educational intervention is utmost essential to limit non-medical prescriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper develops a variable step size robust normalized least mean absolute third (VSSRNLMAT)‐based control scheme for a three‐phase grid‐tied multifunctional photovoltaic system (GTMPVS). The GTMPVS delivers PV power to grid‐connected loads and feeds excess power to the grid through a voltage source converter (VSC) when PV power is available. It enhances power quality (PQ) by mitigating current harmonics and compensating for an unbalanced load and reactive power simultaneously. The proposed control scheme accurately extracts the fundamental active and reactive weight components of nonlinear load current. The power exchange at the grid side occurs with balanced and sinusoidal grid currents. During the absence of PV power, the VSC continues its operation as a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), thus increasing the effective utilization of the power electronic switches employed in the VSC. The GTMPVS model is created in MATLAB/Simulink. The response of GTMPVS is observed under steady‐state and dynamic operating conditions while feeding power to a nonlinear load. The dynamic operating conditions are created by a change in solar irradiation and an unbalanced nonlinear load. Further, the proposed VSSRNLMAT control scheme is compared with some of the other adaptive filtering‐based control schemes, including least mean square (LMS), least mean fourth (LMF), least mean absolute third (LMAT), and normalized LMAT (NLMAT) in terms of convergence, oscillations, mean square deviation (MSD), computational complexity, and grid current total harmonic distortion (THD). It is found that the VSSRNLMAT control scheme offers THD of grid current as per IEEE‐519 standard. The proposed control scheme is implemented to operate the laboratory‐developed GTMPVS to verify the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate morphologic, radiographic, and stereomicroscopic changes of teeth when subjected to specific high temperatures in both direct heat and gradual heat and to compare the changes among two heat groups and also among different types of teeth. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was conducted on 90 healthy extracted human teeth, in which the teeth were divided into two groups. Group 1 (45) was subjected to direct heat and Group 2 (45) was subjected to gradual heat. Group 1 and Group 2 were further subdivided into three subgroups (A) anteriors, (B) premolars, and (C) molars each consisting of 15 teeth. Teeth were subjected to temperatures of 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C in a muffle electric furnace. The color changes were noted using the Revised Munsell soil color chart and the radiographic and stereomicroscopic changes were evaluated. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Teeth in direct heat showed more destructive changes at lower temperatures, i.e., 400°C and 600°C when compared to gradual heat where changes are observed at 600°C and 800°C. Among different types of teeth, anteriors and premolars showed more changes when compared to molars. Interpretation and Conclusion: It can be concluded that dental evidence may provide clues to solve the mystery in fire investigations as dental structures are the last to be destroyed under extreme conditions, whether temperature, acid, or putrefaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to know the effect on the quality defects in the final products prepared using iced Mackerel and Pink perch. The product prepared was smoked by using Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and Pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus). It has been observed that the quality of the final products was started deteriorating after fifteen days in both the smoked products prepared by using iced Mackerel and Pink perch. The deterioration took place faster in fatty fishes when compared to lean variety of fishes. This is because of the fat content which have been lead to rancidity and that would have degraded the quality of the final smoked products. Whereas, in lean variety of fishes fat content is low and the rancidity takes place lately. Hence, by using lean variety of fishes for preparing the final quality of smoked products could kept for a longer period when compared to fatty fishes in any of the products viz. smoking, canning etc. This product was adjudged by organoleptic, sensory and bio-chemical analysis to find out the final quality deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even in this computer world few activities are being done manually. Rythu Bharosa Kendram is a place where few activities done manually. Government of Andhra Pradesh launched YSR Rythu Bharosa to assist farmers financially and to supply seeds, fertilizers to different sectors. RBKs are the medium through which the farmers purchase all the required fertilizers and pesticides. RBKs have to keep track of the availability of the fertilizers and pesticides. RBKs don't have any source to keep track of the stock. They are facing difficulty in checking the available stock every time whenever a farmer approaches. So, a mobile application is being developed for the RBK to keep track of the stock available, refilling and sales made so far. As there is no medium to keep track of fertilizers stock this app is well utilized. Our project helps the officers in analyzing the stock availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an isolated bidirectional DC‐DC dual active bridge (DAB) converter with an integral sliding mode‐based direct power control (SM‐DPC). Maintaining the dc‐link stability and obtaining a robust control for the converter during sudden load change is a significant challenge. The sliding mode control is well known for its robustness, stability, and tracking performance. The sliding surface based on output voltage error is selected, while the proposed method utilizes the equivalent control approach to generate the power reference for the DAB converter. The direct power control provides an easy control method for the DAB converter as the output voltage depends on the transmitted power, governed by the phase shift angle of two H‐bridges of the converter. The proposed method enhances the steady‐state performance and renders a fast transient response under load change and input voltage variation. Moreover, the method avoids complicated converter modeling and utilizes the voltage dynamic equation and power transfer equation for the controller design. The controller performance and effectiveness are validated with experimental results for a 2‐kW DAB converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes the performance of solar photovoltaic (SPV) fed field-oriented control (FOC) based induction motor drive (IMD) using combinational sequence (CBS) based duty ratio control (DRC). The low-efficiency problem of SPV panels is resolved with the help of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Here, the incremental conductance (INC) algorithm and the boost converter extract maximum power from the SPV system. Moreover, the control of IMD is performed using FOC and a 2-level 3-Φ inverter. Furthermore, the reduction voltage/current total harmonic distortion (THD) in IMD is achieved using PWM techniques. Here, the proposed CBS-DRC is a combination of switching sequences in every sector region. However, CBS's operation selects the less area of root mean square (RMS) of stator flux ripples (SFRs) to improve the voltage/current profile of the 3-Φ IMD. Consequently, the reduced torque ripple and speed variations are achieved with the proposed CBS-DRC compared to 0127 sequences. However, the switching sequences are implemented in real-time using the DSPACE DS-1104 controller. Also, a comparison of the overall performance of IMD using 0127 sequence DRC and the proposed CBS-DRC at various loading conditions is disclosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made to assess the dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitory potential of α‐lactalbumin separated from milk of Gir cow. α‐lactalbumin hydrolysates were prepared using three different enzymes at different enzyme‐to‐substrate (E:S) ratios (1:25, 1:50 and 1:100) treated for 2‐ to 12‐h durations. Pepsin‐treated hydrolysates showed maximum DPP‐IV inhibition of 87.81 ± 0.84% (IC50 = 0.78 mg/mL). The permeate of 3 kDa, which exhibited 84.47 ± 2.29% DPP‐IV inhibition, was fractionated through RP‐HPLC. All fractions were analysed for DPP‐IV inhibition activity. One novel peptide was identified through LC‐MS/MS, which showed adequate DPP‐IV inhibition (IC50 = 4.93 mM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass spectrum of b b ̄ states has been obtained using the phenomenological relativistic quark model (RQM). The Hamiltonian used in the investigation has confinement potential and confined one gluon exchange potential (COGEP). In the framework of RQM a study of M 1 and E 1 radiative decays of b b ̄ states has been made. An overall agreement is obtained with the experimental masses and decay widths. The possibility that some of the excited s wave b b ̄ states being exotic states is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass spectra and decay properties of B and B s mesons are obtained using the nonrelativistic potential model by applying the variational approach. The quark–anti-quark potential used in our model consists of a Hulthen potential and a confining linear potential. The hyper-fine interaction is introduced to obtain the splittings of the spin-singlet and triplet states, while the spin–orbit and tensor interactions provide the fine structure splittings. The model parameters and the wave functions that reproduce the mass spectra are used to investigate the decay properties of B and B s mesons. The mass spectra of B and B s mesons have been enhanced using coupled channel effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article elaborates on a reduced switch count-based inverter for a single-stage solar photovoltaic (SPV) fed induction motor (IM) with sensorless speed control for water pumping applications. The traditional SPV-fed IM for water pumping applications requires a six-switch voltage source inverter (SSVSI) for transforming the DC power from the SPV system into AC power. However, the same performance is achieved using a four-switch voltage source inverter (FSVSI). Here, the entire system requires less number of switches and hence reduces switching losses and cost as compared to the traditional solar water pumping system. Moreover, the sensorless speed control is implemented using a speed estimator to reduce the overall cost further and enhance reliability. The reference voltage ( V d c r ) is achieved using an adapted incremental conductance (AINC), and the control of IM is performed using direct vector control (DVC). The control signals for the proposed system are generated using DSPACE DS-1104 for real-time implementation. The proposed SPV-fed FSVSI-based 1-HP IM operation is performed at different irradiation levels in the MATLAB-Simulink environment and validated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article discloses a clamping sequence duty ratio control (CSEQ‐DRC) for photovoltaic (PV)‐fed indirect vector control (IVC) of induction motor (IM) drive. Solar PV is one of the prominent renewable green energy resources and made a pollution‐free power generation without carbon emission. The PV‐fed IM drives are used in many applications such as water pumping, electric vehicle, industrial applications, etc. However, solar panels suffer from low efficiency. Moreover, it can be overcome using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique, and the MPPT is achieved using incremental conductance (Inc‐Cond). The speed of IM can be controlled using IVC with the help of an inverter. The inverter is inherently controlled based on the pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques for reducing the voltage or current harmonics. Here, the proposed CSEQ‐DRC involves two switching sequences such as CSEQ0 and CSEQ1, in every sector region. For every sector region, the appropriate sequence can be operated/selected in the less area of root mean square (RMS) of the stator flux ripples (SFRs) to reduce the line voltage/current profiles of the IM. Consequently, the torque ripples and speed fluctuations are further reduced significantly with the proposed CSEQ‐DRC than the conventional space vector duty ratio control (CSVDRC). In real‐time applications of PV‐fed IVC IM, the interface of the DSPACE DS‐1104 controller is used here to implement for both the proposed CSEQ‐DRC and CSVDRC techniques. Also, the overall performance of the IM drive is improved with the proposed technique as compared to the CSVDRC at different operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuels have drawn much attention of researchers in the last few decades due to the escalating cost of crude oils and its upcoming crisis in future. However, based upon the current situation much of research witnessed towards enzymatic transesterification has shown better outcome in terms of yield rate compared with that of the conventional transesterification process. Lipases are more attractive and can be extracted from any living organisms. The present work reviews the literature regarding the usage of different enzymes for transesterification and its optimum reaction conditions. This review is bound to investigate the performance of several lipases concerning varied reaction conditions which are obtained from various sources for biodiesel synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article presents a bidirectional isolated DC‐DC dual active bridge (DAB) converter, with an improved control strategy under constant power load (CPL) conditions. Major applications of DAB are in solid‐state transformers (SSTs), energy storage systems, dc‐microgrid, and electric vehicle, where it feeds other converters, which act as a CPLs. CPLs have negative impedance characteristics, thereby, have a destabilizing effect and impact the dynamics and stability of power converters feeding them. Maintaining the dc‐link stability and obtaining a robust control with enhanced dynamic performance is a significant challenge. This paper proposes a sliding mode control method for DAB feeding CPL in its output dc‐link. A sliding mode controller is designed to employ direct power control and maintain a constant output voltage in dc‐link for various loading conditions. Additionally, to remove the output current sensor, an output current observer is proposed for improving the reliability and decreasing the cost. The proposed method improves the transient performance, with robust control over parameter mismatch when CPL is connected to the dc‐link. The transient performance and output voltage regulation with the proposed control technique are simulated with a 3 kW DAB converter in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Furthermore, the same proposed control scheme is validated experimentally with various loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an interval type-2 fuzzy-based direct torque control (IT2FDTC) of the induction motor drive (IMD) in which the space vector modulation technique is used here to activate a five-level diode-clamped inverter (FDCI). Moreover, it is implemented with the help of the DSPACE-1103 controller in a real-time application using 2HP induction motor and its overall performance is compared with a conventional proportional-integral direct torque control (CPIDTC). In IT2FDTC, all four capacitor voltages of FDCI based on minimum energy principles are balanced well and settled back quickly with fewer peak overshoots than CPIDTC during various operational conditions. In addition, it can provide lesser torque and flux ripples with a fast dynamic performance of IMD over a CPIDTC. A 3-D Mamdani type-2 fuzzy controller along with the centroid method is used in IT2FDTC. Hence, the proposed method of study not only controls the gains of proportional integral effectively but also controls the duty ratios of a modulating wave to further improve the dynamic performance and current profile of IMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of typical ceramic-composite armors is presented for their ballistic impact performance. Specifically, armor configurations are given for enhancing ballistic limit velocity with minimum armor areal density. The studies are performed using the analytical model presented earlier (Naik et al. in Int J Damage Mech 22(2):145–187, 2013). Wave theory and energy balance between the kinetic energy of the moving projectile and the energy absorbed by different mechanisms by both the armor and the projectile are considered. Analytical predictions and typical experimental results available in the literature are compared. A good match is observed. It is observed that in certain range of armor areal density, ballistic limit velocity remains the same. The explanation for such a behavior is provided considering different major energy absorbing mechanisms at different areal densities of the armor. Further, effects of armor configuration, incident impact velocity and ceramic plate material on ballistic impact performance are presented. Among the ceramic plate materials considered, alumina 99.9% gives higher ballistic limit velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study for the characterization of 6063-O aluminum alloy and IS 2062 mild steel materials under high strain rate shear loading was conducted. A microstructural study of the tested samples was performed to understand the correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties. Aluminum alloy 6063-O and IS 2062 mild steel specimens were subjected to shear strain rates in the range of 120-200 and 100-280 s−1, respectively. An enhancement in the shear strength is observed for both the materials tested at high strain rates. The microstructural study on the fracture surfaces of the aluminum alloy and the mild steel test coupons was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Grain size refinement was observed with increasing strain rate indicating a strong dependence of mechanical properties on the grain size evolution during testing. Changes in microstructural properties at different shear strain rates and its effect on the mechanical properties are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an interval type-2 fuzzy-based direct torque control (IT2FDTC) of the induction motor (IM) drive, (IMD) in which a hybrid duty ratio control (HDRC) technique is used to activate a two-level inverter. Moreover, it is implemented with the help of DSPACE-1104 controller in a real-time application using a 2HP IM and compared its overall performance with a conventional proportional-integral direct torque control (CPIDTC) using space vector modulation (SVM) technique. The IT2FDTC can be provided less torque and flux ripples with a faster dynamic performance of IMD over a CPIDTC. This due to the fact that a three-dimensional Mamdani type-2 fuzzy controller along with the centroid method is used in the defuzzification process, for the proposed control method. The proposed method of study effectively controls the gains of PI and HDRC. Also, HDRC has a total of five possible duty ratios in which two novel duty ratios are introduced including two clamping and one SVM duty ratios to further improve the current/flux/torque harmonic profile performance of IMD than CPIDTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on planar longitudinal stress wave attenuation in thin ceramic plates are presented using a wave tracking algorithm. The results are also experimentally validated. Ceramic plates consist of grains and grain boundaries. Elastic modulus and density of the grain boundaries are less than those of the grains. When the planar longitudinal stress wave encounters an interface between the grain and the grain boundary, reflection and transmission of the incident stress wave take place because of the impedance mismatch at the interface. It is observed that this leads to attenuation in stress wave intensity. This behavior is represented by stress wave attenuation coefficient. It is observed that the stress wave attenuation coefficient is a material property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought major changes in people’s lifestyle, especially in health care workers. Healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients are spending long hours wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). There are reports of adverse skin reactions secondary to wearing PPE, especially face masks. However, it is essential to wear the protective equipment. Aim: To assess the proportion of doctors who report adverse skin reaction after the use of face masks and enlist the skin reactions reported. And to study the relationship between certain suspected factors and occurrence of skin reactions. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted using a questionnaire containing both open and closed ended questions which was distributed through online platform. The questionnaire contained details on the type of mask, duration of usage, frequency of change and dermatological manifestations experienced. Sample population constituted doctors who were willing to participate in the study. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for analysis of data. Results: The male to female ratio among the 220 doctors studied was 1:1.59. Maximum number of doctors (56.4%) wore N95 masks. 33.63% of them used one new mask every day. 60.90% of them used the mask for more than 6 hours continuously on a day. Acne was the most commonly reported problem accounting for 48.2%. Doctors using N95 masks reported acne more commonly. Conclusion: N95 masks were the most commonly used masks. Total 88.18% of the doctors reported cutaneous manifestations. Acne was the most common dermatological problem reported. It was associated with the use of N95 masks and longer duration of use of N95 masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of resveratrol as a nutraceutical in foods is limited due to its low bioavailability and chemical instability. Therefore, resveratrol was encapsulated into nanofibres by electrospinning at concentrations of 15, 18 and 21% TS, applied voltage of 13, 18 and 23 kV and feed rates of 0.6 and 1 mL/h using WPI-pullulan as wall material. Electrospinning conditions were optimized as 18% TS, 18 kV applied voltage and 0.6 mL/h flow rate. SEM images showed formation of clean and continuous fibres at 18 and 23 kV applied voltage, with a mean fibre diameter of 63 to 208 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 74 and 96.70%. Successful encapsulation of resveratrol was confirmed by FTIR and XRD analyses. The zeta potential of resveratrol-loaded nanofibres was in the range of − 20.5 to − 32.2 mV, suggestive of higher stability. The antioxidant property of resveratrol in nanofibres was retained. No significant physiochemical and sensorial changes were observed in resveratrol fortified milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With an increasing interest in preventive strategies, pedodontics research is now more focused on developing newer materials and techniques to coat the primary teeth to prevent onset of new carious lesions.Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of prereacted glass (PRG) filler-containing resin coat on enamel demineralization of the primary teeth.Subjects and Methods: Eight de-rooted primary caries-free teeth sectioned into 4 mm × 4 mm were divided into either experimental group which received the PRG barrier coat or control group which was left uncoated. These were then immersed in acid buffer at pH 4.5 for 3 days. Mineral content was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis.Statistical Analysis: Data were collected and analyzed statistically using paired Student's "t" test, with a P < 0.05 being considered statistically significant.Results: When the calcium/phosphorous (Ca/P) ratio (wt%) which is indicative of the mineral content of enamel was compared, the values were higher for the experimental group than that for the control group and the association was statistically significant (P < 0.01).Conclusion: The higher Ca/P ratio of experimental group was suggestive of the ability of PRG barrier coat to inhibit enamel demineralization in the primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uneven distribution of fibers can adversely affect the mechanical behavior of unidirectional composites. A micromechanical model based on finite element analysis is presented to evaluate elastic and strength properties of such composites under normal loading. Analysis starts with identification of micro unit cells/micro repetitive unit cells and/or representative volume elements. Because of uneven distribution/random distribution of the fibers, fiber volume fraction can be different for different micro unit cells present at different locations in the transverse cross-section of the unidirectional composite. Configuration of the micro unit cell is worked out at the outset considering the fiber distribution having the hexagonal arrangement, but with different volume fraction at different locations. For such micro unit cells, elastic and strength properties are obtained based on finite element analysis starting with the elastic and strength properties of fiber and matrix. With the properties obtained for different micro unit cells, elastic and strength properties of the unidirectional composite with micro unit cells having hexagonal arrangement of fibers with different volume fraction at different locations in the transverse cross-section are determined. Further, elastic and strength properties are evaluated for micro unit cells with uneven distribution of fibers in the transverse cross-section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ballistic impact performance of spaced multilayered and monolithic composite targets is presented based on propagation of stress wave and energy balance within the target and the impacting projectile. The energy dissipated by the impacting projectile gets absorbed by the composite target through several energy absorbing mechanisms. Specifically, studies are performed on spaced bilayered target separated by air gap and monolithic target having the same total thickness. Energy absorption due to several mechanisms, contact force, projectile velocity, projectile tip displacement, and kinetic energy of the projectile with respect to time are presented. Also, ballistic limit velocity (VBL) and total energy absorption of the target with respect to target thickness have been evaluated. Spaced bilayered composite targets have higher ballistic limit velocity compared to monolithic composite targets from total target thickness of 16–28 mm. Monolithic composite targets have higher ballistic limit velocity compared to spaced bilayered composite targets up to total target thickness of 16 mm and beyond target thickness of 28 mm. Experimental studies were performed for the validation of analytical results. The analytically predicted value of ballistic limit velocity matches well with the experimental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, balanites Aegyptiaca (L.) Del biodiesel was blended in proportions of 10% and 20% on the volume basis with diesel fuel and tested in a single cylinder, VCR diesel engine under measured load conditions with varied EGR rates (0, 10 and 20%). The results showed that B10 and B20 blends shown a significant reduction rate in terms of NOx emissions that were familiar with biodiesel blends. At peak load conditions, BTE increased slightly for test fuel blends compared with pure diesel fuel while the BSFC rate and EGT suffered from increasing and decreasing nature with respect to blending percentage. From the emissions point of view, with the increase in blends percentage, a significant reduction rate is observed in terms of CO and HC concentrations (up to 12.34 and 17.5%, respectively) while NOx emissions decreased at peak load conditions (up to 24.34%). HC and CO emissions decreased with increase in blends percentage. However, lower levels of NOx and EGT (up to 21.37 and 8.47%, respectively) and the average increase in terms of BTE and BSFC (up to 2.83 and 2.9%, respectively) can be realised with B20 test fuel blend under 20% EGR rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spray drying conditions i.e. inlet air drying temperature and drying aids concentration and their effect on physical properties of bitter gourd juice powder was studied. A pilot-scale laboratory spray dryer was used for drying operation. Bitter gourd juice was fed into the drier at different inlet air temperatures of 140, 150 and 160 °C with 30% each of maltodextrin, gum arabic and mixture of both maltodextrin (15%) and gum arabic (15%) as drying aids. The powders were analyzed for moisture content, water activity, pH, bulk density and solubility. The results showed that, by increasing inlet air temperature, moisture content, water activity and bulk density decreased, while solubility increased. Moisture content and water activity were significantly affected by the maltodextrin concentration whereas bulk density and solubility were negatively influenced by maltodextrin concentration. Overall, increasing inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration led to reduced stickiness and increased powder yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations on the effect of intensity of incident pressure wave applied through the striker bar on the specimen force histories and stress wave attenuation during split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tensile testing are presented. Details of the tensile SHPB along with Lagrangian x–t diagram of the setup are included. Studies were carried out on aluminum alloy 7075 T651 and IS 2062 mild steel. While testing specimens using the tensile SHPB setup, it was observed that the force calculated from the transmitter bar strain gauge was smaller than the force obtained from the incident bar strain gauge. This mismatch between the forces in the incident bar and the transmitter bar is explained on the basis of stress wave attenuation in the specimens. A methodology to obtain force histories using the strain gauges on the specimen during SHPB tensile testing is also presented. Further, scanning electron microscope images and photomicrographs are given. Correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties is explained. Further, uncertainty analysis was conducted to ascertain the accuracy of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ghee (clarified butterfat), a popular dairy product of the Indian subcontinent, develops off‐flavor during storage due to autoxidation. Addition of rosemary extract (RME), a source of natural antioxidants, @ 0.1%, increased the antioxidant potential of ghee in terms of radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) without affecting sensory and physicochemical properties. Rancimat analysis at 130 °C revealed that ghee added with RME showed a significantly higher induction period (4.4 hr) than control (1.7 hr). Based on peroxide and TBA value determinations, it was observed that shelf life of ghee added with RME was significantly higher than that of control and ghee added with BHA. Addition of RME has also imparted thermal stability to ghee and delayed the onset of cholesterol oxidation, when used as frying medium. Findings suggested that RME could be used as a source of natural antioxidants for imparting autoxidative and thermal stability to ghee. Practical applications: Ghee is a major dairy product in India; about 35% of milk is converted to ghee. Though ghee is high in saturated fatty acid content (∼65%), it has lower shelf life than many vegetables oils, due to a lower level of antioxidants. BHA, a synthetic antioxidant, is permitted to be added in ghee in India. However, the current scientific evidences suggest to use natural antioxidants and avoid the synthetic ones. Our findings have shown that that addition of rosemary extract, a promising source of natural antioxidants, increased the antioxidant potential of ghee and extended its shelf life, without affecting the inherent quality of the product; it also imparted ghee with thermal stability during frying. These observations suggested that rosemary extract could be used as a source of natural antioxidants for imparting autoxidative and thermal stability to ghee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiscale modeling of 3D layer-to-layer orthogonal interlock woven composite structure for elastic and strength behavior is presented. Due to the inherent nature of weaving, 3D woven composites can be represented by repetitive unit cells at the meso level. The present study focuses on identifying different types of repetitive unit cells considering both the geometry and the boundary conditions. For a typical 3D layer-to-layer orthogonal interlock woven composite, there are eight types of meso repetitive unit cells taking into account both the geometry and the boundary conditions. Additionally, for a practical situation, fiber volume fraction (Vf) in the impregnated strand is not uniform throughout the cross-section. In other words, Vf would be different for different micro repetitive unit cells. The properties of the macro structure, i.e. the 3D woven composite structure has been determined by applying periodic boundary conditions at micro and meso levels and iso-strain conditions at the macro level using finite element analysis. The continuity between the blocks is provided by merging the nodes in the intersection regions. The effect of different Vf at different locations in the transverse cross-section of the strand on the elastic and the strength properties of 3D layer-to-layer woven composite structure is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]