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Objective: Many clinicians are unfamiliar with a diagnosis of lacertus syndrome (LS). We investigated the value of the lacertus notch sign in diagnosing LS. Methods: We included 56 consecutive patients (112 upper extremities) who had neuropathic pain and neurological symptoms of the hand. The presence of LS and the lacertus notch sign in each upper extremity was assessed. Results: Of the 83 upper extremities with LS, 54 (65.1%) had a lacertus notch sign, whereas 29 (34.9%) did not. Of the 29 upper extremities without LS, 9 (31.0%) and 20 (69.0%) had and did not have a lacertus notch sign, respectively. The rates of lacertus notch presence in upper extremities with and without LS were significantly different. Of the 63 upper extremities with a lacertus notch sign, 54 (85.7%) were diagnosed with LS, whereas 9 (14.3%) were not. Of the 49 upper extremities without a lacertus notch sign, 20 (40.8%) were diagnosed with LS, and 29 (59.2%) were not. We observed significant differences in the rates of LS in upper extremities with and without lacertus notch. Conclusions: The presence of the lacertus notch sign is useful for diagnosing LS. When patients with neuropathic pain and neurological symptoms present with a lacertus notch sign, clinicians should consider the possibility of LS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Wilson disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene. Neurological symptoms are one of the most common symptoms of WD. This study aims to construct a model that can predict the occurrence of neurological symptoms by combining clinical multidimensional indicators with machine learning methods. Methods: The study population consisted of WD patients who received treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2021 to September 2023 and had a Leipzig score ≤ 4 points. Indicators such as general clinical information, imaging, blood and urine tests, and clinical scale measurements were collected from patients, and machine learning methods were employed to construct a prediction model for neurological symptoms. Additionally, the SHAP method was utilized to analyze clinical information to determine which indicators are associated with neurological symptoms. Results: In this study, 185 patients with WD (of whom 163 had neurological symptoms) were analyzed. It was found that using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) to predict achieved good performance, with an MCC value of 0.556, ACC value of 0.929, AUROC value of 0.835, and AUPRC value of 0.975. Brainstem damage, blood creatinine (Cr), age, indirect bilirubin (IBIL), and ceruloplasmin (CP) were the top five important predictors. Meanwhile, the presence of brainstemdamage and the higher the values of Cr, Age, and IBIL, the more likely neurological symptoms were to occur, while the lower the CP value, the more likely neurological symptoms were to occur. Conclusions: To sum up, the prediction model constructed using machine learningmethods to predictWD cirrhosis has high accuracy. Themost important indicators in the prediction model were brainstem damage, Cr, age, IBIL, and CP. It provides assistance for clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New-onset neurological symptoms such as numbness and pain in lower extremities might appear immediately after conventional lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) surgery performed in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods and analysis: This is a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, active-controlled trial investigating the clinical outcomes of modified LIF sequence versus conventional LIF sequence in treating patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. A total of 254 eligible patients will be enrolled and randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either modified LIF sequence or conventional LIF sequence group. The primary outcome measure is the perioperative incidence of new-onset lower extremity neurological symptoms, including new adverse events of pain, numbness, and foot drop of any severity. Important secondary endpoints include visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score and lumbar Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) recovery rate. Other safety endpoints will also be evaluated. The safety set used for safety data analysis by the actual surgical treatment received and the full analysis set for baseline and efficacy data analyses according to the intent-to-treat principle will be established as the two analysis populations in the study. Conclusion: This study is designed to investigate the clinical outcomes of modified LIF sequences in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. It aims to provide clinical evidence that the modified "fixation-fusion" sequence of LIF surgery is effective in treating lumbar spinal stenosis. Trial registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx ID: ChiCTR2100048507. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thirty-two-day-old broiler chickens at a farm located in northwestern South Korea displayed adverse neurological symptoms including limping, lying down, and head shaking. Approximately 2.1% of chickens died or were culled due to severe symptoms. Five carcasses were submitted to the Avian Disease Division of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) for disease diagnosis. Results: Broilers displayed severe pericarditis and perihepatitis associated with gross lesions. Broilers also displayed microscopic lesions in the cerebrum and in the granular layer of the cerebellum, which were associated with multifocal perivascular cuffing and purulent necrosis in the cerebrum, and severe meningitis with heterophil and lymphocyte infiltration. Staphylococcus spp. were identified in the liver and heart using bacteriological culture. PCR/RT-PCR assays revealed that broilers were negative for avian Clostridium botulinum, Newcastle disease virus, and avian encephalomyelitis virus. Bacterial and viral metagenomic analysis of brain sample further revealed the presence of Pseudomonas spp. and Marek's disease virus, which are known etiological agents of chicken meningoencephalitis. Conclusions: This study reports a diagnostic analysis of gross and histopathological lesions from 32-day-old broilers displaying unique neurological symptoms that revealed the presence of the several neurological diseases including meningoencephalitis. The causative agents associated with meningoencephalitis of broilers that had not been identified by routine diagnostic methods could be diagnosed by metagenomics, which proves the usefulness of metagenomics as a diagnostic tool for unknown neurological diseases in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thirty-two-day-old broiler chickens at a farm located in northwestern South Korea displayed adverse neurological symptoms including limping, lying down, and head shaking. Approximately 2.1% of chickens died or were culled due to severe symptoms. Five carcasses were submitted to the Avian Disease Division of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) for disease diagnosis. Results: Broilers displayed severe pericarditis and perihepatitis associated with gross lesions. Broilers also displayed microscopic lesions in the cerebrum and in the granular layer of the cerebellum, which were associated with multifocal perivascular cuffing and purulent necrosis in the cerebrum, and severe meningitis with heterophil and lymphocyte infiltration. Staphylococcus spp. were identified in the liver and heart using bacteriological culture. PCR/RT-PCR assays revealed that broilers were negative for avian Clostridium botulinum, Newcastle disease virus, and avian encephalomyelitis virus. Bacterial and viral metagenomic analysis of brain sample further revealed the presence of Pseudomonas spp. and Marek's disease virus, which are known etiological agents of chicken meningoencephalitis. Conclusions: This study reports a diagnostic analysis of gross and histopathological lesions from 32-day-old broilers displaying unique neurological symptoms that revealed the presence of the several neurological diseases including meningoencephalitis. The causative agents associated with meningoencephalitis of broilers that had not been identified by routine diagnostic methods could be diagnosed by metagenomics, which proves the usefulness of metagenomics as a diagnostic tool for unknown neurological diseases in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the COVID‐19 pandemic began, various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants have been identified with different characteristics than the nonvariant strain. We retrospectively evaluated the demographic and clinical differences in the cohort of hospitalized COVID‐19 children (1 month–18 years old) between March 11, 2020, and September 31, 2022, by the time the variants identified in our country predominate. Bonferroni post hoc analysis was performed to compare the differences between the periods. Of the 283 children in this study, 142 (50.2%) were females. The median age was 36 (interquartile range [IQR]: 7–132) months. Sixty‐three (22.2%) patients were hospitalized in the nonvariant period, 24 (8.5%) in the Alpha period, 93 (32.9%) in the Delta period, and 103 (36.4%) in the Omicron period. Fever was the most common symptom in all groups, with no statistically significant differences (p = 0.25). In the Omicron period, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms decreased, and neurological symptoms increased significantly compared to other periods: [respiratory symptoms; nonvariant (65.1%) vs. Omicron (41.7%), (p = 0.024)], [gastrointestinal symptoms; Delta (41.9%) vs. Omicron (22.3%), (p = 0.018), [neurological symptoms; Delta (14.5%) vs. Omicron (31.1%), (p = 0.03]. Altered mental status and seizures were more common during the Omicron period compared to the pre‐Omicron (nonvariant, Alpha, and Delta) period (p = 0.017 and p = 0.005, respectively). Although the main symptoms in children with COVID‐19 were fever and respiratory symptoms, an increase in severe neurological manifestations was seen throughout the Omicron variant period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) [including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)] on neurological symptoms in patients withmultiple sclerosis (PwMS). Method: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Ovid MEDLINE until February 2022. And we evaluated the included studies for methodological quality by the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool and assessed the studies' certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. We performed network meta analysis (NMA) by using Stata 15 and ranked the results of the NMA by using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) ranking chart. Result: Twenty seven clinical trials were finally included (N = 596, 66.4% women). For the immediate effects, rTMS over M1 yielded the most optimal scheme for fatigue reduction among all the interventions compared to the sham stimulation groups [MD = -0.85, 95% CI (-1.57, -0.14)] (SUCRA = 82.6%). iTBS over M1 yielded the most signifcant reduced pain level than the sham groups did [MD = -1.26, 95% CI (-2.40, -0.11)] (SUCRA = 98.4%). tDCS over F3 was the best protocol of NIBS to improve quality of life (QOL) [MD = 1.41, 95% CI = (0.45,2.36)] (SUCRA = 76.7%), and iTBS over M1 may significantly reduce spasticity compared to sham stimulation [MD = -1.20, 95% CI = (-1.99, -0.41)] (SUCRA = 90.3%). Furthermore, rTMS, tRNS, and tDCS on certain areas may improve PwMS accuracy, response time, manual dexterity, pain relief andQOL, but does not showstatistically significant differences. The evidence assessed using GRADE is very low. Conclusion: Based on the NMA and SUCRA ranking, we can conclude that symptoms including fatigue, pain, spasticity, and QOL can be improved by following NIBS protocol after treatment. Nonetheless, most of the included studies lack a good methodology, and more high-quality randomized clinical trials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold, numerous neurological symptoms emerge. The literature reports more and more manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) related to headache, dizziness, impaired consciousness, cognitive impairment, and motor disorders. Moreover, the infection of SARS-CoV-2 may have a durable neurological impact. ACE2/TMPRSS2 is the main entry point into cells for some strains of coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2, which uses it to target the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to characterize the scope of the potential complex impact of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain. It concerns different scales: the topographic, cognitive, sensorimotor, and genetic one. We investigated which cognitive and sensorimotor functions are associated with the brain regions where ACE2/TMPRSS2 is overexpressed, hypothesising that they might be particularly affected by the infection. Furthermore, overexpressed genes in these regions are likely to be impacted by COVID-19. This general understanding is crucial to establish the potential neurological manifestations of the infection. Data on mRNA expression levels of genes were provided by the Allen Institute for Brain Science (AIBS), and the localisation of brain functions by the LinkRbrain platform. The latter was also used to analyze the spatial overlap between ACE2/TMPRSS2 overexpression, and either function-specific brain activations or regional overexpression of other genes. The characterisation of these overexpressed genes was based on the GeneCards platform and the gene GSE164332 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We analysed the cognitive and sensorimotor functions whose role might be impaired, of which 88 have been categorised into seven groups: memory and recollection, motor function, pain, lucidity, emotion, sensory, and reward. Furthermore, we categorised the genes showing a significant increase in concentration of their mRNAs in the same regions where ACE2/TMPRSS2 mRNA levels are the highest. Eleven groups emerged from a bibliographical research: neurodegenerative disease, immunity, inflammation, olfactory receptor, cancer/apoptosis, executive function, senses, ischemia, motor function, myelination, and dependence. The results of this exploration could be in relation to the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Furthermore, some genes from peripheral blood are already considered as biomarker of COVID-19. This method could generate new hypotheses to explore the neurological manifestations of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 is a newly emerging disease that causes a pandemic situation in the world. Coronavirus can enter into the body in several ways and it damages other organs of the body in addition to the respiratory system. This study aimed at verifying extra-pulmonary manifestation of COVID-19. Methods: The present study was conducted as cross-sectional in a single center from March 1 to May 1 2020 at Firoozgar educational Hospital in Tehran, Iran. 107 patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia according to WHO interim guidance were recruited in this study. Extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 were recorded. SPSS version 26 was used for all the analyses. Results: The mean (SD) and the median age were 59.3 (17.4) and 62.0 years, respectively and 58 (54.2%) were men. Body temperature of the patients who were equal or less than 60 years was significantly higher than other patients (39.02 vs. 38.08°C, p=0001). The most common extra-pulmonary manifestation was GI symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatocellular Liver Function Test (LFT) abnormality, cholestatic LFT abnormality, and amylase lipase incensement [37 patients (34.6%]. Ophthalmological, cardiac, neurological and dermatological manifestations were shown in 6.5, 6.5, 14.9 and 14.0% of the patients, respectively. Conclusion: Investigating the clinical and radiological symptoms of COVID-19 showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection may also be associated with extrapulmonary symptoms. Therefore, clinicians and radiologists should be familiar with such symptoms of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some respiratory viruses have long been known to cause neurological involvement. A novel coronavirus, leading to severe acute respiratory syndrome, also called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), seems to be a new member of neuroinvasive viruses. While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) keeps on spreading around the world rapidly, reports about the neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2, increases day by day. It is reported that a variety of symptoms and syndromes such as headache, dizziness, confusion, ataxia, epilepsy, ischemic stroke, neuropathic pain and myopathy are common especially in more severe COVID-19 patients. It is also suggested that the development of neurological complications is strongly associated with a poor outcome. On the other hand, hyposmia can be the unique symptom in COVID-19 carriers and this can serve as a marker for identifying the otherwise asymptomatically infected patients. It is thought that SARSCoV- 2 may cause neurological symptoms through direct or indirect mechanisms. Nevertheless, neuroinvasion capability of SARS-CoV2 is confirmed by the presence of the virus, in the cerebrospinal fluid of a COVID-19 patient with encephalitis, and this is proven by gene sequencing. In conclusion, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to be aware of the possible neurological complications of the disease. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to report neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Due to the high homology of SARS-CoV-2 with other human coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, reviewing the neurological involvement also associated with these coronaviruses will provide an idea about the longterm complications of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposes: Brain metastases (BM) are a frequent complication in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), resulting in a reduced survival prognosis. Precise prognostic assessment is an important foundation for treatment decisions and clinical trial planning. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed SCLC BM were identified from the Vienna Brain Metastasis Registry and evaluated concerning prognostic factors. Results: 489 patients (male 62.2%, female 37.8%; median age 61 years) were included. Neurological symptoms were present in 297/489 (60.7%) patients. A- to oligosymptomatic patients (5 vs. 9 months, p = 0.030) as well as patients with synchronous diagnosis of BM and primary tumor (5 vs. 9 months, p = 0.008) presented with improved overall survival (OS) prognosis. RPA (HR 1.66; 95% CI 1.44–1.91; p < 0.001), GPA (HR 1.65; p < 0.001), DS-GPA (HR 1.60; p < 0.001) and LabBM score (HR 1.69; p < 0.001) were statistically significantly associated with OS. In multivariate analysis, DS-GPA (HR 1.59; p < 0.001), neurological deficits (HR 1.26; p = 0.021) and LabBM score (HR 1.57; p < 0.001) presented with statistical independent association with OS. Conclusion: A- to oligosymptomatic BM as well as synchronous diagnosis of SCLC and BM were associated with improved OS. Established prognostic scores could be validated in this large SCLC BM real-life cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Medical Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Solitary venous malformation (VM) of the skin, previously known as cavernous hemangioma, is frequently observed in the dermatological field, but multiple acquired VM are rare. We present a case of multiple VM of the skin associated with multiple cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) in a 70-year-old Japanese woman. In addition, we summarize seven reported similar cases, including the present case. That some reports have described concomitant VM of the skin and CCM, together with the present case, suggests a tight relationship or a common pathogenetic pathway between these two diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency is a pituitary disorder characterized by reduction only in the secretion of ACTH. Although the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated, numbers of cases with this entity have been increasing. We experienced a case presenting with gait disturbance necessitating differential diagnosis from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Case presentation: A 69-year-old female with a complaint of difficulty walking and suspected to have iNPH at a prior hospital was referred to our department. For the prior three years, she had suffered from a progressive gait disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed global ventricular dilatation. The typical features of the gait in iNPH cases were all identifiable. Neuropsychological dementia scale tests showed deterioration. However, the major feature of a disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid-space on MRI was not obvious. The patient developed progressively worsening fatigue during hospitalization. Her symptoms resembled those of hypothalamic-pituitary tumor patients. Serum ACTH and cortisol levels were low. While corticotrophin releasing hormone stress tests showed no response, other stress tests using thyrotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, and growth hormone releasing hormone yielded normal responses, indicating a diagnosis of isolated ACTH deficiency. We initiated corticosteroid therapy, and her gait disturbance improved promptly. Conclusion: Isolated ACTH deficiency may have major significance to the differential diagnosis of iNPH. Early consideration of this entity is anticipated to facilitate making an early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency is a pituitary disorder characterized by reduction only in the secretion of ACTH. Although the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated, numbers of cases with this entity have been increasing. We experienced a case presenting with gait disturbance necessitating differential diagnosis from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Case presentation: A 69-year-old female with a complaint of difficulty walking and suspected to have iNPH at a prior hospital was referred to our department. For the prior three years, she had suffered from a progressive gait disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed global ventricular dilatation. The typical features of the gait in iNPH cases were all identifiable. Neuropsychological dementia scale tests showed deterioration. However, the major feature of a disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid-space on MRI was not obvious. The patient developed progressively worsening fatigue during hospitalization. Her symptoms resembled those of hypothalamic-pituitary tumor patients. Serum ACTH and cortisol levels were low. While corticotrophin releasing hormone stress tests showed no response, other stress tests using thyrotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, and growth hormone releasing hormone yielded normal responses, indicating a diagnosis of isolated ACTH deficiency. We initiated corticosteroid therapy, and her gait disturbance improved promptly. Conclusion: Isolated ACTH deficiency may have major significance to the differential diagnosis of iNPH. Early consideration of this entity is anticipated to facilitate making an early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurological symptoms influence health and well-being among older adults. However, Chinese older adults are underrepresented in most studies on neurological symptoms. This study aims to examine the prevalence of neurological symptoms among U.S. Chinese older adults. Methods: Data were drawn from the PINE study, a population-based survey of U.S Chinese older adults in the greater Chicago area. Guided by a community-based participatory research approach, a total of 3,159 Chinese older adults aged 60 and above were surveyed. Clinical review of system (ROS) was used to assess the presence of dizziness, syncope/fainting, fall, seizures, weakness, numbness, tingling, tremor, and stiffness. Results: Neurological symptoms were commonly experienced by U.S Chinese older adults (50.6%). Symptoms as dizziness (31.0%), numbness (19.0%), and falls (14.8%) were commonly reported. Participants were more likely to report any neurological symptom if they were older, female, with lower education, lower income, poorer self-perceived health status, poorer quality of life, and worsened health change over last year. Conclusions: Neurological symptoms are common among Chinese older adults in the U.S. Future longitudinal research is needed to examine risk factors and health outcomes associated with neurological symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing experience, it has been suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 virus has a neurotropic effect. Here, we present a case of a tonic pupil who developed after COVID-19 infection. A 36-year-old woman presented with progressive photophobia and blurred vision. On neurological examination, loss of deep tendon reflexes accompanying a tonic pupil was detected and brain MR imaging was normal. With this case, we aimed to describe a rare pattern of neurological involvement caused by the possible SARS-CoV-2 virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurobiological basis of psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) has been elusive, and they remain difficult to treat. In the last few years, functional neuroimaging studies have provided insight into their pathophysiology and neural correlates. Here, we review the various methodological approaches that have been used in both clinical and research practice to address neural correlates of functional disorders. We then review the dominant hypotheses generated from the literature on psychogenic paralysis. Overall, these studies emphasize abnormalities in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Recently, functional neuroimaging has been used to specifically examine PMDs. These studies have addressed a major point of controversy: whether higher frontal brain areas are directly responsible for inhibiting motor areas or whether they reflect modulation by attentional and/or emotional processes. In addition to elucidating the mechanism and cause, recent work has also explored the lack of agency that characterizes PMDs. We describe the results and implications of the results of these imaging studies and discuss possible interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi is the property of Turkish Society of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi is the property of Turkish Society of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hiccups as the only presenting symptom in neurosurgical practice is uncommon. We report a case of a 22-year-old man who was evaluated for a 9-month history of intractable hiccups. He was diagnosed with a case of Chiari malformation type I. Surgical decompression improved the symptoms of the patient. The cause and pathogenesis of hiccups are discussed. Chiari malformation should be considered in patients with intractable hiccups, who are otherwise asymptomatic for any neurological problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]