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Clinical ethics consultation services (CECS) can be particularly complex in oncology, and widespread misconceptions exist about their nature. As a result, visibility and accessibility of information regarding CECS is critical. We investigated the availability and content of information regarding CECS on websites of NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers and cancer centers (CCs). Each website was reviewed for information on CECS and reviewed for benchmarks partially derived from the American Society of Bioethics and Humanities recommendations for CECS. Our analysis revealed that of 70 NCI-designated center websites, 38 had information on CECS, and 17 were found directly on these sites. When CECS information was available, most websites provided a mission statement (71%) and an explanation of what constitutes an ethics consult (74%). Few provided a description of the consult process (45%) or service membership (39%). Our findings reveal a significant gap in CECS visibility on the websites of NCI-designated CCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We generate new evidence on disagreement among traders in the S&P 500 options market from high-frequency intraday price and volume data. Inference on disagreement is based on a model where investors observe public information but agree to disagree on its interpretation; disagreement among investors is captured by the volume–volatility elasticity. For options, there are two natural variables related to disagreement: moneyness and tenor, which we relate to disagreement about the distribution of the market index at different quantiles and times. The estimated volume–volatility elasticity equals unity for options near the money and close to expiration, which is consistent with the case of no disagreement among investors. In contrast, the elasticity estimates decrease with increases in the absolute value of moneyness, indicating investors have a higher disagreement about rare events. Likewise, the elasticity decreases with increases in tenor, implying higher investors' disagreement about more distant events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carcasses are patchily distributed and often short‐lived resources, placing scavenging animals under pressure to locate them before they rot or are depleted by competitors. Scavengers may search for carcasses directly, or indirectly, using social information. Aggregations of feeding animals and their conspicuous competitive behaviour may be more readily detectable to searching scavengers than the carcass itself. Moreover, the actions of attendant scavengers upon the carcass, breaking it apart and releasing odour or chemical cues, may further enhance its detectability to others foraging nearby. Here we test this idea. In the first of two experiments performed in the field, we found that hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) were attracted to shelled mussels (Mytilus edulis) that other hermit crabs were already feeding on. They showed no strong tendency to approach aggregations of conspecifics in the absence of food, nor conspecifics that were confined close to mussels but prevented from feeding on them. We speculated that through breaking up the carcass, the feeding hermit crabs released chemical cues and drifting particles of mussel tissue that further attracted other hermit crabs. We tested this in a second experiment, finding that finely chopped mussels attracted significantly more hermit crabs than did intact mussels. We suggest that scavenger feeding action upon carcasses makes these more detectable to others by releasing odour and particle plumes, a form of inadvertently produced social information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to systematically review the literature on United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) forecast evaluation and critically assess their methods and findings. The fundamental characteristics of optimal forecasts are bias, accuracy and efficiency as well as encompassing and informativeness. This review revealed that the findings of these studies can be very different based on the forecasts examined, commodity, sample period, and methodology. Some forecasts performed very well, while others were not very reliable, resulting in forecast specific optimality record. We discuss methodological and empirical contributions of these studies as well as their shortcomings and potential opportunities for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific information flow is known to affect individual fitness, population dynamics and community assembly, but there has been less study of how species diversity affects information flow and thereby ecosystem functioning and services. We address this question by first examining differences among species in the sensitivity, accuracy, transmissibility, detectability and value of the cues and signals they produce, and in how they receive, store and use information derived from heterospecifics. We then review how interspecific information flow occurs in communities, involving a diversity of species and sensory modes, and how this flow can affect ecosystem‐level functions, such as decomposition, seed dispersal or algae removal on coral reefs. We highlight evidence that some keystone species are particularly critical as a source of information used by eavesdroppers, and so have a disproportionate effect on information flow. Such keystone species include community informants producing signals, particularly about predation risk, that influence other species' landscapes of fear, and aggregation initiators creating cues or signals about resources. We suggest that the presence of keystone species means that there will likely be a positive relationship in many communities between species diversity and information through a 'sampling effect', in which larger pools of species are more likely to include the keystone species by chance. We then consider whether the number and relative abundance of species, irrespective of the presence of keystone species, matter to interspecific information flow; on this issue, the theory is less developed, and the evidence scant and indirect. Higher diversity could increase the quantity or quality of information that is used by eavesdroppers because redundancy increases the reliability of information or because the species provide complementary information. Alternatively, there could be a lack of a relationship between species diversity and information if there is widespread information parasitism where users are not sources, or if information sourced from heterospecifics is of lower value than that gained personally or sourced from conspecifics. Recent research suggests that species diversity does have information‐modulated community and ecosystem consequences, especially in birds, such as the diversity of species at feeders increasing resource exploitation, or the number of imitated species increasing responses to vocal mimics. A first step for future research includes comprehensive observations of information flow among different taxa and habitats. Then studies should investigate whether species diversity influences the cumulative quality or quantity of information at the community level, and consequently ecosystem‐level processes. An applied objective is to conserve species in part for their value as sources of information for other species, including for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a unified derivation of asymmetric pure strategy equilibria and their optimality in the canonical common interest voting model of Austen-Smith and Banks (Am Polit Sci Rev 90(1):34–45, 1996). We also study the relationship between the most efficient equilibria, which have a remarkably simple and intuitive structure, and the symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium that has been commonly studied in the literature. In particular, while the efficiency in the symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium under unanimity rule is known to be decreasing in the number of voters, the efficiency does not depend on the number of voters above a threshold in the most efficient equilibria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Through their social media, public institutions address fake news and tackle disinformation that affects both them and the general public. With the rise of online video platforms, the audiovisual format has made its way as a dynamic and engaging format that allows for the creation of narratives to counter distorted information. This circumstance is particularly noticeable in the healthcare sector, where most of the recent fact-checking activity is taking place. Methodology: Through the analysis of the official YouTube channels of the health departments of all Spanish autonomous communities from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2023, this paper explores the use of audiovisual fact-checking by Spanish regional governments, and it describes the nature of these videos and the strategies undertaken on that platform to tackle disinformation. Results: Despite the expected territorial disparities, the research findings show that an increasing number of Spanish regional health authorities are using YouTube to fight disinformation. They also show that the videos posted on that platform provide a strong response to fake news, either as a preventive measure or in response to existing publications. Discussion: In the current landscape of declining mass media, where audience dispersion leads a to (sometimes deliberate) fragmentation of discourse, we are confronted with the paradox of being a society with access to a vast amount of information, but not well-informed. Therefore, it is essential to have strong institutions that verify fake content through popular formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, on the basis of the analysis of doctrinal studies by national scholars, the author clarifies the concept and content of public control in the scientific plane. It is noted that there is no legislative definition of this concept, despite the significant public interest in public control as a social phenomenon. It is established that, despite the imperfection of legislative regulation, public control remains an important mechanism of interaction between the public and public authorities, is an important component of democratic governance and contributes to building an open and responsible society. Attention is focused on the importance of studying the relationship between civil society and the judiciary. The author defines the concept of public control over the judicial system in Ukraine and its essence, and also identifies the ways of public participation in exercising control over the activities of the judiciary. The author emphasizes that public control in the judicial system is one of the key forms of promoting the realization and protection of human and civil rights. The article assesses the impact of public control in the judicial system on the exercise of citizens' rights and freedoms. In particular, it is stated that, first and foremost, public control over the judicial system contributes to ensuring the right of citizens to a fair trial. In addition, the author highlights the contribution of public control to the assertion of the human and civil right to access to justice, the right to freedom of expression and access to public information. Attention is also drawn to the participation of public control in identifying and resolving possible corruption and bureaucracy in the judicial system. In view of the above, strengthening the mechanisms of public control will contribute to increasing the transparency and accountability of the judiciary, which, in particular, will ensure citizens' access to fair justice and help protect their rights and freedoms. It is proposed to introduce modern control tools, such as online broadcasts of court hearings, which do not require prior permission from the presiding judge. Public access should be provided not only to court decisions, but also to information on the reasons for postponement and adjournment of court hearings, which will help to involve citizens in the decision-making process and increase the level of trust in the judicial system, as well as contribute to the rule of law and human rights in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annuals of the Administration & Law / Roczniki Administracji i Prawa is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pandemics are affecting tourism in many ways, and have had a major effect on international travel, the hospitality industry and tourism demand. Grounded in the protective action decision model and complexity theory, this study seeks to develop a model to explain the conditions that have led to travel avoidance in the UK in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To test our proposed model, we used a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis of data gathered from 1,290 travelers, with semi-structured interviews conducted to confirm the configurations identified by the model. The findings indicate that effective pandemic information, effective risk communication, supplies, trust in government and trust in the media are necessary to combat travel avoidance, but the refutation of rumor and trust among traveler is not necessary to foster travel avoidance. Furthermore, qualitative follow-up interviews were conducted to obtain deeper insights into the discovered configurations and develop effective pathways to travel avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its judgment of 21 October 2022, III OSK 4468/21, the Supreme Administrative Court considered that a foundation is obliged to provide public information because, in accordance with Article 1 of the Act on Foundations, it should accomplish socially and economically useful objectives that comply with the interests of the Republic of Poland. These are objectives that should also be accomplished by public administration; thus, they are, in fact, the State's objectives. In such a situation, the Court decided that the informative obligation of foundations that are not public law entities applies, in fact, to every aspect of their activities. This should be recognised as correct, because the constitution-maker specified in Article 61(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland a very broad range of entities obliged to provide public information, ensuring that every field of the State's activity is transparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilising a framework inspired by Edward Bernays, this article critiques public relations in international criminal justice. The article demonstrates public relations is a hollow enterprise comprised of one-way publicity and legitimation. Outreach and public information campaigns are endeavours reliant on standard messaging tactics that treat constituencies as uncritical and homogenous consumers. Such tactics reflect a deep and entrenched turn to marketing and image-management. Whilst such a turn may be inevitable, tribunals such as International Criminal Court need to establish meaningful relations with the public, developed through listening and a commitment to mutual co-learning that, in turn, can drive organisational improvements. In its absence, public relations is a mere exercise in presentation and will continue to lack significance in the contemporary information landscape [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts an analysis of the concept of "good administration" in contrast to the concept of "flawed administration", with both concepts being examined through the lens of free access to public information. Issues related to access to public information are often timely and can have a significant impact on society and political processes. Therefore, research in this field can be particularly relevant and can capture public attention. Transparent and responsible public administration is essential for good governance. This theme can contribute to identifying issues of flawed administration in the domain of public information communication and can provide solutions for enhancing governmental transparency. The uniqueness of the theme lies in its multifaceted approach, including transparency and administrative responsibility, legislation concerning access to public information, as well as the use of specific case studies to illustrate issues related to this topic. Thus, in this article, we will present several pertinent cases from judicial practice that illustrate how flawed administration is often linked to the denial or restriction of access to public information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms' inflexibility in adjusting output prices to economic shocks exacerbates information asymmetry with respect to firms' profits, but public information on firms' cost structure mitigates this problem. We construct a novel form of public information from economic statistics disclosed by the government and find that such public information significantly reduces inflexible‐price firms' bid–ask spreads, the probability of informed trading, and analyst forecast dispersions, but these results do not hold for flexible‐price firms. Security analysts seek more cost‐related information during conference calls about inflexible‐price firms, but such a phenomenon is observed less frequently if a firm's input cost is more publicly observable. In addition, stock markets react more strongly to earning news announced by inflexible‐price firms, consistent with our intuition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de la Transparencia is the property of Asociacion de Profesionales de la Transparencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ius Novum is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I study whether self‐fulfilling bank runs can occur when banks use sophisticated contracts and withdrawal decisions are public information. In a finite‐agent version of Diamond and Dybvig (1983) with correlated types, I first present an example in which a bank run perfect Bayesian equilibrium exists. However, its existence relies on off‐path beliefs that are unreasonable in terms of forward induction. To discipline beliefs, I use forward induction equilibrium (Cho (1987)) as the solution concept. I show that, whenever the allocation rule is strictly incentive compatible, the truth‐telling strategy is the unique forward induction equilibrium in the withdrawal game, and no bank run occurs. Therefore, with forward induction, sophisticated contracts can prevent bank runs when there is public information about withdrawal decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the role of television as a 'new media' in government public relations. Drawing on sociological theories on informalisation, this study analyses three features of the Swedish public information programme Anslagstavlan during the 1970s and 1980s: first, formal techniques such as editing, pacing and use of animations; second, narrative strategies including the utilisation of celebrity advertising and intertextuality; and last, the rhetoric of public information. The study shows that the engineering of informality was a key communication strategy for government agencies and that televised information contributed to the conversationalisation and personalisation of government agencies' communication in medium-specific ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to public information is one of the systemic principles of the functioning of the state. However, restrictions in access to this particular right form exceptions to the constitutional principle. Recently, the case law of administrative courts and the views of legal authors and commentators have begun to invoke the framework of the abuse of the right to public information as a circumstance based on which an entity may deny the applicant access to information. In the absence of statutory regulation, the boundaries and guidelines for applying the framework of the abuse of the right to public information are set by the case law of administrative courts. When analysing the most recent rulings of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland and the provincial administrative courts, one can see a certain dualism in the applicability of the framework in question. The lack of uniformity in this respect stems primarily from the need to balance the values between respecting the constitutional principle of the right to public information and the possibility of limiting it in events of abuse of an individual's right. As a result of the analysis of the recent case law of administrative courts, a position is outlined indicating that, according to the dominant line of case law, entities obliged to provide public information may invoke the framework mentioned above to protect themselves from actions that are contrary to the assumptions of the Polish Act on Access to Public Information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Humana - Human Rights Publication is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenzhen University Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities & Social Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The guarantee of ensuring the right to access public information is an important condition and criterion for functioning in a legal democratic state. In addition, realizing the right to access public information is essential for preventing and detecting corruption. The purpose of this work is to analyze international legal rules and standards, as well as to provide some examples of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the context of the implementation of the right to access public information. It has been established that the right to access public information is a component of the human right to information and is a fundamental constitutional human right. The existing practice of the European Court of Human Rights confirms the importance of protecting the right of access to public information. It indicates to states that it is mandatory to comply with it, the expediency of applying an effective system of control measures to implement the right under study. The paper analyzes theoretical and legal approaches to understanding the human right to access public information and determines its place in human rights. An analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the right to access public information made it possible to identify existing shortcomings in the legislation of the Member States and Ukraine and to find ways and methods for solving such problems and prospects for preventing such violations in the future, as well as the possibility of applying the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights to improve the current domestic legislation in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Española de la Transparencia is the property of Asociacion de Profesionales de la Transparencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given that the entire activity of public administration is carried out "on the basis and execution of the law," and considering that this aspect constitutes the main characteristic of the functioning and organization of the activity of public administration, in this approach we will deal with one of the aspects of the communication relationship between the administration and the public, namely the fulfilment of the legal obligation to present the public with the information of public interest. We also consider that the analysis of how public administration authorities fulfil their obligation to communicate ex officio information of public interest and, thus, facilitate access to information, is part of a more complex research concern on the topic of communication (public and institutional) in the context of public administration. Both forms of communication involve the public information component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escaping from predation saves life, but costs energy and time. The "threat-sensitive predator-avoidance" hypothesis proposes that prey may modulate their antipredator responses, and thus the associated costs, in accordance with the magnitude of predation risk. This process requires that prey accurately assess this risk by decoding available information from various sources. For example, distress calls are uttered by prey when a predator traps them and can serve as public information on predation risk. Such is the case for the weeping lizard whose distress calls trigger immobility in conspecifics. Here, we tested whether this antipredator response of the weeping lizard is modulated by witnessing predation. We exposed lizards to distress calls alone or paired with models of a prey (conspecific), a predator (snake), or a predatory event (a snake subjugating the conspecific). Data show that the sole presence of the predator or prey paired with distress calls seems not to modulate the antipredator responses. Contrarily, witnessing a predatory event associated with calls intensified antipredator responses; lizards reduced their activity for longer and avoided proximity to the stimuli, which may decrease predation risk by reducing the likelihood of being detected by the predator. We conclude that the weeping lizard can use multisensorial public information to assess predation risk and modulate its antipredator responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hedge funds actively acquire publicly available financial disclosures. Funds acquiring such information subsequently earn 1.5% higher annualized abnormal returns than nonacquirers. Trades by the same fund in the same quarter are more profitable when accompanied by public information acquisition. Acquiring public filings is relatively less profitable when macrouncertainty is high. Funds employ a wide range of strategies for acquiring public filings. Those that systematically scrape large volumes of information, specialize in certain filing types, acquire filings with more content changes, or access information immediately outperform other funds. This paper was accepted by Lukas Schmid, finance. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4466. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows that the use of open data provides new opportunities for improving life and economic growth in communities. Their effective use helps the community to develop, build dialogue and make informed decisions. Data systematization is the basis for monitoring and quality planning at the community level. It has been proven that open data complicates manipulation of the community budget and brings reputational dividends. The asset accounting system is an integral part of automating the processes of collecting, recording, updating and using data on property and other objects of the community. Activists use technology to make authorities more transparent and accountable. The authors are convinced that open data has naturally reduced the number of requests for public information from city councils, which eases the burden on local authorities and has a sustainable economic effect. Open data also increases the investment attractiveness of regions. Businesses invest only based on analytics and monitoring of community indicators. Open budget helps to make a choice, as it is a key source of data on the state of the community's financial affairs. Open data can be used not only to monitor the actions of the authorities, but also to make management decisions. The published data can be used for further community development planning. Platforms and applications based on open data can improve services in the community. And it does not always require additional resources. To do this, you should first research the market for open data-based tools: what has already been developed and what can be scaled up in your community for free. In this context, we believe that OSINT technologies are an important tool for monitoring and control, as they help to increase the level of information and media literacy of local residents, as well as their resilience. The importance of using OSINT-technologies and tools for citizens' access to public information, open data and effective citizen participation in communities is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This symposium article brings together distinguished scholars from the field of criminology, graphic arts, creative industries and social policy, and English to reflect on a suite of 'educational' or 'public information' comics created by the Scottish Centre for Comics Studies (SCCS), based at the University of Dundee. There are now 20-plus titles available to the public for free download and distribution on a range of subject matters relating to healthcare, law and justice, science, forensic analysis, trauma and memory studies, as well as a diverse range of literary adaptations, creative responses to literary and cultural texts, and other subjects. Each of these works relies on a strong symbiotic relationship between their authors, experts, artists, editors, and other contributors to successfully convey every story at hand. Every comic is also meticulously reviewed for accuracy – both written and visual – at each stage of creation, leading up to publication. In this article, the contributors have focused on selected titles from our 'educational' comics series to generate incisive analyses that will be relevant to scholars working in a broad range of fields from law, psychology, the humanities and creative arts, to healthcare and the sciences, understood broadly. In order of appearance, the contributors are Paul Long, Christopher Pizzino, Angus Nurse, and Ian Horton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both content and form, the comic 'Closure', written by Laura Findlay and illustrated by Zuzanna Dominiak, advances a notably complex view of the subject of trauma, and of the way comics can best portray this subject. Far from offering straightforward, easily summarized data on trauma, the creators enact a conflict between word and image, and between writer and illustrator, to explain how and why the topic of trauma resists easy summary, and to present comics as a powerful medium for expressing this complexity. Referencing the work of Art Spiegelman, especially his use of gag humour and satire, 'Closure' claims a place for comics, not as an easy way to absorb difficult information, but precisely as a way to capture and amplify its difficulty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notions of law and order, protecting the vulnerable and seeking vengeance arguably dominate popular comic book narratives, reflecting societal concerns about the suffering engendered by crime, deviance and acts of terrorism. Contemporary society faces threats relating to rising crime, societal alienation and the globalized nature of terrorism that have been extensively considered, examined and dissected by the comics medium. But beyond the superhero and gritty crime narratives of mainstream comics publishers, the public information comic provides a means to address these more problematic issues in a discussion-based format. Public information comics combine the entertainment-based accessible format of the comic with an effective information delivery mechanism. This article examines Laura Findlay and Zu Dominiak's Closure which examines the nature of trauma in comics. In their discussion of this topic, Findlay and Dominiak identify the immersive nature of comics and their ability to bend time and space so that the medium can serve as a means of dealing with events that occur unexpectedly and may require time to absorb and understand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pricing of public goods is particularly challenging for public services that are strongly rights-based in character. Such is the case of freedom of information requesting procedures. Costs have implications for how citizens will treat requesting procedures as well as how their views and attitudes towards procedures will be affected. This study examines these causes and consequences using an online experiment with 925 citizens. The findings show that even low costs can have an influence on how willing citizens are to submit requests as well as their satisfaction with the procedure and perception of fairness. Public service motivation and political orientation moderate these effects, but only to a small degree. These findings have implications for citizen participation policies given that citizen attitudes to the right to information depends strongly on trade-offs between the value of information and financial costs of requesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work has shown that animals frequently use social information from individuals of their own species as well as from other species; however, the ecological and evolutionary consequences of this social information use remain poorly understood. Additionally, information users may be selective in their social information use, deciding from whom and how to use information, but this has been overlooked in an interspecific context. In particular, the intentional decision to reject a behaviour observed via social information has received less attention, although recent work has indicated its presence in various taxa. Based on existing literature, we explore in which circumstances selective interspecific information use may lead to different ecological and coevolutionary outcomes between two species, such as explaining observed co‐occurrences of putative competitors. The initial ecological differences and the balance between the costs of competition and the benefits of social information use potentially determine whether selection may lead to trait divergence, convergence or coevolutionary arms race between two species. We propose that selective social information use, including adoption and rejection of behaviours, may have far‐reaching fitness consequences, potentially leading to community‐level eco‐evolutionary outcomes. We argue that these consequences of selective interspecific information use may be much more widespread than has thus far been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poor air quality (PAQ) has serious effects on the environment, climate change, and human health. This study investigated the perceived health impacts of PAQ in two cities in Nigeria (Abuja and Enugu), including whether PAQ may have an interaction with COVID-19 infection and intensity. A recent report published in the Lancet has pointed to the complexity of the health care system in Nigeria and a lack of data on disease burden, so the research in this paper took a self-reporting (perceptual) approach to exploring the health impacts of PAQ. The research also sought to explore the main sources of information used by people to inform them about air quality (AQ) and the actions they are likely to take to address PAQ. The results imply that many of the respondents in the two cities perceived their health to be adversely affected by PAQ and that PAQ worsens both the chances of infection and the intensity of COVID-19. Unsurprisingly, older people were found to be more vulnerable to the health impacts of PAQ. Most respondents, especially younger ones, obtained their information on AQ via electronic media (internet, social media) rather than printed media. Respondents considered that the primary action to address PAQ is proper waste management. Paying the government to address PAQ was regarded as the least likely action, although the government was acknowledged as having a key responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharon Dunwoody gained international reputation for her research on science journalism and media risk communication. Drawing on her publications published over more than four decades and the author’s longlasting collaboration with her, this commentary elaborates on three of her most characteristic beliefs and orientations and suggests that they may serve as timely lessons for us to critically reflect on current assumptions and practices: substance over showmanship, improving one-way communication, and respecting the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espanola de Comunicacion en Salud is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Comunicacion Sanitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using social media as an information source poses several challenges ranging from limited credibility, biased content, overwhelming quantity of information to misinformation, whether intentional or unintentional. Overall, it is essential to be critical of the information available on social media and to verify the accuracy and reliability of the sources before using it in any decision making process or intelligence cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the new challenges, changes and reforms on the way to the access to the European Union, the Republic of North Macedonia is also facing the challenge of strengthening the capacities of the public administration, which inevitably means informing it about European values and operating systems, but also informing the public about the innovations and changes that membership brings towards the future. The paper focuses on how public opinion is being informed about Macedonia's process towards the European family, with special emphasis on the role of communication, especially the internal communication structure in the public administration in terms of the exchange and distribution of information on activities related to with this process, as well as how well-informed public opinion is regarding the organizational structure of internal communication in various ministries. Also, the other aspect that will be addressed in this paper, are the current aspects of communication and internal and external communication practices of the European Union within the public administration, emphasizing the need to improve EU mechanisms and strategies that will help restore communication with all its citizens, especially those of the Western Balkans with special emphasis on the RMV. The methodology used in this paper coincides with the empirical method, i.e. the realization of a questionnaire. From the research carried out in 4 different ministries, different results and answers have been achieved, despite the fact that they were made only because of the research on the opinion of the respondents, they coincide with the confirmation of the hypothesis of this research, also through the analysis of the relevant strategy, documents and reports such as and different results from implemented projects, it can be concluded how necessary is the role of communication and the relevant implementation of an internal communication strategy in time and continuously to inform the public opinion. At the same time, it is also more than necessary to involve the public institutuions in the processes of shaping the policy for informing the public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Analecta Política is the property of Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This paper examines the effects of regulatory focus and regulatory fit theories on taxpayer compliance when taxpayers are exposed to predetermined quotes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or other tax authority officials. A promotion-oriented regulatory focus is concerned with advancement, growth, and accomplishment, whereas a prevention-oriented regulatory focus is concerned with protection, safety, and responsibility. Using an experimental approach, we find that promotion-oriented (prevention-oriented) individuals are more likely (less likely) than prevention-oriented (promotion-oriented) individuals to self-report income for tax purposes. We also find that (1) promotion-oriented (prevention-oriented) individuals are less (more) likely to self-report income when presented with prevention-focused and neutral quotes as compared to messages with no quotes, and (2) promotion-oriented individuals who read promotion-focused quotes are more likely to self-report income than those reading prevention-focused message quotes. The results suggest theoretical and practical implications for tax compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diversitas Journal is the property of Diversitas Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)