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A sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI)‐based multifunctional electrolyte is developed by partially replacing NaPF6 salt in the electrolyte to improve the wide temperature range working capability of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2/hard carbon (NNFM111/HC) sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The capacity retention of the SIBs with NaFSI‐NaPF6 dual salt electrolyte increases from 47.2 % to 75.5 % after 250 cycles at 25 °C, and from 51.0 % to 82.3 % after 80 cycles at 45 °C, and the 1 C discharge capacity retention at the low temperature of −20 °C also increases 26.8 %. In the single salt system, NaPF6 effectively passivate the aluminum foil and NaFSI passivate the electrode/electrolyte interface. The synergistic effect of NaPF6 and NaFSI greatly improves the battery performance in a wide temperature range. This NaFSI‐based dual salt electrolyte also effectively overcomes the flaws when the SIBs using NaFSI or NaPF6 independently, and makes it more suitable for SIBs, indicating promising prospects in the commercial application of NNFM111/HC SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with high nickel cathode have high specific energy, but as the nickel content in the cathode active material increases, batteries are suffering from temperature limitations, unstable performance, and transition metal dissolution during long cycling. In this work, a functional electrolyte with P‐phenyl diisothiocyanate (PDITC) additive is developed to stabilize the performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite LIBs over a wide temperature range. Compared to the batteries without the additive, the capacity retention of the batteries with PDITC‐containing electrolyte increases from 23 % to 74 % after 1400 cycles at 25 °C, and from 15 % to 85 % after 300 cycles at 45 °C. After being stored at 60 °C, the capacity retention rate and capacity recovery rate of the battery are also improved. In addition, the PDITC‐containing battery has a higher discharge capacity at −20 °C, and the capacity retention rate increases from 79 % to 90 % after 500 cycles at 0 °C. Both theoretical calculations and spectroscopic results demonstrate that PDITC is involved in constructing a dense interphase, inhibiting the decomposition of the electrolyte and reducing the interfacial impedance. The application of PDITC provides a new strategy to improve the wide‐temperature performance of the NCM811/graphite LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional electrolyte containing propyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (PMBS) additive is developed to improve the performance of the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite pouch full cells, especially the cycling lifetime under low temperature. It is indicated that the addition of PMBS into the electrolyte facilitates the formation of stable and low impedance interfacial films of the NCM811 cathode and graphite anode due to the preferential decomposition of PMBS over solvent molecules. Compared to the cells without additives, the cells containing 2% PMBS exhibit enhanced performance, and the capacity retention rate increases from 55.97% to 87.20% after 1200 cycles at 25 °C. And under the temperature condition of −10 °C, the capacity retention rate increases from 55.37% to 98.02% after 100 cycles, indicating the unique effect of PMBS on the low-temperature cycling performance of high-nickel lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the ab initio molecular metadynamics method, the adsorption of the structure of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) on the Fe3O4 surface and subsequent detachment of Fe atoms from the surface were simulated, and the dissolution mechanism by which HEDP dissolves Fe3O4 scale at room temperature while other organic acids cannot was elucidated. The adsorbed hydroxyl groups, water and HEDP on the Fe3O4 surface play a synergistic role in detaching the Fe ions, which increases the coordination number of the Fe atoms and weakens the original Fe–O bond strength. In addition, the strong coordination ability and flexible molecular structure of HEDP also facilitate dissolution of Fe3O4 scale by breaking down the chemical bonds and forming Fe–HEDP complexes. The free energy surface for the dissolution reaction shows a low barrier, and the descaling reaction is easily accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus–carbon (BP–C) composite is a potential high‐energy anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs); however, the local stress concentration that occurs during lithiation/delithiation cycling leads to poor cycling performance. Herein, an electrochemically inactive TiP nanocrystal is used to reconstruct the BP–C composite via ball milling to form a BP–TiP–C multiphase structure with excellent lithium storage performance. The TiP intermediate optimizes the TiP–BP interface and relieves the local stress of the BP–TiP–C composite, thereby enhancing the electron transfer, structural stability, and utilization of the active material. This BP–TiP–C composite exhibits a high coulombic efficiency of 99.85%, an enhanced cyclic stability of 557.6 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles with a 72.5% capacity retention at 2.0 A g−1, and an excellent rate performance of 548.2 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1. Thus, this study not only provides a high‐energy BP–TiP–C material, but also offers new ideas for material synthesis to advance the research on BP‐based LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have emerged as one of the ideal contenders for the upcoming generation of high energy storage devices due to their superb energy density. Nonetheless, the shuttle effect generated by intermediate lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) during cell cycling brings about capacity degradation and poor cycling stability of LSBs. Here, a versatile SrFe12O19 (FSO) and acetylene black (AB) modified PP separator is first presented to inhibit the shuttle effect. Thanks to the strong chemical interaction of Fe and Sr with polysulphides in FSO, it can trap LiPSs and provide catalytic sites for their conversion. Therefore, the cell using the FSO/AB@PP separator has a high initial discharge specific capacity (930 mA h g−1) at 2 C and lasts for 1000 cycles with a remarkably low fading rate (0.036% per cycle), while those using PE and AB@PP separators have inferior initial specific capacities (255 mA h g−1 and 652 mA h g−1, respectively) and fail within 600 cycles. This work proposes a novel approach for addressing the shuttle of LiPSs from a bimetallic oxide modified separator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) play a crucial role in keeping sodium metal anodes (SMAs) intact and improving battery life. However, the SEIs arising from irreversible reactions between metallic Na and electrolytes fail to suppress Na dendrite growth and have sluggish Na+ kinetics. Herein, a functionalized separator modified by a sp2 carbon conjugated‐covalent organic framework (sp2c‐COF) is proposed to induce a robust SEI. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the SEI is rich in NaF because the structure of NaPF6 is unstable due to influences from the COF separator. In situ observations show that the Na dendrite is effectively suppressed even at a high current density of 20 mA cm−2. Satisfactorily, the COF separator exhibits a high transference number of 0.78, achieving a fast Na plating/stripping process. Based on these superiorities, a symmetric cell Na|COF|Na shows stable cycling for over 1500 h at 20 mA cm−2. In addition, full cells Na|COF|NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTPO) present good rate performance (30 and 50 C) and excellent cycling stability over 5000 cycles at 5 and 10 C. The application of COFs to improve SMAs in this work demonstrates a new strategy for improving sodium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) play a crucial role in keeping sodium metal anodes (SMAs) intact and improving battery life. However, the SEIs arising from irreversible reactions between metallic Na and electrolytes fail to suppress Na dendrite growth and have sluggish Na+ kinetics. Herein, a functionalized separator modified by a sp2 carbon conjugated‐covalent organic framework (sp2c‐COF) is proposed to induce a robust SEI. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the SEI is rich in NaF because the structure of NaPF6 is unstable due to influences from the COF separator. In situ observations show that the Na dendrite is effectively suppressed even at a high current density of 20 mA cm−2. Satisfactorily, the COF separator exhibits a high transference number of 0.78, achieving a fast Na plating/stripping process. Based on these superiorities, a symmetric cell Na|COF|Na shows stable cycling for over 1500 h at 20 mA cm−2. In addition, full cells Na|COF|NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTPO) present good rate performance (30 and 50 C) and excellent cycling stability over 5000 cycles at 5 and 10 C. The application of COFs to improve SMAs in this work demonstrates a new strategy for improving sodium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using Ni‐rich material (LiNixCoyMnzO2, x+y+z=1) as cathode electrode, the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries can be increased. However, the electrode/electrolyte interface instability of Ni‐rich cathode at high voltage will adversely affect the cycle performance and limit its practical application. In this paper, propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS) is proposed as a functional additive to improve the cycling stability of LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2/graphite battery. After adding 3.0 wt.% PCS to the baseline electrolyte, the capacity retention of the batteries improves from 9.6 % to 86.5 % after 150 cycles at the voltages of 3.0–4.5 V. Based on the theoretical calculation and experimental result, the main reason for the improvement of electrochemical performance is that the PCS forms a highly stable sulfur‐containing compound interface layer (SEI/CEI) on the electrode surface, which can not only inhibit electrolyte decomposition and interface impedance increase, but also reduce transition metal dissolution. This work has given some ideas for the practical utilization of high‐voltage LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2/graphite pouch‐cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separator, as an important inner part of the sodium‐ion battery (SIB), has a significant impact on the electrochemical performance and security of the battery. However, conventional polyolefin separators are inapplicable for SIBs due to their poor wettability to liquid electrolytes and unsatisfactory heat resistance. To address these problems, a novel polyethylene (PE)‐ hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)‐TiO2 composite separator modified on the PE matrix is proposed and successfully prepared by a multistep synthesis procedure of HEC coating and TiO2 in situ self‐growth, while almost maintaining the initial separator thickness. Compared with conventional PE separators, this composite separator possesses remarkable wettability which benefits from the introduction of a polar HEC‐TiO2‐incorporated coating. Besides, thanks to a significant improvement in wettability, the separator presents high electrolyte uptake of up to 186.5% and an extraordinary ionic conductivity of 0.342 mS cm−1. As expected, a Na|Na3V2(PO4)3 battery with the PE‐HEC‐TiO2 separator exhibits a reversible capacity of 99.0 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 94.8% after 1000 cycles at 5 C with a steady Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. These brilliant performances convincingly make it a promising separator for advanced SIBs with high reversibility, high capacity, and long life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a strategy of stabilizing the LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode interface, the high‐temperature cycling and storage performance of 18 650‐type LMO/graphite lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is effectively improved. The LMO cathode is prepared using lithium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCLi)–polyacrylic acid/acrylate copolymer composite binder and nanoscale CaCO3 functional component (marked as binder C). Compared with the traditional oily binder, the dissolution of Mn2+ from LMO cathode into the electrolyte can effectively decrease, and the structure stability of LMO cathode can increase. The batteries exhibit retention capacity of 80.3% at 1 C after 600 cycles at room temperature and 76.7% at 1 C after 200 cycles at temperature of 45 °C. The high‐temperature storage performance is also improved and there are 81.1% and 73.5% residual capacities when the fully charged batteries are stored in 60 °C for 14 and 28 days. The enhanced performance is mainly attributed to the interfacial stability of LMO cathode due to the bonding ability of composite binders and the elimination of HF by CaCO3. These results reveal the application prospect of as‐developed aqueous binders and provide a way to improve the performance of LMO‐based LIBs through stable interface strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries receive widespread attention in the past decade as a result of their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the shuttle effect of soluble polysulfides produced in the battery cycle can result in low sulfur utilization and slow reaction kinetics, which seriously hinders its practical application. Herein, a carrageenan (CG)–acetylene black (AB)‐modified separator for long‐life Li–S batteries is proposed. The batteries with modified separator exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, fast redox kinetics (733 mAh g−1 at 6 C), and a low‐capacity decay of 0.042% per cycle at 2 C. More importantly, a high reversible capacity of 805 mAh g−1 can be obtained at a high sulfur loading of 3.2 mg cm−2. The performance improvement of the separator can be attributed to the outstanding adsorbing polysulfides ability of CG and the better conductivity of AB. Combined with the natural source of CG, simple preparation process, and excellent electrochemical performance, our research results provide a kind of Li–S batteries promising modification idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were performed to study the adsorption of the 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) molecule on the Fe (100) surface. Through molecular dynamics trajectory, changes in bond length and angle, density distribution, interaction region indicator (IRI) and electron localization function (ELF), the fundamental adsorption mechanism of HEDP on the iron surface was disclosed in detail. The oxygen atoms of four phosphonic acid groups of HEDP coordinated with the four Fe atoms form a stable adsorption on the iron (100) surface. The HEDP molecule is slightly distorted to bind with O atoms after adsorption. The bond length change tracking results show that the adsorption occurs very quickly. IRI analysis and Bader charges show that the electrostatic interaction between HEDP and the iron surface is strong and responsible for the stable adsorption state. The interaction between deprotonated O atoms and iron surface is stronger than that between protonated O atoms and iron surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron oxides are considered as potential anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries thanks to their high theoretical capacity, rich resources, and environmental friendliness. However, the rapid capacity decay and sluggish kinetics greatly limit their practical application. Herein, a simple surface fluorination strategy is developed to greatly improve the electrochemical properties of Fe3O4. The fluorinated layer can act as a protective film to stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interface, enhance the wettability of the electrode to shorten the Li+ diffusion pathway, and provide more active centers to facilitate charge storage. Consequently, the fabricated fluorinated Fe3O4 electrode demonstrates high specific capacity (1379 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 300 cycles) and impressive high‐rate performance (876, 802, and 456 mAh g−1 at 5, 10, and 20 A g−1, respectively, after 1000 cycles), which outperforms most of the Fe3O4‐based electrodes recorded so far. This material design strategy may open up a new way for the development of high‐performance anode materials for energy storage based on earth‐rich materials, and advance the understanding of the core role of electrode surfaces/interfaces in battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the shortcomings in the thermal stability and electrolyte wettability when a commercial polyethylene (PE) separator is used alone, a PE/glass fiber (GF)−Mg(OH)2/PE composite (PGMP) separator is developed, and the electrochemical and safety performance of lithium‐ion batteries is effectively enhanced. The PGMP separator is prepared by soaking a mixed dispersion solution of polyacrylate and Mg(OH)2 into the GF fabric substrate and subsequently bonding the PE microporous film on both substrate sides. Compared with the PE separator, PGMP separator exhibits enhanced mechanical strength (≥250 MPa), ionic conductivity, and electrolyte wettability. Furthermore, there is almost no shrinkage when this PGMP is annealed at 350 °C for 30 min. The nail penetration, impact, overcharge, and adiabatic rate calorimeter tests of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite pouch cell with a nominal capacity of 2500 mAh show that the PGMP separator effectively improves the safety performance. The thermal runaway temperature of the pouch cells is increased from about 120 to 146 °C, and the electrolyte wettability ability of the PGMP separator gives the cell a capacity retention of 85% after 500 cycles at 1.0 C. Combined with the advantages, it is indicated that this PGMP separator has great potential in commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water‐soluble polyacrylate copolymers are developed as green functional binders of graphite anode to improve the performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Using five basic binders, it is demonstrated that the graphite plate with the alkanol acrylate crosslinker (type U20)‐acrylic acid/acrylate copolymer (type LA138) composite binder (marked as Binder B) exhibits larger adhesive force, higher compaction density, and better electrolyte adsorption capacity compared to other plates with aqueous binders. In particular, the electrochemical performance of the batteries with Binder B is enhanced both at room temperature and low temperature, and retention capacity of 82.8 % at 1 C and 25 °C after 930 cycles and 91.3 % at 0.5 C and 0 °C are obtained. In addition, the batteries with Binder B also exhibit enhanced safety and heat stability. The enhanced performance is attributed to the good chemical stability of polyacrylate copolymers and unique film‐forming properties. These results indicate that the graphite anode with aqueous Binder B has promising prospects for practical application, and it also provides a reference for solving the poor low‐temperature performance of graphite anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By now, as the promising high‐energy cathode materials of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the high‐nickel LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) still have technical problems such as poor electrode‐electrolyte interface stability and sensitivity to H2O and HF in the electrolyte to be solved. In this work, isocyanoethyl methacrylate (IMA) containing −N=C=O group is developed as a bifunctional electrolyte additive through the film‐forming, H2O removal, and HF reduction to modify the electrode‐electrolyte interfaces and improve the performance of NCM811/graphite LIBs. After 450 cycles under the normal voltage range of 2.75 to 4.20 V, the capacity retention of the battery with 0.5 wt.% IMA additive increases from 50.7 % to 78.0 % compared to the battery without the additive. And under the high voltage range of 2.75 to 4.40 V, the capacity retention of the battery with IMA increases from 62.8 % to 81.9 % after 150 cycles. It is demonstrated that the IMA additive as the H2O and HF scavenger of electrolyte also facilitate the electrochemical oxidation‐reduction reactions on two electrodes to form high‐quality interfacial films, which stabilizes the anode and cathode interfaces and subsequently improves the cycling performance of the batteries. These results show that the electrolyte with IMA additive has promising prospects in the application of high‐nickel NCM‐based LIBs and provide the idea to evaluate the organic molecules containing −N=C=O group as the functional electrolyte additives as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low dielectric polymer films have drawn great attention to the application as the dielectric insulating materials in high‐frequency circuit boards, while the weak adhesion to the copper foils and the poor processability resulted from the fluorinated or rigid structures limited their high‐frequency application. In this work, the low dielectric and high adhesive polyimide/fluorinated ethylene propylene (PI/FEP) nanocomposite film for high‐frequency flexible circuit board application is developed. It is indicated that the fluorocarbon surfactants can significantly improve the dispersion of FEP in PI substrate, and thus, the PI/FEP nanocomposite film exhibits excellent mechanical properties, including the tensile strength increases to 46.6 MPa and the elongation at the break increases to 13.7%. Importantly, at the high‐frequency of 10 GHz, the 60 wt% FEP filled PI nanocomposite film displays an ultralow dielectric loss (0.006) and a reduced dielectric constant (2.69). In addition, the high‐frequency flexible circuit board with the PI/FEP film as the dielectric insulating layer has a high peel strength of 0.75 N mm−1, indicating this PI/FEP nanocomposite film can meet the requirements of the high‐frequency flexible circuit board application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy density of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2)‐based cells can be increased by charging at voltages above 4.2 V. However, the poor interface stability of the cathode/electrolyte deriving from the continuous severe decomposition of the electrolyte on the cathode/electrolyte surface and the instability of the structure of the cathode at high‐voltage operation limits their wider commercial application. Herein, a new fluoro‐functionalized electrolyte additive, tetrafluoroethane beta‐sultone (TFBS), is used for promoting the electrochemical performance of LiCoO2‐based cells. Upon cycling between 3.0 and 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) with 0.5 C (1 C=274.4 mAh/g), it is shown that the capacity retention of the LiCoO2/graphite pouch‐cell with TFBS‐controlled electrolyte reaches 96.8 % (183.9 mAh g−1), yet it is 66.5 % (126.3 mAh g−1) for the pouch‐cell without TFBS in baseline electrolyte at the 100th cycle. All the results indicate that TFBS can be decomposed prior to the solvents in the electrolyte and can then form low‐resistance, high‐conductivity interface layers on the surfaces of the cathode‐electrolyte and the anode‐electrolyte, respectively, thus improving the cycling stability of the cells at a high charging cutoff voltage (4.5 V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional electrolyte containing 3,3‐diethylene di‐sulfite (DES) additive is developed to improve the performances of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite batteries, especially at high charging cut‐off voltage of 4.50 V. It is indicated that under the conventional conditions of 25 °C and 1 C after 300 cycles in the voltage range of 2.75–4.30 V, the batteries with 0.25 % DES can increase the maximum capacity retention from 66.61 % to 77.25 % initial discharge capacity compared with the batteries without DES. Especially, when the charge cut‐off voltage is increased to 4.50 V, the batteries with 1 % DES exhibit higher capacity retention (82.53 %) after 150 cycles than the batteries without DES (51.19 %). The electrochemical tests and spectroscopic characterization show that this functional DES electrolyte additive well regulates the anode and cathode interfaces with more stabilized films and smaller impedance, which promotes the interfacial extraction and insertion of Li+. In addition, the interfacial film can inhibit the dissolution of the transition metal element Ni from the cathode and protect the structure stability of NCM811 material. The electrolyte containing DES additive reveals promising prospects in the application of NCM811/graphite batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviors and mechanism for the different performance degradation trends of 18650 cylindrical lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 cathodes under long‐term storage at a high temperature (HT) of 80 °C are investigated to gain insight on the safe use of LIBs. It is indicated that the direct current resistance (DCR) increases sharply within 240 h and then slows down gradually, whereas the open‐circuit voltage (OCV) and the recoverable capacity (RC) fading are relatively stable in the initial 240 h, but then speeds up from 240 h to 720 h. With the aid of analyses of the anode, cathode, and separator materials in batteries stored at 80 °C for 0 h, 240 h, 480 h, and 720 h, the mechanism of the performance degradation of batteries is elucidated. It is pointed out that the DCR rise is mainly caused by the anode materials peeling off from the copper foil, as is the subsequent interface resistance increase. The RC fading is attributed to the partial break of the cathode structure, owing to the dissolution of transition metal ions (Ni2+, Co3+, and Mn4+), and the dissolution becomes more severe as the time extends. In addition, the separator suffers a combination of stretching (machine direction), squeezing (anode side), oxidation (cathode side), and destruction, resulting in internal short circuit and sharp OCV drop, as well as the other potential safety risks of LIBs. These results are valuable to establish an accelerated testing method to evaluate batteries in a short time range to advance the safe use of LIBs under high‐temperature storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional nitrogen–sulfur codoped layered porous carbon nanosheets (3D-NSCNs) with sulfur-regulated nitrogen content are constructed as a high-performance anode material for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) through a gel and nitrogen–sulfur codoping process. Compared with the sample without sulfur doping, the 3D-NSCNs reveal enhanced electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and pyrrolic (N-5) and pyridinic (N-6) nitrogen contents, all of which are beneficial for increased electrochemical performances. After 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, the 3D-NSCNs anode exhibits a specific capacity of 254.9 mA h g−1. After 2900 cycles at a higher charge–discharge current density of 1 A g−1, the specific capacity is still 171.1 mA g−1, and the capacity retention is 78.9%, indicating the application potential of the as-synthesized 3D-NSCNs as an anode material for KIBs. Domination by a surface-driven mechanism is proposed to explain the excellent rate and cycle performances and can also be validated by galvanostatic intermittent titration results, which show that the K+ diffusion coefficient in the 3D-NSCNs is improved after nitrogen–sulfur doping. This work demonstrates a new strategy to improve the electrochemical properties of carbon-based K-storage materials by increasing the N-5 and N-6 contents through sulfur doping while also producing micropores to increase the number of active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of pore-controllable polyamine (PAI) layer-coated polyolefin (PE) separators (PAI-PE-1, PAI-PE-2, and PAI-PE-3) are prepared by using a phase-transfer and gravure-printing method and used to improve the safety of pouch lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on a PAI "guest-host transition" and PE "pore on-off" cooperative strategy. And the safety mechanism for the LIBs using PAI-PE-1, PAI-PE-2, and PAI-PE-3 separators with pore sizes of approximately 0.02, 0.17, and 0.85 μm is discussed. In the overcharge, nail, and hot box tests, the LIBs with PAI-PE separators all meet safety requirements, while the LIBs with PE separators exhibit either fire or smoke issues. The LIBs with PAI-PE-1 separators have the lowest temperature of 102 °C and the highest residual voltage of 3.97 V in the nail and hot box tests, respectively, and the LIBs with PAI-PE-3 separators have the lowest temperature of 129 °C in the overcharge test. The mechanism for the enhanced safety of LIBs with PAI-PE separators is ascribed to a PAI "guest-host transition" and PE "pore on-off" cooperative process. These results indicate that this pore-controllable PAI-PE separator has promising prospects in the application of LIBs with enhanced safety requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A positive‐temperature‐coefficient graphite anode as a thermal runaway firewall of LiCoO2/graphite lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is prepared by introducing thermally sensitive polymer microspheres (TSPMs) into the anode to improve battery safety under abusive conditions. The TSPMs are composed of an acrylonitrile and acrylate copolymer shell and a cyclopentane hydrocarbon core. Due to the thermally sensitive properties of TSPMs, the graphite anode swells under abusive conditions, and the electric connection of active materials and current collector can be cut off. Thus, the resistance of LIBs is increased to solve the thermal runaway and safety problems before the temperature of LIBs approaches explosion limit. The TSPMs with a size distribution of 4–20 μm and an initial foaming temperature of 95–110 °C exhibit excellent stability and foaming properties. Compared with the batteries without TSPMs, under abusive conditions including overcharge at 1 C/10 V, thermal shock from 20 to 130 °C, and external short circuit with a resistance of ≈80 mΩ, the batteries with TSPMs effectively mitigate thermal runaway. In addition, TSPMs do not show obvious influences on the conventional performances of LIBs, indicating that adding TSPMs into graphite anodes is a promising method to improve the safety of LIBs under abusive conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iodine-doped bismuth oxychloride (I-doped BiOCl) microspheres are synthesized as the visible light photocatalysts for the photocatalytic removal of three toxic hydroxyl-contained intermediates of parabens. With the aid of the unique heating mode of microwave method, the I-doped BiOCl photocatalysts with tunable iodine contents and dispersed energy bands, instead of a mixture of BiOI and BiOCl or solid solution, are synthesized under the controllable conditions. Due to the stretched architectures, high specific surface area, and effective separation of photogenerated carriers, they exhibit high activity to the photocatalytic degradation of methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDB), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB), and ethyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDB). As a typical result, it is indicated that though MDB as the most difficult intermediate of parabens to be degraded, a 91.2% removal ratio can still be achieved over the I-doped BiOCl with an energy band of 2.79 eV within 60 min. In addition, it is also confirmed that these photocatalysts remain stable throughout the photocatalytic reaction and can be reused, and more importantly, the photogenerated h+ and •O2− are the key reactive species, while •OH plays a negligible role in the photocatalytic reaction. Resorcinol was identified as the main photodegraded intermediate. These results demonstrate that this photocatalytic system not only exhibit a high efficiency but also avoid the consequent secondary pollutions due to the no formation of complex hydroxyl derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium bisoxalatodifluorophosphate (LiBODFP) is a promising multifunctional lithium salt-type electrolyte additive used to enhance the performance of 5 V LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO)-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared to cells without the additive, the cycling retention of the LNMO/Li half cells with 1.0% LiBODFP was improved from 77.6% to 93.7% at a 1C rate after 300 cycles. The capacity retention of the high voltage LNMO/graphite full cells with LiBODFP reached 82% at a 0.5C rate after 100 cycles, which was much higher than that of the cells without the additive (50%). It is shown that the LiBODFP can be preferentially oxidized and reduced to form robust interface films with low resistance and high conductivity on the surfaces of LNMO cathodes and graphite anodes, respectively. The LiBODFP-derived interface film can protect the cathode and anode materials, alleviate the decomposition of the electrolyte, and prevent the dissolution of metal ions from the LNMO cathode and their deposition on the graphite surface. This work provides an effective strategy for developing a functional electrolyte that matches the requirement of LNMO-based batteries with a high-voltage window and enhanced performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expanding applications, concerns about the charging safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become more significant. In this paper, the constant-current (CC) overcharge electrode process of pouch LiCoO2/graphite batteries are analyzed at 0.25 C, and then, a self-protection mechanism for decreasing the overcharge risk of batteries is evaluated. As for the batteries passing the safety test, their typical overcharge behaviors show the battery voltage and temperature begin to dramatically increase to about 5.2 V and 65 °C from about 155% state of charge (SOC) and then decrease slowly after a short fluctuating period. The element analysis of two electrodes and separator reveals that besides the well-known metal lithium, cobalt precipitation pierces the separator and subsequently forms an internal micro-short circuit at about 155% SOC to consume the charge energy and subsequently avoid the overcharge explosion and ignition. As a conclusion, a self-protection mechanism based on an internal micro-short circuit model, which is closely related with the deposited electric lithium and cobalt and the separator porosity, is proposed and experimentally verified. These results offer an idea and method to decrease the CC overcharge risk of LIBs and can advance the safe application of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Charge‐discharge reaction mechanisms of sodium‐ion batteries under various condition are studied by using a three‐electrode setup of a pouch‐type sodium‐ion battery. The sodium‐ion battery is constructed by using cost‐effective ternary layered Na0.76Ni0.3Fe0.4Mn0.3O2 and commercial hard carbon as the cathode and anode materials, respectively, and 1.0 M NaPF6 in mixed carbonate solvent as the electrolyte. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that an apparent solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) film is formed on anode material surface during the formation (pre‐charging) process, and the potentials for the SEI film formation of the solvents (ethylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate) and the additive (fluorinated ethylene carbonate) in the electrolyte are 2.04 and 2.79 V, respectively. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate that, during charge, the crystal structure of cathode material changes significantly with the deintercalation of Na+. When the battery is charged to 5.0 V, the diffraction peak corresponding to the (002) plane disappears, as Na+ is further deintercalated, and the structure changes from the hexagonal phase to the monoclinic phase, causing the rapid degradation of the cycle performance. When the battery is overdischarged to 0 V, the EIS results and TEM images show that the SEI film is destroyed completely, and the cycle life performance is significantly deteriorated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of 3-(phenylsulfonyl)propionitrile (PSPN) as a higher voltage bifunctional additive in the electrolyte on the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on both LiCoO2 cathodes and graphite anodes are investigated using the half-cell method. The capacity retention of the Li/LiCoO2 and Li/graphite batteries with PSPN ranges from 10.12% and 74.81% to 79.19% and 92.58% after 200 cycles, respectively. The results of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrate that PSPN is not only preferentially reduced but also easily oxidized during the charge–discharge process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirm that PSPN-containing SEI films can form simultaneously on both electrodes due to the interaction of nitrile (–C≡N) and sulfur–oxygen double bonds (S=O), providing protection to the LiCoO2 and graphite electrodes and improving the cycle performance at higher voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries are synthesized by a co-precipitation spray-drying and calcining process. The use of a spray-drying process to form particles, followed by a calcination treatment at the optimized temperature of 750 °C to produce spherical LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles with a cubic crystal structure, a specific surface area of 60.1 m2 g−1, a tap density of 1.15 g mL−1, and a specific capacity of 132.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. The carbon nanofragment (CNF) additives, introduced into the spheres during the co-precipitation spray-drying period, greatly enhance the rate performance and cycling stability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The sample with 1.0 wt.% CNF calcined at 750 °C exhibits a maximum capacity of 131.7 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and a capacity retention of 98.9% after 100 cycles. In addition, compared to the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 material without CNF, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with CNF demonstrates a high-rate capacity retention that increases from 69.1% to 95.2% after 100 cycles at 10 C, indicating an excellent rate capability. The usage of CNF and the synthetic method provide a promising choice for the synthesis of a stabilized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material.Micro/nanostructured LiNi0.5Mn0.5O4 cathode materials with enhanced electrochemical performances for high voltage lithium-ion batteries are synthesized by a co-precipitation spray-drying and calcining routine and using carbon nanofragments (CNFs) as additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical sensor based on a polyfurfural-electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode has been developed for the sensitive and rapid determination of nitrofurazone. The morphologies and properties of the sensor were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In pH 7.0 Britton–Robinson buffer solution, the as-prepared polyfurfural-electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic performance for the electrochemical reduction of nitrofurazone, and the reduction peak current is about 9.45, 1.31, and 1.25 times higher than that of the bare glassy carbon electrode, polyfurfural modified glassy carbon electrode, and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode, respectively. The DPV determination of nitrofurazone indicates that the linear range and detection limit of nitrofurazone are 1–50 and 0.25 µmol/dm3, respectively. In addition, this sensor exhibits high selectivity, reproducibility, stability, and also was successfully used to directly determine nitrofurazone in the commercial antibacterial lotion with comparative sensitivity to high-performance liquid chromatography, showing its promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaching characteristics of hazardous materials from Ni-Cd batteries immersed in four typical water samples, i.e., water with NaCl, river water, tap water, and deionized water, were investigated to evaluate the potential environmental harm of spent Ni-Cd batteries in the water surroundings. It is shown that four water surroundings all could leach hazardous materials from the Ni-Cd batteries. The water with NaCl concentration of 66.7 mg L−1 had the highest leaching ability, the hazardous materials were leached after only approximately 50 days (average time, with a standard deviation of 4.1), while less than 100 days were needed in the others. An electrochemical corrosion is considered to be the main leaching mechanism leading to battery breakage, while the dissolution-deposition process and the powder route result in the leakage and transference of nickel and cadmium materials from the electrodes. The anions, i.e., SO42− and Cl−, and dissolved oxygen in water were demonstrated to be the vital factors that influence the leaching processes. Thus, it is proposed that spent Ni-Cd batteries must be treated properly to avoid potential danger to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorptive removal of Ni2+ and Cd2+ at concentrations of approximately 50 mg L−1 in wastewater is investigated using an agricultural adsorbent, longan hull, and the adsorptive mechanism is characterized. The maximum adsorption capacity of approximately 4.19 mg g−1 Cd2+ was obtained under the optimized conditions of room temperature, pH 5.0, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 in approximately 15 min. For Ni2+, the maximum adsorption capacity of approximately 3.96 mg g−1 was obtained at pH 4.7 in approximately 20 min. The adsorption kinetics for both metal ions on the longan hull can be described by a pseudo second-order rate model and are well fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption mechanism of the longan hull to Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions is shown to be a monolayer adsorption of metal ions onto the absorbent surface. Thereinto, the longan hull adsorbent contains N–H, C–H, C=O, and C=C functional groups that can form ligands when loaded with Ni2+ and Cd2+, which reduces the fluorescence of the dried longan hull material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polyethylene (PE)-supported ultra-thin blended polymer electrolyte based on polyvinylidene fluoride/hydroxyethyl cellulose (PVDF/HEC) was prepared by a simple dipping method for 5 V high voltage lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The performances of the prepared membranes and the resulting GPEs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear potential sweep voltammetry, and charge–discharge cycling. The effects of the ratio of PVDF to HEC on the performance of the composite separator were further discussed. It was found that PE-supported polymer separators (PVDF : HEC = 3 : 1, by weight) present the best mechanical, thermal and wettability performance. The ionic conductivity of this GPE is 0.78 mS cm−1, which is much higher than that of PE separators (0.39 mS cm−1) at room temperature. The electrochemical stability of this GPE can reach up to 5.25 V (vs. Li/Li+). A LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode with this GPE exhibits a superior cycling stability and rate performance at room temperature. This suggests that the polyethylene (PE)-supported ultra-thin blended polymer electrolyte can be used for 5 V LIBs due to its good performance, low cost and strong operability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrode materials bring about new possibilities for the next generation green and sustainable lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) owing to their low cost, environmental benignity, renewability, flexibility, redox stability and structural diversity. However, electroactive organic compounds face many challenges in practical applications for LIBs/SIBs, such as high solubility in organic electrolytes, poor electronic conductivity, and low discharge potential as postive materials. Quinone organic materials are the most promising candidates as electrodes in LIBs/SIBs because of their high theoretical capacity, good reaction reversibility and high resource availability. While quinone electrode materials (QEMs) have so far received less attention in comparison with other organic electrode materials in secondary batteries. In this paper, an overview of the recent developments in the field of QEMs for LIBs/SIBs is provided, emphasizing on the modifications of the quinone compounds in solubility, electronic conductivity, and discharge plateaus. Finally, multifaceted modification approaches are analyzed, which can stimulate the practical applications of QEMs for LIBs/SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A glassy carbon electrode was modified with carbon nanofragments and bismuth oxide, and the resulting electrode (CNF-Bi/GCE) was applied to the voltammetric determination of catechol (CC) in the presence of a large excess (>100-fold) of hydroquinone (HQ). The CNF-Bi was synthesized by anchoring bismuth oxide on CNFs in a hydrothermal and calcining process. Compared to CNF-modified GCE and bare GCE, the CNF-Bi/GCE exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity with respect to the redox reaction of CC (at 0.28 V vs. SCE) and HQ (at 0.15 V). Differential pulse voltammetry was applied to quantify traces of CC in the presence of excess HQ. The calibration plot is linear in the 3 to 20 μmol L concentration range, with a 0.2 μmol L detection limit (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). These results indicate the CNF-Bi/GCE is a promising sensor for analyzing trace isomers of dihydroxybenzene. In addition, it is also applicable to the determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, resorcin, and rutin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of polyethylene-supported poly(vinylidene fluoride)/cellulose acetate butyrate/nano-SiO particle (PVDF-CAB-SiO/PE) blended gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) is reported here. The electrolyte uptake, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrochemical performance of these electrolytes are characterized to evaluate their potential application in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The results indicate that the particle size of SiO can be adjusted by the tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) concentration and affects the physicochemical properties of the membrane. By doping 5 wt.% SiO (500 nm) into the PVdF-CAB blended polymer, the porosity of the membrane increases from 40 to 42.3 %, the mechanical strength from 117.3 to 138.7 MPa, the electrolyte uptake from 149 to 195 %, the oxidation decomposition potential from 4.7 to 5.2 V, and the ionic conductivity of the corresponding GPE is improved from 1.16 to 2.98 mS cm at ambient temperature. The PVDF-CAB-SiO/PE-based GPE and the two electrodes are suitably compatible, and the thermal stability is higher than that of the polyethylene (PE) membrane. The LIBs with the as-prepared GPE also exhibit enhanced discharge capacity and cycle stability, indicating the promising application of these GPEs in LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reconstructed graphite-like carbon (r-GC) micro/nano-structure with a higher capacity than and a comparative voltage plateau to commercial graphite anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is synthesized from an expandable graphite raw material based on an up-down-up synthetic strategy. The expandable graphite powders are thermally expanded, hydrothermally cut, and ultrasonically crushed in turn to prepare a suspension containing nano-fragments with a graphitic plane nano-structure as a carbon precursor. Then, the r-GC micro/nano-structure can be obtained by stacking the graphite nano-fragments through spray drying the suspension and subsequently conducting a calcining treatment. This r-GC exhibits an initial capacity of 575.3 mA h g−1 at 0.1C and a reversible capacity of 508.4 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. Especially, its comparative voltage plateau of commercial graphite is incapable for other known anode materials for LIBs. In the potential window of 0.3–0.01 V (vs. Li+/Li), a maximum capacity of approximately 432.1 mA h g−1, 1.16 times the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mA h g−1), is obtained. The unique element stability, capacity, and voltage plateau indicate that the as-synthesized r-GC is a promising sheet-like anode material for LIBs. In addition, an embedded-defect and graphite-dominant graphite/graphene cooperative lithiation mechanism is proposed to elaborate the capacity and voltage plateau of r-GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) is investigated as an electrolyte additive to improve the electrochemical performance of LiNiMnCoO/graphite lithium-ion battery at higher voltage operation (3.0-4.5 V) than the conventional voltage (3.0-4.25 V). In the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V, it is shown that the performances of the cells with VEC-containing electrolyte are greatly improved than the cells without additive. With 2.0 wt.% VEC addition in the electrolyte, the capacity retention of the cell is increased from 62.5 to 74.5 % after 300 cycles. The effects of VEC on the cell performance are investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The results show that the films electrochemically formed on both anode and cathode, derived from the in situ decomposition of VEC at the initial charge-discharge cycles, are the main reasons for the improved cell performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero-dimensional photoluminescent (PL) graphene quantum dots (GQDs) that can be used as the cell-imaging reagent are prepared by a hydrothermal route using the graphene oxide (GO) as the carbon source. Under the optimized hydrothermal conditions, an initial hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.5 mg mL−1 at 180 °C for 120 min, the GO sheets can be cut into nanocrystals with lateral dimensions in the range of 1.5-5.5 nm and an average thickness of around 1.1 nm. The as-prepared GQDs exhibit an abundance of hydrophilic hydroxy and carboxyl groups and emit bright blue luminescence with up-conversion properties in a water solution at neutral pH. Most interestingly, they indicate excitation-independent emission characteristics, and the surface state is demonstrated to have a key role in the PL properties. The fluorescence quantum yield of the GQDs is tested to be around 6.99% using quinine sulfate as a standard. In addition, the as-prepared GQDs can enter into HeLa cells easily as a fluorescent imaging reagent without any further functionalization, indicating they are aqueous stability, biocompatibility, and promising for potential applications in biolabeling and solution state optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero-dimensional fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) that are used as a cell-imaging reagent are prepared by using a simple and effective route employing lithium-intercalated graphite from lithium-ion batteries as a carbon source. Under ultrasonic exfoliation, the interlayer space increases, while the layer distortion and remaining lithium of the lithium-intercalated graphite are utilized to disrupt the graphitic structure and produce the CD suspension. Subsequently, after concentration and purification, the obtained colloidal CD suspension has a fluorescent yield of up to 1.2% and is therefore comparable to the CDs prepared in previous reports. These CD products are water-soluble, nanosized (approximately 3.5 nm), and biocompatible and can easily enter into HeLa cells to act as a cell-imaging reagent without any further functionalization. In addition, these CDs do not impose toxicity against HeLa cells and have high photostability with low photobleaching and demonstrate potential applications for bio-labeling as well as solution state optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a method for electrochemical enantioselective recognition of tryptophan (Trp) enantiomers. It is based on competitive host-guest interaction between a deoxy-(2-aminoethylamino)-β-cyclodextrin (CD) bound to graphene nanosheets and the Cu(II) complexes of the Trp enantiomers via a ligand exchange mechanism. Chiral recognition was investigated via cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results reveal that the CD bound to graphene displays a stronger interaction with the Cu(II) complex of L-Trp than to that of D-Trp. The method was applied to the determination of the ratio of Trp enantiomers in mixtures. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metronidazole (MNZ) is an antibiotic pollutant with a high occurrence in the ambient medium. In this study, the anode material Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ce prepared in the lab was employed to investigate the feasibility of the electrochemical process to treat antibiotic in wastewater. The result showed that metronidazole could be effectively removed using Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ce. The degradation efficiency of 88% was obtained under the current density 1.6mAcm?2, pH = 5.6 (not adjusted), electrolyte (Na2SO4) concentration of 0.2Mfor electrolysis 2 h. The removal percentage was higher by 17% compared with the control when the bare Ti was applied. Meanwhile, the energy consumption on Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ce was about one-seventh of that on Ti. The characterization of the material was conducted by the thermal field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ce anode displayed compact, multi-porous morphology and good redox reversibility. The influencing factors such as current density, pH, concentration of Na2SO4, initial MNZ concentration were studied to obtain main factors and optimum conditions. In addition, a preliminary study on the mechanism of the electro-oxidation was carried out. The results demonstrate that chemisorbed oxygen has a dominant role in MNZ removal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We have developed a stable and sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a composite incorporating nickel(II) oxides and reduced graphene. The oxides were generated by directly electrodepositing nickel on the GCE with a graphene modifier using a multi-potential pulse process, and then oxidizing nickel to nickel(II) oxides by potential cycling. In comparison to the conventional nickel(II) oxides-modified GCE, this new nickel(II) oxides-graphene modified GCE (NiO-GR/GCE) has an about 1.5 times larger current response toward the nonenzymatic oxidation of glucose in alkaline media. The response to glucose is linear in the 20 μM to 4.5 mM concentration range. The limit of detection is 5 μM (at a S/N of 3), and the response time is very short (<3 s). Other beneficial features include selectivity, reproducibility and stability. A comparison was performed on the determination of glucose in commercial red wines by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and revealed the promising aspects of this sensor with respect to the determination of glucose in real samples. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]