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Betulin is a bioactive compound found in large quantities in birch bark and has a triterpene pentacyclic structure. Through the oxidation of betulin, betulinic acid is obtained, which is found in large quantities in nature. Betulin and betulinic acid have multiple pharmacological properties such as antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This comprehensive review aims to deepen the knowledge of the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of betulin and betulinic acid by presenting in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies evaluating the anticancer mechanisms of betulin, betulinic acid, and their derivatives. The databases searched using specific MESh terms to conduct this review were PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, TRIP database, Wiley, and Scopus. The anticancer properties of betulin and betulinic acid have been reported in a variety of experimental pharmacological studies using different types of cancer cell lines. It has been indicated that induction of apoptosis is the primary anticancer activity of these compounds by selectively affecting cancer cells. As shown by various research, the apoptotic cell death by these compounds is mainly related to factors such as type of cancer and cancer cell line, tumor size, source of betulin/betulinic acid, dose, treatment time, and the type of the drug delivery system employed. Numerous preclinical pharmacological studies and clinical trials on the chemopreventive and antitumour effects of betulin, betulinic acid, and their derivatives have been published. Future translational pharmacological studies establishing the exact anticancer dose effective in humans are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial processing of pineapples generates a substantial quantity of by-products, including shell, crown, and core. Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme found naturally in pineapple, including its by-products, may positively influence the bioaccessibility of phenolics from milk coffee. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how the inclusion of extracts from pineapple by-products, namely shell, crown and core, could impact the bioaccessibility of coffee phenolics when combined with milk. After measuring the proteolytic activity of pineapple by-products, the standardized in vitro digestion model of INFOGEST was employed to evaluate changes in total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and individual phenolic compounds in different coffee formulations. The results showed that incorporating extracts from the crown or core in both black and milk coffee increased the bioaccessibility of total phenolics (from 93 to 114% to 105–129%) and antioxidants (from 54 to 56% to 84–87%), while this effect was not observed for the shell. Moreover, adding core extracts also enhanced the bioaccessibility of caffeoylquinic acids and gallic acid in milk coffee (from 0.72 to 0.85% and 109–155%, respectively). Overall, the findings of this study highlight that bromelain from pineapple core may have a favorable effect on the recovery of phenolic compounds in milk coffee, possibly due to its ability to cleave proteins. These outcomes point out that industrial by-products can be transformed into economic value by being reintroduced into the production process through suitable treatment instead of disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is the most consumed beverage worldwide and has many health effects. Although there are many different types of tea, black tea and green tea comprise 98% of total tea production in the world. Tea waste production consists of withering, crushing, fermentation, drying and finally packaging processes. All of the waste generated during this production line is called tea waste. Tea production results in a significant amount of waste that cannot be effectively used for value creation. This waste contains many different components including protein, fiber, caffeine, and polyphenols. Due to its rich composition, it can be revalorized for different purposes. In this study, the general composition and bioactive compounds of tea waste were reviewed. Despite the fact that there have been few studies on the bioactivity of tea waste, those studies have also been discussed. The extraction techniques that are used to separate the compounds in the waste are also covered. It has been indicated that these valuable compounds, which can be separated from tea wastes by extraction methods, have the potential to be used for different purposes, such as biogas production, functional foods, food additives, silages, soluble packaging materials, and adsorbents. Although there are some studies on the revalorization of tea waste, new studies on the extraction of bioactive compounds are necessary to improve its utilization potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phenolic compounds have recently become one of the most interesting topics in different research areas, especially in food science and nutrition due to their health-promoting effects. Phenolic compounds are found together with macronutrients and micronutrients in foods and within several food systems. The coexistence of phenolics and other food components can lead to their interaction resulting in complex formation. This review article aims to cover the effects of thermal and non-thermal processing techniques on the protein--phenolic interaction especially focusing on the content and digestibility of phenolics by discussing recently published research articles. It is clear that the processing conditions and individual properties of phenolics and proteins are the most effective factors in the final content and intestinal fates of phenolic compounds. Besides, thermal and non-thermal treatments, such as high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, cold plasma, ultrasonication, and fermentation may induce alterations in those interactions. Still, new investigations are required for different food processing treatments by using a wide range of food products to enlighten new functional and healthier food product design, to provide the optimized processing conditions of foods for obtaining better quality, higher nutritional properties, and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as a novel green tool were used for the recovery of bioactive compounds with respect to the valorization of artichoke outer petals. NADES coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction was applied by varying the type of hydrogen bond acceptors (choline chloride or betain) and hydrogen bond donors (sucrose, lactic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and glycerol) in the NADES mixtures. Thereafter, extraction efficacy was assessed in terms of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic composition and their levels by comparing the results obtained by NADES with those for a reference methanolic extract. RESULTS: Based on the results of the present study, the use of choline chloride and lactic acid mixtures was superior for obtaining extracts with high levels of phenolic compounds (12.96 g GAE kg-1 DW) and high antioxidant potential (60.68 g TE kg-1 DW). In addition, gallic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, luteolin, apigenin, rutin and quercetin were detected in all extracts by chromatographic evaluation. As major phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were found to be maximum in lactic acid-based NADES mixtures. CONCLUSION: The present study reveals the potential treatment of various plants, wastes or by-products with NADES combined with an ultrasonication method for the extraction of bioactive compounds with enhanced recovery and selectivity, with the aim of incorporating them into various food and pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a perishable fruit with a huge potential for processing. In this study, the effects of food processing techniques and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the phenolics of loquat products were investigated. For this purpose, the results of processed loquat products including juice, nectar, leather, pulp, and jam were compared to the control loquat samples. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were used to analyze the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC), individual phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, epicatechin) as well as total antioxidant capacity by DPPH and CUPRAC assays. The TPC and TFC of loquat products varied from 61.2±5.4 to 855.7±36.0 mg GAE/100 g and 37.2±1.6 to 979.5±65.3 mg CE/100 g, respectively. As in total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants, the highest chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and epicatechin contents were obtained in loquat leather as 201.20±9.99 mg/100 g, 47.50±2.21 mg/100 g, and 46.87±0.28 mg/100 g, respectively. In addition to these, after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, it was revealed that loquat leather had the highest TPC, TFC, and total antioxidant capacity values compared to other samples. Results have indicated that the phenolic content of fresh loquat fruits could be improved or protected, mainly by processing into leather and/or jam. Thus, the product scale for this fruit can be increased by obtaining foods with high nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open milk is subject to adulteration and threatens public health. Despite the health experts' warnings, many consumers in Turkey still prefer milk sold by street vendors. This study investigated families' open milk (street milk) and packaged milk consumption habits and the reasons for consuming open or packaged milk in Bursa, Turkey. The data were obtained through a face-to-face survey of 478 families. Research revealed that 34.6% of adults and 66% of children regularly consume milk. Participants who consumed milk consumed it for bone development (38.1%) and a rich protein source (22.7%). Half of those (45%) who did not drink milk were not accustomed to drinking milk. %13.8 did not like the taste, and %13.5 is allergic to dairy products. People primarily bought milk from markets (41.1%) and street vendors (21.1%). They preferred whole milk (29.7%) and semi-skimmed milk (29.%). Reasons for purchasing open milk were freshness (31.1%) and no additives (24.0%). Reasons for not buying open milk were unhygienic (40.7%) and not being subject to quality control (41.7%). Although its sales are decreasing, open milk purchases continue. Open milk sales should be restricted, and packaged milk options offered to consumers should be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural tourism has an increasing share of the country's tourism income and significantly contributes to the rural economy. Intensive research has been conducted on how Covid-19 affects the tourism industry and the challenges and opportunities the sector face. Although the rise of rural tourism is frequently highlighted post-Covid-19, research examining the satisfaction levels of visitors involved in rural tourism is almost nonexistent. The study's main aim is to determine customers' satisfaction levels from rural activities in and around the İznik District of Bursa province and to recommend improvement. We obtained data from a structured survey conducted with 408 people who visited İznik at least once. SPSS 23 program was also used to analyze the data obtained. Results show that visitors' satisfaction with nature and the environment is above average, and their satisfaction with the services provided is below average. The most critical dissatisfaction was the increasing environmental pollution, the loss of natural beauty, the local government's inability to do the necessary cleaning and maintenance work, and the lack of introductory information in places with historical and natural characteristics. Participants wanted to stay in caravans and tents rather than hotels and suggested expanding and improving those facilities. They suggested that local textures are preserved, and more local food and beverages are offered. The suggestion shows that visitors demand integrating more with nature, local life and historical texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's relations with the European Union (EU) financial assistance, which began in 1963, continue today. The IPARD (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Rural Development) program aims to increase the efficiency of enterprises and achieve Community quality and quality management standards to achieve rural development and sustainability. This research aimed to measure investors' perceptions of the quality (QA), after-sales quality (ASQ), and rural development for IPARD (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Rural Development) funds. Additional points are given for investor and company characteristics in some measures. This research reveals whether additional scores make a significant difference. 97 enterprises that received support from IPARD I and IPARD II in Bursa province, Turkey, were interviewed. Results showed that the participants' overall perception of RDS was higher than QA and ASQ. The quality perceptions were the lowest. 25 years old and younger investors had the highest QA and ASQ perceptions. An increase in educational level has led to a rise in the QA, ASQ, and RDS perceptions. No stable trend was observed between the increase in experience and the increase in QA and ASQ perceptions. The perception of RDS is higher among the investors who claim to follow rural development activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red meat consumption is vital for a balanced diet. This research examines the factors that cause consumers to prefer red meat, determines the shopping channels from which red meat is purchased, and the frequency and consumption of red meat. A face-to-face survey was applied to 273 households selected by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. The decisive factor in the participants' red meat preferences in the study was taste (61.5%), followed by production date (60.2%) and freshness (58.5%). According to this result, consumers were more pleasure-oriented in choosing red meat products. Advertising was the least important factor. 58.2% of the purchased red meat was from butchers, 10.6% from discount markets and 9.5% from local markets. Participants bought red meat several times a month (26.4% of them.) and consumed it several times a week (44.7%.) Half of the total meat consumed in the households was red meat. The purchasing and consumption frequency of red meat in the families in Bursa was low. Decreasing red meat prices will increase households' purchasing and consumption frequency. Farmers need a subsidy to lower production costs and increase productivity, thus reducing retail meat prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent increases in red meat prices have caused poultry consumption to come to the fore. This research aimed to determine factors affecting consumers' poultry consumption, their preferences for poultry outlets by their income, and their consumption and purchasing frequencies. A diagnostic questionnaire was completed with 345 households. All data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 program. Crosstables were used to verify possible associations among the study variables. Consumers mostly purchased chicken once a week (36.5%) and turkey on special occasions (17.7%) and 1-3 times a year (12.2%). Consumers primarily consume chicken several times a week (48.1%) and turkey once a month (42.6%). Production date was most important (66.4%) in poultry preference factors, followed by taste (64.6%) and freshness (60.9%). Advertising (19.4%) and product region/origin (9%) were the least important factors in poultry preference. The consumers participating in the survey mostly purchased chicken from discount markets (31.9%). Less turkey was consumed than chicken. The consumers' lack of turkey consumption habits affected the consumption frequency. Consumers should be informed of the nutritional value of turkey to increase the frequency of turkey consumption in Bursa. Turkey producers should be given more support, and its sales channels should be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a turn toward to functional foods with improved nutritional value, rosehip could be an appropriate candidate to create formulations using a milk matrix. In the present study, the influence of bovine or almond milk fortification on the bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of rosehip infusion phenolics, mainly catechin, were investigated by a combined method of an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. The results indicated that bovine (IB) or almond milk (IA) fortification enhanced the retention of total phenolics (TPC; increase of 8.1% and 20.3% for IB and IA, respectively), while there was a decline in the total flavonoids (TFC; decrease of 64% and 17% for IB and IA, respectively) and antioxidant capacity measured by CUPRAC assay (decrease of 15% and 4% for IB and IA, respectively) throughout the gastrointestinal tract in comparison with the control sample (IC). Then, based on the cytotoxicity (SRB) assay, 1/5 times diluted digests were subjected to transepithelial transportation of Caco-2 cells. According to the results, the bovine milk matrix positively affected the transportation of phenolics across the epithelial cell layer. It could be concluded that it is possible to produce functional infusion drinks with improved stability, bioaccessibility, and absorption efficiency of rosehip phenolics in the formulations containing milk matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the in vitro bioavailability of rosehip infusion phenolics, mainly catechin, as a response to conventional and non-thermal treatments by combining gastrointestinal digestion and a Caco-2 cell culture model, was investigated. After application of thermal treatment (TT, 85 °C/10 min), high pressure (HPP, 600 MPa/5 min) or pulsed electric field (PEF, 15 kJ/kg) processing, all samples were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Then, the amount of maximum non-toxic digest ratio was determined by the cytotoxicity sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Next, Caco-2 cells were exposed to 1:5 (v/v) times diluted digests in order to simulate the transepithelial transportation of catechin. Results showed that non-thermally processed samples (5.19 and 4.62% for HPP and PEF, respectively) exhibited greater transportation across the epithelial cell layer compared to than that of the TT-treated sample (3.42%). The present study highlighted that HPP and PEF, as non-thermal treatments at optimized conditions for infusions or beverages, can be utilized in order to enhance the nutritional quality of the final products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to compare the effects of non‐thermal techniques with thermal treatment on physicochemical properties, bioaccessibility, and antioxidant capacity of bioactives in rosehip (Rosa canina) infusions. High pressure processing (HPP) at 200, 400, or 600 MPa for 5 and 15 min; pulsed electric field (PEF) with 5, 10, and 15 kJ/kg specific energy intakes at 1 and 3 kV/cm electric field strength; and thermal treatment (TT) at 85°C/10 min were applied. According to the results, processing method had varying effects on the contents of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and bioaccessibility in rosehip infusions. The highest retention of total phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were achieved by the TT (2278 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g dry weight (dw) and 3728 rutin equivalents (RE)/100 g dw, respectively) and HPP treatment at a pressure of 600 MPa for 15 min (2268 mg GAE/100 g dw and 3695 mg RE/100 g dw, respectively). These findings are in line with the results of antioxidant capacities of the samples. Besides, TT, HPP treatment at 600 MPa/5 min, and PEF treatment at 5 and 15 kJ/kg energy intakes (PEF1 and PEF3) resulted with a higher recovery of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity after gastrointestinal digestion. It can be concluded that HPP and PEF treatments at specific conditions could be used in the processing of infusions and beverages. However, it should be considered that appropriate processing parameters should be selected and optimized for each sample individually, to assure the best nutritional value and quality characteristics. Novelty impact statement: Better retention of bioactive compounds after high pressure processing (HPP) treatment at a pressure of 600 MPa for 15 min.A noticeable improvement in the recovery of bioactive content and antioxidant capacity after HPP and pulsed electric field processing.Potential of non‐thermal food processing techniques as alternative to conventional thermal treatments in the production of functional foods with enhanced nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the cooperative-partner relations in Agricultural Development Cooperatives (ADC) in Bursa/Turkey and identify the factors affecting this relationship. There are 313 active ADC in the province of Bursa, with 33,334 partners in total. Primary data was collected by survey. A face-to-face survey was conducted with 408 people determined by simple random sampling method. The data are analysed with SPSS 24 program, and crosstables are created. 69.1% of the respondents have read the Articles of Association. While 28.4% of their partners are involved in the Board of Directors.,77% have joined the General Assembly. Only 33.1% of the partners had other cooperative partnerships. Although fewer than one-third of the partners have reported increased (27.7%) income, 94.6% reported that they would continue their partnership. The most common activity made by cooperative was the supply of credit with 32%. The educational activities are ranked second (23%). Partners participated in 74.3% of the given education. 78% found the training useful. The research has shown that 46% of the partners did not know what risturn is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse effects of humans on the environment are growing every day. "Ecological footprint" (EF) is related to the Sustainable Environment and measures the impact of human activities on the environment. The reduction of EF has become a critical issue. This research aims to determine the EF awareness of consumers. The research sample consists of 404 consumers residing in the Ganja province of Azerbaijan. The "ecological footprint awareness survey" has been used as a data collection tool. The collected data were analysed with the SPSS 24.0 package program. The variables of the research were gender, educational status, place of residence, occupation, and income. Research has shown that the highest consumer awareness of EF was in food and transportation, and the lowest awareness was in water consumption. There was no statistically significant difference by gender. When the resident effect was examined, EF water consumption awareness was significantly higher among those living in the town than those living in the city. Consumers with middle school and university degrees were more conscious of their energy consumption levels. By profession, civil servants, farmers and housewives exerted higher environmental awareness than other groups examined. Finally, the income variable showed that higher-income consumers were more aware of the food, energy, and water consumption related matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically analyzes the long-term relationship between agricultural production and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Azerbaijan using annual data covering the period of 1992–2014. Additionally, real income and energy consumption variables were included in the model in testing the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is undertaken to reveal the existence of the long-term relationship between the CO2 and its determinants. The ARDL mechanism shows that gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption have a positive and statistically significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. However, agricultural production and the square of GDP have a negative impact on air pollution. Furthermore, when the coefficients of real GDP and squared GDP included in the model were examined to analyze the inverted-U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution, the EKC hypothesis was confirmed to be valid. According to Toda-Yamamoto causality test results, there is a bidirectional relationship between GDP, the square of GDP, and carbon emissions. From energy consumption and agricultural value-added to CO2 emissions, a unidirectional Granger causality relationship was found. Ultimately, the findings suggest that policies and reforms that increase or support agricultural production will help lower the country's CO2 emissions level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus outbreak presents a significant threat to public health and is profoundly distresses the global economy. There are no sectors left affected by the outbreak on a local, national, and global scale. Some sectors have come to a complete standstill, whereas others have received high demands. All known business models came under question. The crisis served as a check-up, allowing executives to question existing systems, the company, and its management capacities. Nonetheless, crises have enabled businesses to adopt innovative approaches such as new ways of working and the use of modern technology quickly. It will be challenging for businesses to adapt to these innovations that are coming very fast in the postcrisis uncertainty. This article aims to inform managers, decision-makers, and team leaders about the changes they will face in the post-Covid-19 world, based on the example of the agriculture and food sector, and to provide them with a road map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to measure the nomophobia levels of young people. The sample of the study consisted of 400 young people living in rural districts of Bursa province in Turkey. The results show that 8.5% of the youth was severely nomophobic, 71.5% were moderate and 20.0% were mildly nomophobic. There was no statistically significant difference between gender and working status and nomophobia level but statistically significant differences were encountered between age and educational status. As young people's age increased, the levels of nomophobia they suffer decreased. They asserted a higher level of nomophobia during high school years. Despite a slight decrease in university years, students' nomophobia levels were higher than the graduates and working youth. When the sub-dimensions of the scale were examined, the 'avoidance' and 'conflict' factors were above the NoSmartPhone Scale (NSPS) mean score, but the interwind identity and attachment factors were below the mean score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study set out to reveal to what extent women entrepreneurs operating in rural areas have been affected by environmental pollution and climate change. Besides, it emphasises how much they will be affected over the next 5 years throughout Turkey. The study covered rural areas of all seven regions in Turkey. Findings were analysed by using SPSS 23 programme. Women entrepreneurs were younger in less developed regions of the country, such as the Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Anatolia, and were older in the more economically developed coastal areas. One-third of the respondents were microentrepreneurs; 12% employ five or more workers. The problems of rural women entrepreneurs are further complicated by environmental pollution and climate change. Among the significant environmental issues, women entrepreneurs endure a loss of income, loss of trade stock/goods, and loss of livestock, property damage and potable water supply. Women entrepreneurs agreed that, in the next 5 years, environmental problems would adversely affect customer demand, the quality of raw materials they use and the products they offer; therefore, customer demand would reduce. On the other hand, they were divided in their opinion about whether environmental problems will be affecting their business location and the need to invest in technology and equipment. The study showed that none of the participants obtained disaster insurance, and none of them was members of an environmental organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phenolic compounds are becoming more popular as these compounds may show their health beneficial properties just if they are bioaccessible and bioavailable. It has been reported that there are several factors affecting the bioavailability of phenolics, and one of the most predominant one is the food matrix. In this paper, the effect of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, phenolics and vitamins on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phenolics and the fate of these molecular interactions are reviewed. These interactions are known to be influenced by temperature, pH, type and concentration of the food component and the phenolic compounds. As a result, it is difficult to derive an exact conclusion and every food material and component should be evaluated individually with respect to its interacting phenolic. On the other hand, it will be helpful to increase the number of in vitro and in vivo studies on the bioavailability of phenolic substances in contact with various food components in order to guide the design of functional foods enriched with phenolic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to compare the performance of artificial neural network (ANN) model with the results of in vitro experiments. For these experiments, maxillary molars of four different denture teeth were subjected to tea, coffee, cola, cherry juice, distilled water. Vickers microhardness and surface roughness values were measured. Subsequently, ANN model for the prediction of microhardness and surface roughness of different denture teeth were examined. A back-propagation ANN has been used to develop a model relating to the amount of microhardness and surface roughness. The independent variables of the model are distilled water, tea, filtered coffee, cola, cherry juice, time and denture teeth. Microhardness and surface roughness were chosen as the dependent variables. According to the results, a neural network architecture having one input layer with ten neurons, two hidden layers with six neurons, one output layer with two neurons and an epoch size of 48 gives better prediction. Prediction models for dental materials could also be supportive for in vitro studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to reveal the people's knowledge level about the harmful effects of waste oils, especially waste cooking oil, on the environment. It also aims to understand the attitude and behavioural patterns related to the safe disposal of them. Istanbul is chosen because it represents the entire country with its diverse socio-demographic and socio-cultural structure. A total of 408 respondents were randomly chosen and interviewed in the designated regions. The research data were obtained by using a structured survey consisting demographic and Likert scale questions. SPSS 23.0 statistical software was used to analyse the survey data. Results suggest that despite the high educational level, participants did not know that household liquid waste has a negative impact on the environment. They disagreed on the statement that liquid waste can damage water resources. Public spots, and formal and informal education were not found effective and failed to make the desired impact. Majority of participants did not know their duties in the disposal of waste. They also did not know where the liquid waste collection units were and what projects were being implemented in their neighbourhood. Fewer participants were concerned at what point and how the hazardous liquid wastes collected by municipalities were disposed of after leaving their habitat and whether these methods were reliable or acceptable. This research concludes that user behaviour was disappointing in cooking oil usage and waste oil disposal. The collection of waste cooking oils remains far below the developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Medicinal plants are sources of health-promoting substances, including phytochemicals and phytoalexins that comprise polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins A, C, E and several other constituents. Many studies have indicated that medicinal plants have been used to treat human diseases for thousands of years owing to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Medicinal plants reduce the oxidative stress in cells and prevent cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative and digestive system disorders. These potential beneficial effects have been attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds that show antioxidant properties by acting as free radical scavengers or metal chelators, reducing the reactions that produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Considering the importance of medicinal plants in terms of their beneficial health effects, some of the medicinally important plants grown in Turkey are covered in this review with respect to their antioxidant potential and phytochemical profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaotic periods require a different logic and practice... So I have a common practice that helps me to perform even better during crisis periods than in "normal" times. Having a strategy for how to handle periods of crisis has proven an excellent blueprint for getting through the chaos and uncertainty of the past year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been utilized for many chemical applications because of their ability to learn system features. This paper presents the use of feedforward neural networks for dynamic modelling and dissolved oxygen (DO) control of a batch yeast fermentation. The ARMAX model of this nonlinear process is also presented. Model verification is tested by using experimental data. Different ANNs are trained using the backpropagation learning algorithm. The resulting ANNs are introduced in a Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme to test the control performance of the structure. At system, output variable that is DO concentration and adjusting variable that is air flow rate are chosen. The robustness of this control structure is studied in the case of setpoint changes. Results obtained with NN-MPC is also presented and compared with those obtained with Nonlinear Auto Regressive Moving Average (NARMA-L2) control strategy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 619-628, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important roles of food packaging are food protection and preservation during processing, transportation, and storage. Food can be altered biologically, chemically, and physically if the packaging is unsuitable or mechanically damaged. Furthermore, packaging is an important marketing and communication tool to consumers. Due to the worldwide problem of environmental pollution by microplastics and the large amounts of unused food wastes and by-products from the food industry, it is important to find more environmentally friendly alternatives. Edible and functional food packaging may be a suitable alternative to reduce food waste and avoid the use of non-degradable plastics. In the present review, the production and assessment of edible food packaging from food waste as well as fruit and vegetable by-products and their applications are demonstrated. Innovative food packaging made of biopolymers and biocomposites, as well as active packaging, intelligent packaging, edible films, and coatings are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds (quercetin, rutin, cyanidin, tangeretin, hesperetin, curcumin, resveratrol, etc.) are known to have health-promoting effects and they are accepted as one of the main proposed nutraceutical group. However, their application is limited owing to the problems related with their stability and water solubility as well as their low bioaccessibility and bioavailability. These limitations can be overcome by encapsulating phenolic compounds by physical, physicochemical and chemical encapsulation techniques. This review focuses on the effects of encapsulation, especially lipid-based techniques (emulsion/nanoemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes/nanoliposomes, etc.), on the digestibility characteristics of phenolic compounds in terms of bioaccessibility and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tech startups have the potential to affect millions, even billions of people. That's why tech entrepreneurs should think consciously about building human-centric startups. Here is an excerpt from a book in progress: The subject is 'human-centric tech entrepreneurship.' The '360 People' is what one analyst calls them. They are fed up with overconsumption, environmental crisis, and apathy. And they are young and online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]