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Much debate has taken place recently on the way in which far and extreme right actors are portrayed by mainstream media. Building on an international corpus of 30 documentaries, we combine discourse theory, corpus linguistics, and multimodal critical discourse analysis to examine how far and extreme right actors are portrayed in documentaries, a format of growing discursive importance which has been under-researched thus far. Our analysis contributes in particular to the fledgling literature on the role played by the media in the mainstreaming of racism and the far right. Crucially, it illuminates how processes of euphemisation, exceptionalisation and humanisation can lead to the legitimisation of politics otherwise opposed by the filmmakers. Beyond mapping such processes and building on more positive approaches in the field, we formulate recommendations for best practices when engaging with the far and extreme right in documentaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existing evidence underscores inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing and use in the community setting. Increased and inappropriate antimicrobial use are major factors contributing to the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes are critical for mitigating AMR, enhancing patient outcomes, and reducing healthcare costs. Despite the existing Australian National Action Plan on AMR, optimisation of antimicrobial use in the community setting remains inadequately investigated. This study explored health professionals' perspectives on community AMS practices and systems, identifying challenges and areas for improvement. Methods: This qualitative study utilised semi-structured interviews to explore the perspectives of 17 different health professionals from diverse community practice settings in South-East Queensland, Australia. Interviews were audio-recorded, anonymised, and transcribed verbatim. Data were thematically analysed, with NVivo 12 utilised for organisation and analysis. Data were then mapped and examined using the Elements of Medicines Stewardship (EMS), which aligns with United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention– Core Elements of Antibiotic Stewardship. This was reported following the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist. Results: Four main themes described the health professionals' insights on community AMS practices and systems. Thematic analysis from these findings reveals a state of ambiguity and fragmentation in the community AMS practices and systems. In comparison to the hospital-based AMS system, the Australian community AMS system appears to be in its nascent stages of development. Applying the EMS is essential for developing and implementing community AMS strategies to enhance practices and systems. Conclusion: The study identified key health system factors that impact the implementation of community AMS programmes and highlighted the need for developing community-specific governance and frameworks that integrate multidisciplinary strategies to support effective implementation and enhance patient outcomes. This research will inform community AMS intervention strategies, influencing policy and practice to advance sustainable healthcare and address antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with Nigeria having one of the highest stroke mortality rates in Africa. The burden of stroke is particularly high in middle-aged individuals, who are often the primary breadwinners and caregivers in their families. Despite the high burden of stroke in this community, there is a paucity of studies on the knowledge and perception of stroke management practices among middle-aged residents of Otolo community. Aim: This study investigated the knowledge and perception of middle-aged residents of Otolo community in Nnewi North Local Government Area to stroke management practices; and to identify certain sociodemographic factors that may influence the knowledge and perception of this residents. Method: A total of 191 middle-aged residents of Otolo community in Nnewi North Local Government Area, participated in this cross-sectional study. A self-reported questionnaire was distributed to the participants in the meeting venues, churches and market places with the help of research assistants after filling the consent forms. The data collection lasted for four weeks and it took the average of 12 min to complete each questionnaire. Analysis of the collected data was done using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Result: The findings of this study revealed that the study participants had a better knowledge of medical stroke management 36 (19%) than traditional stroke care 19(10%). Majority of the participants had a positive perception of medical stroke care129 (68%) than traditional management practices110 (58%). Age, educational status and occupational status were found to have statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the participants' knowledge, while the educational attainment and occupational status were the major demographic variables found to be associated (p > 0.05) with the respondents' perception of stroke management practice. Conclusion: The middle-aged residents of Otolo community had a fair knowledge of medical management of stroke and a poor knowledge of traditional stroke care. Majority of the study respondents had a more positive perception of medical management of stroke as compared to traditional management. Some of the sociodemographic factors found to impact knowledge and perception of this management practices includes age, educational attainment and occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the canonical and theological underpinnings of governance policies in Nigerian Catholic institutions, focusing on the interplay of faith, doctrine, and administrative principles. Using a hermeneutical methodology, the research interprets key canonical texts, including Canons 810, 750, and 752, to elucidate governance frameworks for faculty recruitment, evaluation, and dismissal. The analysis integrates civil legal provisions, such as Nigeria's constitutional labor statutes, to address the intersection of ecclesiastical mandates with statutory obligations. Canon 810 is highlighted as a pivotal directive that underscores faculty qualifications in terms of scientific and pedagogical competence, doctrinal integrity, and moral probity, while ensuring procedural fairness. This canon also delineates the supervisory roles of ecclesiastical authorities in safeguarding institutional identity. the study articulates a dual framework that respects institutional autonomy and ecclesiastical oversight by aligning canonical principles with civil governance requirements. The research further explores the balance between academic freedom and Catholic identity, emphasizing the necessity of doctrinal fidelity within a context of intellectual inquiry. Challenges such as ambiguous interpretations of "doctrinal integrity" and "probity of life" are addressed through recommendations for clear institutional policies, transparent governance processes, and faculty training programs. Through promotion of alignment with canonical, theological, and civil expectations, the study provides a comprehensive governance model that supports the mission of Catholic universities as centers of academic and spiritual excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article from the Journal of Neurological Surgery explores the evaluation of patients with Platybasia and Chiari Malformation, focusing on the need for upfront suboccipital craniectomy during initial anterior decompression. The study found that patients with both conditions were significantly younger and more likely to have a retroflexed dens and O-C1 assimilation. While patients who underwent suboccipital craniectomy had better outcomes, further research is needed to determine the necessity of primary posterior decompression in these cases. [Extracted from the article]

Blast trauma presents a unique challenge due to its complex mechanism of injury, which impacts the brain and other vital organs through overpressure waves and internal bleeding. Severe blood loss leads to an inadequate oxygen supply and insufficient fuel delivery to cells, impairing ATP production by mitochondria—essential for cell survival. While clinical symptoms of metabolic disruption are evident soon after injury, the molecular, cellular, and systemic damage persists for days to years post-injury. Current challenges in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) stem from (1) the lack of early blood-based biomarkers for detecting metabolic failure and mitochondrial damage and (2) the limited success of mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies. Objectives: To identify blood-based mitochondrial biomarkers for evaluating the severity of brain injuries and to investigate therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria. Methods: A preclinical rat model subjected to blast exposure, with or without hemorrhagic shock (HS), followed by resuscitation was utilized. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (T0), post-injury (T60), and at the conclusion of the experiment (T180), and analyzed using a validated dipstick assay to measure mitochondrial enzyme activity. Results: Blast and HS injuries led to a significant decrease in the activity of mitochondrial enzymes, including complex I, complex IV, and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Concurrently, blood lactate concentrations were significantly elevated (p < 0.001). An inverse correlation was observed between mitochondrial enzyme dysfunction and blood lactate levels (p < 0.05). Treatment with sodium pyruvate post-injury restored complex I, complex IV, and PDH activity to near-baseline levels, corrected hyperlactatemia, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria. Conclusions: Serial monitoring of blood mitochondrial enzyme activity, such as complex I, complex IV, and PDH, may serve as a valuable tool for prognostication and guiding the use of mitochondrial-targeted therapies. Additionally, mitochondrial enzyme assays in blood samples can provide insights into the global redox status, potentially paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions in TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are presently involved in the creation of materials for high-voltage lithium-ion batteries, with a particular emphasis on their practical uses. However, it is important to acknowledge that the components of lithium-ion batteries frequently undergo substantial loss of capacity during the cycling process, which hinders their potential for becoming commercially viable. Lithium-ion battery electrodes can degrade due to electrochemical surface reactions that occur with the electrolyte at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte, as well as from structural degradation within the electrode particles. The presence of structural degradation can be ascribed to the development of imperfections or unstable states, which are expedited by electrochemical processes arising from the electrolyte if unstable states emerge near the electrode/electrolyte contact. Underlying degradation mechanisms can enhance improvements in the electrochemical properties of the electrodes. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the various degradation mechanisms that impact the components of lithium-ion batteries to improve energy efficiency. It also discusses innovative methodologies used to analyze the degradation phenomena that occur at the surface of the electrode and within individual battery components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious and cultural practices are common instruments of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) system of conservation and management of natural resources in many African societies. The influence of Igbo religious practices on conservation of biodiversity in Southeastern Nigeria has been studied. This research was carried out to investigate the various religious and cultural practices of the Igbo communities of Southeastern Nigeria that are useful in the conservation of biodiversity. A qualitative approach for data collection was adopted. Methodology of the study involves the use of In-dept interview (IDI), Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and site visitation. Findings show that Igbo religious practices are concerned with various plant species that are of great use in traditional religious practices such as nature worship, medicine and ritual purposes. The result from the IDI and FGD identified numerous plant species used in religious and cultural practices in Igbo religion such as Ogirisi tree (Newboudia laevis), Ogbu tree (Ficus spp.), Akpu tree (Bombax baenopozense), Ofo tree (Detarium senegalense), Aku inu tree (Garcinia cola), Oseoru (Aframomum melegueta), Omunkwu (Elaeis guinensis) leaf and Cola nut (Cola nitida) which are of particular significance in traditional religious practices. Result also indicate that these plant species are revered which help in their conservation in the study area. It was also found that the Igbo people respect traditional biodiversity conservation regulatory measures more than the government laws and policies because they were driven by local traditional institutions. This finding informed the suggestions that government should partner with the Igbo traditional institutions in establishment of forest reserves, wildlife sanctuary and co-management of biodiversity conservation in order to meet the objectives of biodiversity conservation in Igboland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery industry is an emerging green path; nonetheless, ascertaining the variety of emergence, i.e. whether the industry is a new creation or an imported path, requires more insight. This paper relies on Grillitsch and Asheim's typologies of green paths, particularly leveraging the features of path emergence, e.g. non-local firms, un-relatedness, newness, and resources, as a guide for explaining where the industry belongs. By adopting the Nordic battery industry as the empirical context, the paper suggests that the industry combines the features of both varieties based on unique regional conditions. Hence, the path import-creation concept is proposed to describe emerging green industries that exhibit both features. Actors at multilevel can leverage the study to enhance their understanding of the variety of green paths being pursued in the region. Also, the study advances the literature on regional industrial restructuring via new insight for situating the industry within the existing path typologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth living with HIV (YLWH) have high rates of virologic failure due to medication non-adherence. PEERNaija is a novel, gamified mobile health (mHealth) application designed with user-centered principles to improve medication adherence by integrating medication reminders with social and financial incentives, virtual peer social support and early clinic outreach for non-adherent YLWH in Nigeria. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to identify reactions to key prototype features (user interface, medication reminders, incentives, and peer support), facilitators and barriers to app use, and how well the app would meet adherence needs. FGDs were analyzed using thematic analysis. Fifty-one Nigerian YLWH 15–27 years (29 females, 22 males), 14 parents of YLWH (11 mothers, 3 fathers), and 5 adolescent public health experts participated in FGDs. All groups expressed enthusiasm about PEERNaija and thought it would improve medication adherence. YLWH expressed excitement about gamified and incentive components. All participants highlighted the importance of maintaining privacy. The app was refined in response to feedback, prioritizing desired features of YLWH and addressing barriers across groups. Findings suggest that PEERNaija will be acceptable (to YLWH, parents of YLWH, and adolescent public health experts) and highlight the importance of user-centered design principles to adapt and refine mHealth interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains a significant challenge because of its multifactorial nature and complex metabolic pathways. There is growing interest in finding new therapeutic targets that could lead to safer and more effective treatment options. Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a promising antidiabetic target that plays a key role in metabolic regulation, especially in glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. TGR5 agonists are attractive candidates for T2D therapy because of their ability to improve glycemic control. This study used machine learning-based models (ML), molecular docking (MD), and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) to explore novel small molecules as potential TGR5 agonists. Methods: Bioactivity data for known TGR5 agonists were obtained from the ChEMBL database. The dataset was cleaned and molecular descriptors based on Lipinski's rule of five were selected as input features for the ML model, which was built using the Random Forest algorithm. The optimized ML model was used to screen the COCONUT database and predict potential TGR5 agonists based on their molecular features. 6,656 compounds predicted from the COCONUT database were docked within the active site of TGR5 to calculate their binding energies. The four top-scoring compounds with the lowest binding energies were selected and their activities were compared to those of the co-crystallized ligand. A 100 ns MDS was used to assess the binding stability of the compounds to TGR5. Results: Molecular docking results showed that the lead compounds had a stronger affinity for TGR5 than the cocrystallized ligand. MDS revealed that the lead compounds were stable within the TGR5 binding pocket. Discussion: The combination of ML, MD, and MDS provides a powerful approach for predicting new TGR5 agonists that can be optimised for T2D treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of methanol as a chemical precursor and fuel additive has increased recently on a global scale. Hence, this study combined bibliometric and traditional review methods to assess the recent trends and evolution of methanol production, as well as its use. According to the study, producing methanol on a large scale from renewable sources is still hampered by the immature technologies used in its production. For instance, methanol production via the process of biochemical conversion still remains at the laboratory level even though it has proven to be a promising production option. Cu-based catalysts, especially Cu-Zn-based catalysts, were found to be the most frequently used catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol due to their superior activity. The bibliometric study shows an annual growth rate of 3.63% in research within the last decade, with 867 authors involved. China leads globally in methanol production and consumption research. The highest collaboration occurred between China and the United States of America with a frequency of six. The study proposed future research directions, including the evaluation of the environmental impact of CO2 conversion to methanol, focusing on the entire life cycle, comparing approaches, and streamlining procedures. It is also recommended to conduct research on flow chemistry and novel reactor designs that enhance mass and heat transfer in catalytic reactors. Highlights: • The review focuses on renewable methods for methanol production. • Biomass and CO2 conversion to methanol were discussed. • The challenges associated with each of the methods were presented. • Cu-based catalysts were found to be the highest used for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. • The way forward for the development of the methanol industry was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing demand for clean energy power generation is a direct result of the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the volatility of fossil commodity prices, and the environmental damage caused by burning fossil fuels. Fuel cell vehicles, portable power supplies, stationary power stations, and submarines are just some of the applications where proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a prominent technology for power generation. PEM fuel cells have several advantages over conventional power sources, including a higher power density, lower emissions, a lower operating temperature, higher efficiency, noiseless operation, ease of design, and operation. The catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly is discussed in this paper as a vital part of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Along with that, the platinum (Pt)-based catalyst, carbon support, and nafion ionomer found in the catalyst layer often degrade. Catalyst growth, agglomeration, Pt loss, migration, active site contamination, and other microscopic processes are all considered in the degradation process. Employing experimental and numerical research with a focus on enhancing the material properties was suggested as a possible solution to understanding the problem of catalyst layer degradation. Ultimately, this review aims to prevent catalyst layer degradation and lower the high costs associated with replacing catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells through the recommendations provided in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The "July effect" refers to the phenomenon of a higher complication incidence and lower survival rate for patients treated at academic institutions during the beginning of the academic medical calendar. To date, no multi-center study has examined the presence of a "July effect" in a large cohort of trauma patients. We sought to determine if there is a by-month effect on survival and length of stay (LOS) for trauma patients in large academic centers. Methods: We performed a multicenter, retrospective cohort study between 2010 and 2020 from five high-volume academic trauma centers in the United States. We included all adult motor vehicle collision (MVC) traumas evaluated at all centers in the study population (age >16 years, mechanism of injury classified as "motor vehicle collision"). Data included date and time of injury, injury severity score (ISS), LOS, and mortality. Each injury was classified as minor (ISS 1–8), moderate (9–15), severe (16–24), and very severe (>25). The mortality and LOS for each range over the entire epoch was calculated by month for each ISS classification. Results: We analyzed 39,668 MVC traumas (mean age 41.83, range 39.9–43.3 among sites, 58.9% male and range 56.1–60.4%, 67.4% white range 42.3–84.7%). Survival for the "very severe" traumas ranged from 86.7–90.3%. Across the five sites, there was no significant change in survival (either increased or decreased mortality) or LOS for MVC patients in July or August for any injury classification level. Both age and ISS had a significant effect on survival (OR 0.02 for ISS >25, 0.22 for patients >65 years-old, both p < 0.05). Conclusions: In five high-volume centers, there was no significant effect of the July transition on survival or LOS of MVC trauma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the field of surgery continues to evolve, subspecialty training is fast becoming integral to surgical education. Presently, orthopaedic surgery residents have opportunities to subspecialise in different areas. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the choice of desired subspecialties amongst orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted amongst senior orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire designed using the free software Google Forms was electronically distributed to senior orthopaedic residents in Nigeria through online forums (WhatsApp, email, and Telegram). Data obtained were analysed using IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 26. The odds ratio and the associated 95% confidence interval were used to assess outcomes, and a P value <0.05 defined that the difference was statistically significant. Results: At the end of the study period, 53 orthopaedic surgery senior residents completed and submitted the questionnaire with a response rate of 73.6%; 50.9% were married with children and 49.1% were single. The most agreed key factor influencing the choice of orthopaedic surgery subspecialisation from the study was lifestyle considerations (79.2%). Other major factors considered to be also very important were the needs of the region (73.6%), active mentorship (71.7%), ergonomics (64.6%), rotation experiences (47.2%), cost of acquiring the training (41.5%), and salary and financial privileges (37.7%). Overall, 24.5% of respondents chose spine surgery as their desired subspecialty, 18.9% arthroplasty, 17% arthroscopy, 17% paediatrics, 13.2% reconstructive orthopaedics, 5.7% musculoskeletal oncology, and 4.7% hand and foot surgery. Our study revealed a significant statistical relationship between having children and choice of a subspecialty (Fischer's = 0.032; χ2 = 0.033), as the married female residents tend to have more family considerations in their final choice of subspecialisation. Conclusion: The choice of orthopaedic surgery subspecialisation amongst orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria is affected by different factors, such as mentorship, needs of region, desire to work in academic settings, and ergonomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of organic pollutants from environmental samples using green solvents has received a lot of interest recently. Simply said, this is due to their extremely low toxicity and volatility when compared to the common organic solvents. Therefore, many extraction exercises now include ionic solvents, as well as the more current deep eutectic solvents (DES). Hence, the current study reports on 1) the synthesis and characterisation of choline chloride/oxalic acid (1:1) and choline chloride/urea (1:2) deep eutectic solvents and 2) their application in liquid-liquid and solid-liquid assisted extraction of 14 targeted OPFRs from landfill leachate and sediment samples. The densities, refractive indices and melting points of the DES measured were 1.11 ± 0.15 g/mL, 1.14 ± 0.10 g/mL; 1.50 ± 0.12, 1.45 ± 0.20; and 12 ± 0.05°C, 35 ± 0.06–55 ± 0.05°C for choline chloride/urea (1:2) and choline chloride/oxalic acid (1:1) respectively. Choline chloride/urea (1:2) and choline chloride/oxalic acid (1:1) viscosities were 87.0 ± 0.20 kg·m −1·s −1 and 13.5 ± 0.14 kg·m −1·s −1 respectively. 1H NMR and FTIR confirmed the structures of the two DES. Recoveries using internal standards dTPP, dTBP, dTPrP and 13C18MTPP ranged from 59.9 ± 7.41–103 ± 5.32%; whereas the percent recoveries using CRM ranged from 85.7–117%. In the leachate (510–1433 ng/L) and sediment (725–1224 ng/g dw) samples from each landfill, 14 and 13 targeted OPFRs, respectively, were detected. The high recoveries and extraction of OPFRs demonstrated by the two DES imply that these could replace conventional organic solvents used to extract OPFRs from environmental media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) or failure (PJF) may demonstrate disparate outcomes and recovery when fused to the upper (UT) versus lower (LT) thoracic spine. Few studies have distinguished the reoperation and recovery abilities of patients with PJK or PJF when fused to the upper (UT) versus lower (LT) thoracic spine. Methods: Adult spine deformity patients ≥ 18 yrs with preoperative and 5-year (5Y) data fused to the sacrum/pelvis were included. The rates of PJK, PJK revision, and radiographic PJF were compared between patients with upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) in the upper thoracic spine (UT; T1-T7) and lower thoracic spine (LT; T8-L1). Mean differences were assessed via analyses of covariance, factoring in any differences between cohorts at baseline and any use of PJF prophylaxis. Backstep logistic regressions assessed predictors of achieving Smith et al.'s Best Clinical Outcomes (BCOs) and complications, controlling for similar covariates. Results: A total of 232 ASD patients were included (64.2 ± 10.2 years, 78% female); 36.3% were UT and 63.7% were LT. Postoperatively, the rates of PJK for UT were lower than LT at 1Y (34.6 vs. 50.4%, p = 0.024), 2Y (29.5 vs. 49.6% (p = 0.003), and 5Y (48.7 vs. 62.8%, p = 0.048), with comparable rates of PJF. In total, 4.0% of UT patients underwent subsequent reoperation, compared to 13.0% of LT patients (p = 0.025). A total of 6.0% of patients had recurrent PJK, and 3.9% had recurrent PJF (both p > 0.05). After reoperation, UT patients reported higher rates of improvement in the minimum clinically important difference for ODI by 2Y (p = 0.007) and last follow-up (p < 0.001). While adjusted regression revealed that, for UT patients, the minimization of construct extension was predictive of achieving BCOs by last follow-up (model p < 0.001), no such relationship was identified in LT patients. Conclusions: Patients initially fused to the lower thoracic spine demonstrate an increased incidence of PJK and lower rates of disability improvement, but are at a lessened risk of neurologic complications if reoperation is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Decentralized COVID-19 testing with antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) is recommended by the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control for community-level services. These services have been provided in Primary Healthcare Centers, Community Pharmacies, and licensed "Patent Medicine Stores" that serve the least affluent communities. To support quality assurance, we applied an adapted version of SPI-RT (Stepwise Process for Improving the Quality of HIV Rapid and Recency Testing) to sites providing COVID-19-RDTs in Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Methods: Between September 2022 and February 2023 community healthcare facilities (48 Community Pharmacies, 21 Patent Medicine Stores, 79 Primary Health Centers) were evaluated using Stepwise Process for Improving the Quality of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Testing (SPI-RT) Checklist, tailored to the local implementation context. Evaluated domains included service quality, documents and records, personnel training and certification, safety, physical infrastructure, pre-testing phase, testing phase, and post-testing phase. Each facility received an overall score, expressed as a percentage indicating their performance level. Results: 41/79 (52%) of Primary Health Centers scored at least 90% for service quality, as did 19/48 (40%) of pharmacies, with only 1/21 (4.8%) Patent Medicine Store. Apart from personnel training and certification, Primary Health Centers scored highest across most domains of service quality, followed by Community Pharmacies. The lowest median score in any domain was in the Patent Medicine Stores on testing and safety at 60% for both post-testing phase and safety. Conclusion: Primary Healthcare Centers and Community Pharmacies can provide quality decentralized testing for COVID-19. Patent Medicine Stores may need additional support including monitoring and quality improvement initiatives to ensure the provision of high-quality decentralized COVID-19 rapid testing services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the anti-alcohol consumption campaigns spearheaded by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) during the episcopacy of Herbert Tugwell (1894-1919) in colonial Nigeria. Under Tugwell's leadership, the CMS sought to address the rising social and moral challenges posed by the widespread consumption of European spirits, which were introduced through colonial trade. Grounded in Christian moral teachings, the campaigns emphasized temperance as a cornerstone of spiritual and communal discipline while advocating for legislation to restrict the import and trade of alcohol. The CMS's efforts were driven by the belief that alcohol consumption undermined both Christian values and societal order, causing health concerns and contributing to social instability. However, these campaigns faced significant challenges, including resistance from colonial authorities who profited from the liquor trade, cultural tensions with African traditions surrounding alcohol use, and mixed responses from African communities. This study examines the interplay between missionary ideology, colonial economics, and African agency, shedding light on the limitations and legacies of the CMS's anti-alcohol efforts as part of a broader moral reform agenda during the period. Both primary and secondary sources have been utilized in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congo Red Dye (CRD) is a hazardous dye of environmental concern due to its complex molecular structure and artificial origin, which make it non-biodegradable. The research focused on using the physico-chemical method to remove CRD from aqueous solution by utilizing the adsorptive qualities of raw Ihiala clay (RIC). The batch system was applied to evaluate the effect of processindependent variables on the adsorption process. The adsorption equilibrium was investigated using Langmuir, Freundlich and Jovanovic models. The adsorption kinetics was investigated using the pseudo-first order (PSO), the pseudo-second order (PRO) and intra-particle diffusion (IPD) models. The thermodynamic properties ΔS, ΔH, ΔG, and Ea were determined. The optimum removal efficiency of CRD was predicted using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model. The activation resulted in an increase in surface area. Maximum color removal of 68.8% was observed at pH 2, an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g, an adsorbent particle size of 75 µm, an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/l, a contact time of 120 min, and a temperature of 323 k. A maximum adsorption capacity of 27.5 mg/g was obtained experimentally. The equilibrium adsorption data was best described by Langmuir model. The kinetic adsorption data was best fitted to PSO while the IPD is not slowest of the rate processes that determines the overall order. Thermodynamic results suggested an endothermic, favorable, spontaneous, and physical adsorption process. RSM show high statistical significance in modeling the adsorption process. The obtained results confirm RIC as a reliable, cost-effective adsorbent for CRD removal from effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline roasting of a low-grade alluvial silica-based columbite bearing mineral from the Rayfield–Jos deposits (located in South Jos, Plateau state, Federal Republic of Nigeria) was conducted with specific emphasis on the evaluation of thermodynamic reactions as well as the mineral phase evolution during the extraction of Nb and Ta. An isothermal roasting procedure was investigated in order to understand the effects of different soda ash to sample mass ratios as well as the roasting temperatures on the measure or rate of the recoveries of Nb and Ta complexes. Thus, the feasibility rate of a successful alluvial columbite mineral roasting was determined to be influenced by certain optimal process conditions or optimum values of the study parameters, such as alkali to sample mass ratio and, more essentially, the roasting temperature. Therefore, the thermodynamic feasibility of the alkali-carbothermic roasting procedure was also investigated and the resulting chemical reactions were evaluated using the HSC chemistry 9.0 software. Premised on this, the results obtained as well as the thermodynamic data realized from the study demonstrated the feasibility of successful dissolutions of Nb and Ta into a pregnant leached-liquor stream (PLS), without the use of the conventional harmful, hazardous, toxic, and environmentally unfriendly hydrofluoric (HF) acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nigeria is a motley of about 250 ethnic nationalities spread across 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. This omnibus political union rests on a twin tripod provided by the three major religions namely African Traditional Religion, Islam and Christianity as well as three major ethnic groups: Igbo; Hausa; and Yoruba, though these are not coterminous with the three religions. This study explores the intricate tapestries among religion, ethnicity and politics and its implication for nationhood in Nigeria. The study argues that this interface has created two laws and two nations in Nigeria between whom there is hardly any intercourse. It found entrenched, systematic segregation along ethno‐religious fault lines, and concludes that it is this deliberate exclusion of peoples from the plums of office that has engendered the recurring ethno‐religious upheavals and separatist agitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shepherd's model is considered as an improved and simple to-apply battery dynamic model. The experimental nominal parameters of five different capacities of Lithium-ion Polymer battery samples are established from the manufacturer's datasheets. The discharge and charge dynamics of the battery sample with the highest capacity, 3100 mAh are examined and validated. The clarity to derive the dynamic model parameters from the battery datasheet is a fascinating attribute of this model. The experimental database is utilized to study its dynamic feature and subsequently the dynamic battery model, which describes the relationship between the state of charge, the open circuit voltage and ambient temperature. The model is implemented and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink tools. The current charge-discharge equations describe the optimized electrochemical activities with sustainable long cycle duration. The temperature model brings under control the aging effect, which plays down on the energy capacity of the battery. A steady load of 5 A is linked to the battery and used in a detail simulation of a direct current machine in determination of load effect. The compatibility of these equations and simulations implies that Shepherd's model is promising to provide guidelines for the analysis of discharge and charge in rechargeable polymer based lithium-ion batteries. The results show that the model can precisely illustrate the dynamic behavior of the batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Klotho, encoded by the KLOTHO gene, is an anti-aging and neuroprotective protein. KLOTHO KL-VS heterozygosity (KL-VSHET) is hypothesized to be protective against the accumulation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks (amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau). Objective: We examine whether being positive for Aβ (A+) or tau (T+), or A/T joint status [positive for Aβ (A + T-), tau (A-T+), both (A + T+) or neither (A-T-)] vary by KL-VS and whether serum klotho protein levels vary based on A+, T+, or A/T status in a cohort enriched for AD risk. Methods: The sample consisted of 704 cognitively unimpaired, late middle-aged, and older adults; MeanAge(SD) = 64.9(8.3). Serum klotho was available for a sub-sample of 396 participants; MeanAge(SD) = 66.8(7.4). Covariate-adjusted logistic regression examined whether A + or T+, and multinomial regression examined whether A/T status, vary by KL-VS genotype. Covariate-adjusted linear regression examined whether serum klotho levels differ based on A+, T+, or A/T status. Results: A+ prevalence was lower in KL-VSHET (p = 0.05), with no differences in T + prevalence (p = 0.52). KL-VSHET also had marginally lower odds of being A + T- (p = 0.07). Serum klotho levels did not differ based on A+, T+, or A/T status (all ps ≥ 0.40). Conclusions: KL-VSHET is associated with lower odds of being positive for Aβ, regardless of whether one is also positive for tau. Conversely, the likelihood of being tau positive did not differ based on KL-VS genotype. Our findings add to the growing KLOTHO literature and suggests the need for further research focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying KL-VS-related putative resilience to AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods such as gas stripping and vacuum-assisted gas stripping (VAGS) result in significant removal of water from the bioreactor, thus requiring continuous water replenishment in the bioreactor. In this study, we developed a hydrophobic stainless steel meshes capable of selectively recovering concentrated ABE stream from the bioreactor during VAGS. Three stainless steel meshes with pore sizes of 180 µm, 300 µm, and 425 µm were made hydrophobic and oleophilic with zinc oxide (ZnO) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Butanol concentrations in the model solutions range from 3 to 10 g/L which mimic concentrations typically produced during batch ABE fermentation. The meshes were integrated in a 5-L bioreactor containing 2.5 L of operational ABE model solution followed by the evaluation of selective extraction of ABE from both cell-free and Clostridium beijerinckii-rich ABE model solutions. The results show that the 180-µm ZnO/PDMS-coated mesh retained 54–64% more water in the bioreactor without C. beijerinckii cells and 61–65% more water with cells compared to the uncoated mesh. Furthermore, the butanol concentration of condensates recovered with 180-µm ZnO-PDMS-coated mesh was up to 10.8-fold greater than that of uncoated counterpart. Our data demonstrate that the developed ZnO-PDMS mesh can recover high concentrations of ABE while selectively retaining water in the bioreactor. Additionally, this technology demonstrates the potential for real-time ABE recovery during the fermentation of lignocellulosic and colloidal materials, without the concern of clogging the separation system. Key points: • Hydrophobic mesh enhanced water retention in the bioreactor by up to 1.65-fold. • Butanol concentration in the collected condensate was increased by up to 10.8-fold. • Hydrophobic mesh is compatible with fermentation of lignocellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, the use of artificial low‐calorie sweeteners, like sucralose, saccharin, and so on, to replace the conventional‐based sugars has not succeeded due to the long‐term adverse health effects, for example, hypertension, and not well‐known safety stand. In this review, we discussed the next generation SvGl (rebaudioside M [Reb M]), their biosynthetic pathway in plant, high‐yield production via microbial fermentation and enzyme engineering, physicochemical properties, taste modification, kinetic metabolism, application in food and beverages, safety and toxicological evaluation, regulation and dosage recommendation, and health benefits. In stevia, the biosynthesis of stevia glycosides, especially Reb M, is derived from the bifurcation of the pathway leading to gibberellin, followed by subsequent enzymatic modification of rubusoside. Reb M is more economically produced via microbial fermentation of modified yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and enzymatic bioconversion of rebaudioside A (Reb A) or Reb E. Reb M can serve as a suitable alternative to the conventional‐based sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonings like garlic, ginger, and scallion provide spicy and masking flavor or aroma in vegetables. However, the method or technique used for drying these spices can affect the flavor profile. Therefore, this review focuses on vegetable seasonings like ginger, garlic, and scallion, the characteristic flavor of fresh and dehydrated vegetable seasoning, and how drying methods (freeze‐drying [FD], convective hot air drying [HAD], infrared drying, microwave drying [MW]), and other recent dryers (swirling fluidized bed [SFB], pulsed‐vacuum dryer, relative humidity‐convective dryer, etc.) affect the flavor profile of the common vegetable seasonings. HAD increases α‐zingiberene, reduces gingerol, and forms β‐citral and citral in fresh ginger. FD increased sesquiterpenes, retained terpenoids, sulfides, and other volatiles in fresh ginger, and did not produce new volatile compounds (VOCs) in garlic. SFB drying better preserves 6‐gingerol than FD and HAD. MW increases trisulfides and cyclic sulfur compounds in garlic. In general, drying, especially thermal drying reduces the VOCs in fresh garlic, ginger, and scallion and causes the formation of new VOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the combined effects of drying methods (air drying [AD], hot AD [HAD], microwave drying [MD], and freeze‐drying [FD]) and ultrasonication parameters (sonication temperature [STemp]: 40, 50, and 60°C) and heating time (STime: 60 and 120 min) on natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of phytochemicals from Amaranthus hybridus stem. Increasing the STemp increased the extraction yield (ECY) of the phytochemicals for all drying methods but increase in the heating time reduced the ECY slightly. MD combined with 60°C ST showed the highest ECY (53%), whereas HAD combined with 40°C ST had the lowest ECY (18%). At 60 min heating time, increasing the ST from 40 to 50°C increased the total phenolic content (TPC) in the extract for most drying methods except MD, and a sonication time of 120 min showed a slightly higher TPC, especially for MD samples. At 60 min sonication, total flavonoid content (TFC, 800 mgQE/g) was highest for AD plus 50°C ST and lowest for AD combined with 60°C (100 mgQE/g), whereas for 120 min sonication, MD and AD with 50°C showed the highest TFC (690 mgQE/g). FD retained better some of the vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) but MD retained better vitamin C. The antioxidant capacity was not so much different among the drying methods except for FD, which showed lower values. These results provide a theoretical basis for the synergistic applications of drying and ultrasonication during NADES extraction of phytochemicals from Amaranthus hybridus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Owing to the toxicity, biodegradability, and cost of most corrosion inhibitors, research attention is now focused on the development of environmentally benign, biodegradable, cheap, and efficient options. In consideration of these facts, chrysin, a phytocompound of Populus tomentosa (Chinese white poplar) has been isolated and investigated for its anticorrosion abilities on carbon steel in a mixed acid and chloride system. This highlights the main purpose of the study. Design/methodology/approach: Chrysin was isolated from Populus tomentosa using column chromatography and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The investigations are outlined based on theory (Fukui indices, condensed density functional theory and molecular dynamic simulation) and experiments (electrochemical, gravimetry and surface morphology examinations). Findings: Theoretical evaluations permitted the description of the adsorption characteristics, and molecular interactions and orientations of chrysin on Fe substrate. The interaction energy for protonated and neutral chrysin on Fe (110) were −149.10 kcal/mol and −143.28 kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, experimental investigations showed that chrysin is a potent mixed-type corrosion inhibitor for steel, whose effectiveness depends on its surrounding temperature and concentration. The optimum inhibition efficiency of 78.7% after 24 h for 1 g/L chrysin at 298 K indicates that the performance of chrysin, as a pure compound, compares favorably with other phytocompounds and plant extracts investigated under similar conditions. However, the inhibition efficiency decreased to 62.5% and 51.8% at 318 K after 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Originality/value: The novelty of this study relies on the usage of a pure compound in corrosion suppression investigation, thus eliminating the unknown influences obtainable by the presence of multi-phytocompounds in plant extracts, thereby advancing the commercialization of bio-based corrosion inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study investigated the inhibitory action of Datura discolor leaf extract against the corrosion of low-carbon steel in 0.5 M solutions of three acids. The purpose was to ascertain the effect of extract concentration, immersion time and temperature variation on corrosion inhibitory efficiency, and to relate to existing reports which show that organic molecules in most plant extracts inhibit corrosion. Extraction of the leaves was done by maceration using methanol, and solvent was removed by evaporation to dryness. Classical gravimetric (mass loss) experiments were used, and experimental data were fitted to adsorption isotherm models to ascertain the best approximation. Surface examination of the low-carbon steel substrates was carried out using the atomic force microscope. Results: Inhibitory protective efficiency of extract was found to appreciate with increasing Datura discolor leaf extract concentration at a fixed temperature, with values ranging 77.6–88.8%, 91.35–98.08% and 19.64–44.64% in H2SO4, HCl and HNO3 solutions respectively at 27 °C. Elevation of temperature was found to depreciate the inhibitor efficiency at constant inhibitor concentration. Best isotherm model fitting was obtained with Langmuir model both at 27 °C and 60 °C and in all the hostile media, while Temkin model gave good approximation only at 60 °C and in H2SO4 and HCl solutions only. The negative values of free energy of adsorption (Δ G ads 0) suggested that the adsorptive interaction of the inhibitor with the substrate surface was very spontaneous. Values of Δ G ads 0 were all consistent, fluctuating between − 16.35 and − 17.63 kJ mol−1 in both H2SO4 and HCl solutions, and between − 9.76 and − 10.25 kJ mol−1 in HNO3 solution, and this suggests that adsorption of the inhibitor molecules occurred via physisorption. Values of the activation energy of the corrosion reaction (E act) are all < 40 kJ mol−1, suggesting that the inhibition occurred by a physical adsorption mechanism. Conclusions: The study concludes that Datura discolor crude leaf extract suppressed the corrosion reactions, and the inhibition was found to arise from the physisorptive interaction of the organic molecules with the substrate/solution interface, forming a stabilize inhibitor film on the substrate surface as revealed by the atomic force micrographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four-dimensional (4D) constellations with up to 131 072 points (17 bit/4D-sym) are designed for the first time using geometric shaping. The constellations are optimized in terms of mutual information (MI) and generalized MI (GMI) for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, targeting a forward error correction (FEC) rate of 0.8 at finite signal-to-noise ratios. The presented 15–17 bit constellations are currently the highest-performing constellations in the literature, having a gap to the AWGN capacity as low as 0.17 dB (MI) and 0.45 dB (GMI) at 17 bit/4D-sym. For lower cardinalities, our constellations match or closely approach the performance of previously published optimized constellations. We also show that (GMI-)optimized constellations with a symmetry constraint, optimized for a FEC rate of 0.8, perform nearly identical to their unconstrained counterparts for cardinalities above 8 bit/4D-sym. A symmetry constraint for MI-optimized constellations is shown to have a negative impact in general. The proposed procedure relies on a Monte-Carlo-based approach for evaluating performance and is extendable to other (nonlinear) channels. Stochastic gradient descent is used for the optimization algorithm for which the gradients are computed using automatic differentiation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Royal Society Newton International Fellowship'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep disturbances are associated with decreased quality of life, increased use of healthcare resources, and poor mood. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a standardised questionnaire that was created to help measure sleep quality and to alert medical professionals to the need for additional evaluation of patients exhibiting sleep-related complaints in seven domains based on the previous month. The non-availability of the Igbo version can affect its effective use among Igbo speakers in Southeast Nigeria. Aim: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the PSQI scale to the Igbo Culture and Environment among Igbo language speakers in Southeast Nigeria using established guidelines. Method: The PSQI was translated, combined, back-translated, and reviewed by an expert panel, leading to the development of the final Igbo version (I-PSQI). A sample size of 100 was calculated using G-power, and the PSQI and I-PSQI were distributed to 100 apparently healthy adults (40% males and 60% females) recruited conveniently in Otolo Nnewi, Nigeria. The data were analysed using frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, Spearman rank order tests, Cronbach's alpha, and principal component analysis (PCA). The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference observed between the PSQI and I-PSQI scores (p < 0.001). The correlations between the corresponding domains and total scores on both versions of the PSQI were excellent (ρ = 0.86–1.0). The Cronbach's alpha value of the I-PSQI was 0.7, indicating acceptable internal consistency between the items on the I-PSQI. Conclusion: The I-PSQI proved to be a valid and reliable instrument, making it suitable for assessing sleep quality among Igbo language speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides a survey of computational methods generally used in the evaluation of the corrosion inhibition evaluation of metallic materials in various environments. Herein a general overview of corrosion inhibition is given, thereafter, a discussion of the most widely used computational methods is given which include; molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, density functional theory (DFT), Semi-empirical methods and first-principles calculations and Ab initio (Hartree Fock) calculations. A comparison of comparative analysis of experimental and computational approaches in corrosion inhibition studies was given after which the prospects of the use of computational methods in corrosion science were discussed. Overall, each of these methods has its strengths and limitations, but when used in combination, they are capable of providing a holistic understanding of corrosion inhibition mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to investigate information literacy perspectives of bi/multilinguals in Nigeria. The study aims to identify bilingual and multilingual definitions of information literacy, determine factors that influence their information literacy needs and at what point bi/multilinguals need it. This implies that individuals who can speak up to two or three native languages would be used as the population of the study. Despite being a multicultural country, some languages are more recognised in Nigeria and as such, those groups of people are recognised. This research aims to listen to the unheard and unseen individuals who are the rural indigenes while considering a major influencing factor in the study which is language. A focus group interview was used and a transcript-based analysis was used for the study. The results indicate that information literacy is being able to communicate with their environment but more so involves giving back to the society through languages. These findings can provide a solid ground on which inclusion of rural indigenes can be formed. It provides a platform on which library advocacy for the inclusion of the rural community indigenes to enable them to express their form of information literacy and produce intellectual works in indigenous languages can be formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slug liquid holdup (SLH) is a critical requirement for accurate pressure drop prediction during multiphase pipe flows and by extension optimal gas lift design and production optimization in wellbores. Existing empirical correlations provide inaccurate predictions because they were developed with regression analysis and data measured for limited ranges of flow conditions. Existing SLH machine learning models provide accurate predictions but are published without any equations making their use by other researchers difficult. The only existing ML model published with actual equations cannot be considered optimum because it was selected by considering artificial neural network (ANN) structures with only one hidden layer. In this study, an ANN-based model for SLH prediction with actual equations is presented. A total of 2699 data points randomly divided into 70%, 15%, and 15% for training, validation, and testing was used in constructing 71 different network structures with 1, 2, and 3 hidden layers respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the optimum network structure has 3 hidden layers with 20, 5, and 15 neurons in the first, second, and third hidden layers, respectively. The optimum network structure was translated into actual equations with the aid of the weights, biases, and activation functions. Trend analysis revealed that this study's model reproduced the expected effects of inputs on SLH. Test against measured data revealed that this study's model is in agreement with measured data with coefficient of determinations of 0.9791, 0.9727, 0.9756, and 0.9776 for training, testing, validation, and entire datasets, respectively. Comparative study revealed that this study's model outperformed existing models with a relative performance factor of 0.002. The present model is presented with visible mathematical equations making its implementation by any user easy and without the need for any ML framework. Unlike existing ANN-based models developed with one hidden layered ANN structures, the present model was developed by considering ANN structures with one, two, and three hidden layers, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the existential challenges of the University of Nigeria Nsukka academic staff (university faculty members of various ranks [1]) during and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic–induced lockdown. The objective of the study is to examine these professors' adaptive ingenuity for survival in the face of lockdown, withheld salaries, and other consequences of legalistic pursuit of collective bargaining between the government and the Academic Staff Union of Universities. A mixed-methods approach, combining interviews, focus group discussions, field observations, and documentary evidence, was adopted for data gathering. The collective bargaining theory was helpful in highlighting where both parties erred in the course of interpreting their bargaining rights. Our findings show that, left with no alternative of navigating between the twin challenges of lockdown and withheld salaries, the academic staff resorted to self-help financial collectivization. Again, we found that the Nigerian government's style of legalistic pursuit of collective bargaining is not just power-centric, but a demonstration of power asymmetry. This does not offer a sustainable resolution to the labour conflict, as it poses a serious threat to the universal right-of-workers-to-strike and to manpower development. The study recommends that the principles of horizontal bargaining, cooperation, and complementarity should form the rallying point of government-labour relations at all times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]